豌豆分离蛋白高水分挤压工艺参数优化及质构特性研究

与低水分挤压蛋白组织化程度低,质地与口感差相比,高水分组织化植物蛋白具有类似动物肌肉的纤维状结构和口感,被誉为新一代素肉制品,是动物蛋白理想的替代品。以豌豆分离蛋白(pea protein isolate, PPI)为研究对象,采用双螺杆挤压技术制备高水分组织化蛋白,探究工艺参数(水分含量、蒸煮温度、喂料速度、螺杆转速)对挤出物的宏观与微观结构、质构特性、感官特性的调控作用,同时通过正交试验结合主成分分析优化得到挤出物最接近动物肉的操作参数。研究结果表明:物料水分含量是改善PPI挤出物组织化度和质地的关键因素。水分含量增加提升了PPI挤出物的组织化度、色泽,显著降低产品的硬度、咀嚼性,水分过高(水分质量分数为65%)或者过低(水分质量分数为45%)的样品其纤维化结构较差;蒸煮温度在140~160℃时挤压的产品体现出较高的组织化度和较优的口感、表观和色泽;提高螺杆转速,组织化度先显著降低而后升高;喂料速度增加,挤出物硬度和咀嚼度先显著增加后降低,组织化度先降低后增加。通过正交试验结合主成分分析法,以牛小黄瓜条部位牛肉的质构参数为目标参数得到了优化的操作参数:水分质量分数为55%,蒸煮温度为160℃,螺杆转速为175r/min,喂料速度为7g/min。研究结果旨在为高水分组织化植物蛋白品质调控提供技术支撑。     

豆渣粉低温加酶挤压技术研究

为了探索豆渣粉加酶挤压规律,以纤维素酶为催化剂,利用双螺杆挤压机对豆渣粉进行了挤压试验研究,获得了具有不同可溶性膳食纤维含量的挤出物。在单因素研究的基础上,采用了五元二次正交旋转组合设计(1/2)实施研究了机筒温度、螺杆转速、物料水分、加酶量、模孔直径对挤出物可溶性膳食纤维含量的影响规律。结果表明:五个因素对可溶性膳食纤维得率的影响大小依次为温度、物料水分、加酶量、螺杆转速、模口直径。在温度65℃、水分38%、加酶量3%、转速110 r/min、模口直径4.5 mm条件下,所得豆渣中可溶性膳食纤维得率为21.74%。     

双螺杆挤压机操作参数对蚕豆挤出物径向膨化率的影响

以蚕豆粉为原料,以德国布拉本德DSE-25型双螺杆挤压实验室工作站为设备,研究挤压温度和物料含水率对挤出物径向膨化率的影响规律,进一步明确挤压温度、物料合水率与单位机械能耗和径向膨化率之间的关系.试验结果表明:挤压温度、物料含水率对单位机械能耗(SME)有极显著影响(α＜0.01);挤压温度、物料含水率和喂料速度对挤压物径向膨化率有极显著影响(α＜0.01),螺杆转速对挤压物径向膨化率有显著影响(α＜0.05).SME和径向膨化率两者之间呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.985 7(P ＜0.05).     

工艺参数对挤压即食食品中丙烯酰胺形成的影响

以马铃薯—小麦混合粉为原料,通过调节Ⅳ区挤压温度、物料水分、螺杆转速、物料pH值等挤压工艺参数,探讨其对挤压即食食品中丙烯酰胺形成的影响规律。结果表明,挤压工艺参数对挤压产品中丙烯酰胺含量影响显著（p〈0.05）。通过合理控制挤压工艺参数及水分调节液的pH可以有效地降低挤出物中丙烯酰胺的含量。     

高水分组织蛋白挤压工艺参数对系统参数及其物理特性的影响

以不同物料配比、水分含量和挤压温度条件下生产的高水分植物组织化蛋白产品为对象,研究挤压工艺参数对挤压输出的系统参数、产品质构特性和颜色特性的影响。结果表明,物料配比和物料含水量对模头压力、扭矩和单位机械能耗影响显著,分离蛋白含量与这3个参数呈正相关,而与物料水分含量呈负相关;在产品质构方面,物料的配比、含水量对质构参数有显著影响;在产品颜色方面,物料配比和含水量对产品亮度有显著影响,物料配比中的分离蛋白含量越高,亮度越低,而含水量越高,亮度越高。说明通过改变物料的配比及其含水量可以得到不同物理特性的蛋白产品,丰富产品种类,为高水分组织化蛋白产品的生产应用提供一定的理论依据。     

挤压膨化对莲子粉糊化度及容积密度影响的研究

本实验主要以湖南湘莲为实验材料,用DS32型双螺杆挤压膨化机在不同加工参数条件下对莲子粉进行挤压处理,研究了在不同的物料水分含量、螺杆转速、机筒温度下挤出物淀粉糊化度及容积密度的变化情况。实验结果表明,物料水分含量和螺杆转速对挤出物淀粉糊化度及容积密度都有显著影响。     

挤压花生蛋白品质特性的加工因素研究

基于Box-Behnken响应面模型,研究花生蛋白挤压过程中挤压参数（机筒温度、螺杆转速、物料水分）对产品品质（膨胀率、吸水性指数、氮溶解指数、硬度）的影响,并根据标准型原理分析单因素对产品品质的贡献率。结果表明,随着机筒温度、螺杆转速、物料水分的上升,产品膨胀率不断增加;机筒温度和螺杆转速对产品的吸水性指数影响显著;高温、高湿、高剪切力使产品的氮溶解指数和硬度处于较低的水平。利用转化为标准型的回归方程计算出机筒温度对膨胀率的贡献率为59.3%,螺杆转速对硬度贡献率为54.5%。物料水分对吸水性指数和氮溶解指数具有决定性的作用。通过调整挤压操作参数,可以一定范围内控制挤压蛋白产品品质。     

挤压膨化系统参数对玉米胚芽膨化物容重的影响

通过四因素五水平二次正交旋转组合试验设计,探讨用于浸油的玉米胚挤压膨化预处理过程中的套筒温度、模孔孔径、物料含水率、螺杆转速等挤压系统参数对膨化物容重的影响规律.得到最佳挤压工艺参数:模孔直径Φ=6 mm,物料出口温度T=105 ℃,喂入物料水分含量W=7.5%,螺杆转速N=200 r/min,在此条件下得出膨化物容重的最优值为620.42 kg/m3.     

大豆蛋白高水分挤压组织化过程中操作参数对单位机械能的影响

以食用脱脂低温豆粕为原料,用响应面分析法,研究了DSE-25型双螺杆挤压机在大豆蛋白高水分挤压组织化过程中操作参数对单位机械能的影响。结果表明,机筒温度、物料水分含量、喂料速度和螺杆转速等操作参数对挤压机单位机械能均具有显著的影响。单位机械能耗(SME)随着机筒温度、物料水分含量和喂料速度的升高而降低,随螺杆转速的增加而增加;依据回归分析法建立的双螺杆挤压机系统参数的统计模型,具有较高的预测精度,可用于挤压过程的控制和挤压结果的预测。     

热塑挤压操作参数对低值水产蛋白组织化产品功能特性的影响

以北太平洋鱿鱼加工边角料为原料,采用双螺杆挤压技术及响应面分析方法研究主要操作参数——物料湿度、机筒温度和螺杆转速对鱿鱼蛋白挤出物的持水性和持油性的影响,分别建立挤出物持水性指数、持油性指数与操作参数的回归拟合方程.试验结果表明,物料湿度、螺杆转速以及物料湿度和机筒温度的交互作用对挤出物持水性和持油性均有显著影响,物料湿度与螺杆转速的交互作用仅对挤出物持水性有显著影响:持水性、持油性指数与操作参数的回归拟合方程的相关系数R2分别是0.890和0.979,表明拟合的统计模型可信度较高.     

Extrusion of pea starch containing lysozyme and determination of antimicrobial activity

ABSTRACT:  Pea starch, which has inherently good gel strength, was used as the source material for manufacturing a biodegradable and bioactive packaging material. Extrudates containing 99% pea starch and 1% lysozyme were produced under various extrusion conditions (high and low shear screw configurations, 30% to 40% moisture contents, 70 to 150 °C die temperatures). The physical and mechanical properties of the extrudates were determined through various expansion indices, piece and cell wall solid density, compression, and 3-point bending tests. The expansion of extrudates increased with an increase in die temperature, whereas increasing moisture content had the opposite effect. Extrudate densities decreased as extrusion temperature increased, whereas lower moisture content in the extrudate dough decreased extrudate densities. The elastic modulus and fracture strengths were highly correlated in a power-law fashion to relative density, showing that the mechanical properties of extrudates were dependent on solid density and foam structure. Up to 48% of the initial lysozyme activity was recovered from the extruded pea starch matrix. The lysozyme released from extrudates showed an inhibition zone against Brochotrix thermosphacta B2 . Extruded pea starch matrix containing lysozyme has potential application as an edible and biodegradable packaging material with antimicrobial activity.     

Development of a bulgur‐like product using extrusion cooking

In this study we (1) developed a new bulgur‐like foodstuff using a durum wheat cultivar and an extrusion technique, (2) investigated the physicochemical properties of the extrudates produced and (3) sensorially evaluated the end‐product after cooking. Durum wheat was processed in a laboratory‐scale co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder with different levels of moisture content of the feed (367, 417 and 455 g kg^?1), screw speed (150 and 200 rpm) and feed rate (2.4 and 2.9 kg h^?1) to develop the bulgur‐like product. The effects of extrusion conditions on system variables (die pressure and specific mechanical energy (SME)), physical properties (die swell and bulk density), pasting properties (peak, trough and final viscosities) and cooking and sensory properties of the bulgur‐like products were determined. The results indicated that increased feed moisture content resulted in significant decreases in the die pressure and SME values of the extruded durum wheat products. As the moisture content and screw speed increased, the changes in die swell values were not significant. The lowest die swell and highest bulk density values were obtained at the highest feed moisture content. The extrusion variables also affected the pasting properties of the extrudates. Significant increases in each of the pasting properties occurred when the moisture content of the feed was increased. Some of the sensory properties (bulkiness, firmness, stickiness and taste–aroma) improved significantly as the feed moisture content increased, indicating better quality. Increased feed moisture content significantly improved cooking quality as determined by a decrease in colorimetric test results. Extrusion seems to be promising for the production of dry, relatively inexpensive bulgur‐like products with acceptable sensory properties. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of formulation and processing parameters on acrylamide formation: A case study on extrusion of blends of potato flour and semolina

Acrylamide formation in extruded snacks prepared using blends of potato flour:semolina in ratios ranging from 30:70 to 70:30 showed maximum acrylamide formation in the 70:30 blend. The extrusion was carried out at a screw speed of 120 rpm, temperature of 170 °C and moisture content of 18%. Further, the influence of extrusion processing parameters on the acrylamide formation in extruded snacks prepared from a 70:30 blend of potato flour:semolina was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The feed moisture was varied from 12.6% to 19.4%, die temperature from 163 to 197 °C and screw speed from 106 to 173 rpm. The extrudates so obtained showed acrylamide content ranging from 704 to 1560 μg/kg. The effect of different additives such as citric acid, calcium salts, amino acids, vitamins and their combinations on the mitigation of acrylamide formation showed calcium chloride at 50 μmol/g flour blend to reduce acrylamide formation by 65% without altering the sensory properties of the extrudates.     

Effects of extrusion variables on the properties of waxy hulless barley extrudates

The objective of this research was to investigate the extrudability of waxy hulless barley flour under various extrusion conditions. Waxy hulless barley flour was processed in a laboratory-scale corotating twin-screw extruder with different levels of feed moisture content (22.3, 26.8, and 30.7%) and die temperature (130, 150, and 170 degrees C) to develop a snack food with high beta-glucan content. The effects of extrusion condition variables (screw configuration, moisture, and temperature) on the system variables (pressure and specific mechanical energy), the extrudate physical properties (sectional expansion index, bulk density), starch gelatinization, pasting properties (cold peak viscosity, trough viscosity, and final viscosity), and beta-glucan contents were determined. Results were evaluated by using response surface methodology. Increased extrusion temperature and feed moisture content resulted in decreases in exit die pressure and specific mechanical energy values. For extrudates extruded under low shear screw configuration (LS), increased barrel temperature decreased sectional expansion index (SEI) values at both low and high moisture contents. The feed moisture seems to have an inverse relationship with SEI over the range studied. Bulk density was higher at higher moisture contents, for both low and high barrel temperatures, for samples extruded under high shear screw configuration (HS) and LS. Cold peak viscosities (CV) were observed in all samples. The CV increased with the increase in extrusion temperature and feed moisture content. Although beta-glucan contents of the LS extrudates were comparable to that of barley flour sample, HS samples had generally lower beta-glucan contents. The extrusion cooking technique seems to be promising for the production of snack foods with high beta-glucan content, especially using LS conditions.     

Assessment of color development due to twin-screw extrusion of rice-glucose-lysine blend using image analysis

An image analysis method was developed to determine the color change of rice-glucose-lysine blend during extrusion. The color of extrudates was analysed and compared by using different extrusion conditions. Extrusion process variables included moisture content, screw speed, barrel temperature, and screw geometry. The influence of specific mechanical energy input (SME) and product temperature on the color of extrudates was significant. The color parameters were related to product temperature and SME by a 4th degree polynomial. Product temperature and color were modeled and tested using rice-glucose-lysine blend at various screw configurations and extrusion conditions with reasonable accuracy. Validations of product temperature and color models were done using different screw geometries and other processing variables with reasonable accuracy. Extrusion tests indicated that the developed predictive models can be of use for extrusion processing. The results also showed that the image analysis method developed provides an objective and efficient approach for assessing the color development of extrudates.     

挤压参数对玉米-小麦混合粉挤压特性的影响

以玉米-小麦混合粉为原料,用正交设计方法进行挤压试验,研究了两种配比的混合物料在挤压过程中的挤压特性。单指标评价表明,对产品容重影响的顺序是:水分含量、物料配比、加热温度和螺杆转速及模口形状;进一步用主成分分析方法对指标向量进行综合评价发现,影响顺序为:加热温度、水分含量、模口形状、螺杆转速及物料配比。用主成分分析的方法得到较好的试验条件为:温度160℃、水分含量20%、圆形模口、螺杆转速245r/min及物料配比1:1。     

Effects of extrusion conditions on secondary extrusion variables and physical properties of fish, rice-based snacks

A formulation containing rice flour, fish powder, menhaden oil and vitamin E was extruded at a feed rate of 10 kg/h using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Primary extrusion (independent) variables were temperature (125-145 °C), screw speed (150-300 rpm) and feed moisture (19-23 g/100 g db). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of extrusion conditions on secondary extrusion variables (product temperature, pressure at the die, motor torque, specific mechanical energy input and mean residence time) and physical properties of the extrudates. Second-order polynomial models were computed and used to generate contour plots. Increasing feed moisture and screw speed decreased pressure at the die. Increased screw speed increased product temperature at the die but increased feed moisture lowered it. Increased barrel temperature, feed moisture and screw speed decreased motor torque. Increased screw speed increased specific mechanical energy, while increased feed moisture reduced it. Longer mean residence times were observed at lower screw speeds. Product density increased as feed moisture increased, but decreased with screw speed. Increased feed moisture decreased radial expansion.     

脱氟南极磷虾虾糜与大豆分离蛋白双螺杆挤压重组工艺研究

以冷冻南极磷虾为原料,制备一种平均氟含量为79.79 mg/kg干重的脱氟南极磷虾虾糜(AKS)。将脱氟虾糜与大豆分离蛋白(SPI)混合物料经双螺杆挤压作用进行蛋白质重组,以组织化度为指标,研究物料水分、机筒Ⅳ区加热温度、螺杆转速以及进料速度等工艺参数对组织化产品特性的影响,并用响应面分析优化工艺,得到虾糜-大豆分离蛋白组织化的最优工艺:混合物料水分为40%(虾糜:大豆分离蛋白=4:5),机筒一至四区的加热温度分别为70、90、120、140℃,螺杆转速为180 r/min,进料速度为30 kg/h,制备得到组织化度为2.18的暗红色条状组织化产物。     

EXTRUSION PROCESSING OF RICE OR CORN FLOUR WITH MECHANICALLY DEBONED TURKEY1

Rice flour and yellow or white corn flour were combined at 50, 60 and 70% levels with mechanically deboned turkey and extrusion processed at 104C and 121C. The texture of the extrudates was evaluated by Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS), and flour concentration had more effect on the WBS values than flour type; treatments with 70% flour had significantly greater WBS values. Corn flour treatments and low temperature extrusion resulted in greater TBA values. Proximate composition of extrudates confirmed moisture losses during extrusion and that high temperature processing had mixed results on ether-extractable compounds.     

挤压处理对豌豆淀粉的流变特性和体外消化率的影响

目的:研究挤压条件(豌豆淀粉水分质量分数:25％、35％、40％、45％和55％;剪切温度:50、60、70、80?℃和90?℃;螺杆转速:100、120、140、160?r/min和180?r/min)对豌豆淀粉的体外消化率和流变特性的影响.方法:采用体外消化法测定了豌豆淀粉的水解度,并通过稳态剪切实验、频率扫描实验...