体能量密度对SLM成形316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响

为了探究不同体能量密度对SLM成形316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响,采用正交试验法制备不同激光功率、扫描间距和扫描速度下的SLM 316L不锈钢成形件,利用扫描电镜和电化学试验对其微观组织和自腐蚀电位进行观察和测量。结果表明,体能量密度过大或过小时,成形件表面的气孔和孔洞等缺陷较多,自腐蚀电位减小,耐腐蚀性变差。体能量密度为44.64 J/mm^-3时,SLM 316L不锈钢成形件的自腐蚀电位最高,组织表面的气孔等缺陷相对较少,耐腐蚀性最好。激光功率、扫描间距和扫描速度对SLM 316L不锈钢成形件的耐腐蚀性影响的次序为:激光功率＞扫描间距和扫描速度,最佳的工艺参数组合为激光功率250 W,扫描间距0.14 mm,扫描速度800 mm/s。     

选区激光熔化316L不锈钢的各向组织与性能

对采用选区激光熔化(SLM)制备的316L不锈钢增材制造试样进行了横向、纵向力学性能与微观组织分析。结果表明,增材制造SLM试件亚结构组织由尺寸为0.4 μm左右的胞状组织所构成,组织之间无明显的成分偏析,纵向与横向拉伸强度分别达到808和713 MPa,在经过1050 ℃热处理后,原组织中部分胞状组织消失,纵向及横向强度分别下降到673 MPa及579 MPa,增材制造试样相对传统热轧试样(550 MPa)具有明显的强度优势。SLM试样组织中存在未熔合缺陷,缺陷几何形状的方向性对其在拉应力作用下连接成裂纹有显著影响。热处理后缺陷长度方向与拉伸应力平行的纵向试样伸长率达到47.5%,横向试样伸长率为20%,伸长率指标均显著低于热轧316L钢试样,未熔合缺陷是导致3D打印试件塑性指标降低的主要因素之一。     

SLM成形316L工艺对滑动磨损特性及硬度的影响

目的提高选区激光熔化(SLM)成形316L不锈钢的耐磨性和硬度。方法在能量密度为50～110 J/mm~3、扫描间距为0.04～0.12 mm范围内,改变能量密度和扫描间距两种工艺参数,采用选择性激光熔化技术(SLM)制备了12种316L不锈钢试样。通过表面粗糙度测量、孔隙率测量、销盘摩擦试验和布氏硬度试验,研究了工艺参数对SLM成形316L不锈钢试样的摩擦磨损特性和硬度的影响。结果能量密度为90 J/mm~3且扫描间距为0.12 mm时,表面粗糙度Ra最小,为5700 nm。孔隙率范围为12.35%～0.94%,扫描间距为0.12 mm的试样的孔隙率比扫描间距为0.04 mm和0.08 mm的孔隙率小。扫描间距不变时,孔隙率随能量密度增大而减小。能量密度为50 J/mm~3时,扫描间距为0.12 mm的试样的摩擦系数和磨损率比扫描间距为0.04 mm和0.08 mm的要小;能量密度不变时,扫描间距为0.12 mm的试样硬度比扫描间距为0.04mm和0.08 mm的试样高。结论改变扫描间距和能量密度会直接影响成形试样的表面粗糙度、孔隙率。研究范围内,表面粗糙度和孔隙率随扫描间距增大而减小。孔隙率与磨损量及硬度存在相关性:孔隙率越小,硬度越大,磨损率越小。因此,合理选择工艺参数可以降低孔隙率,进而提高表面质量,降低磨损率,增大硬度。     

Corrosion Behavior of Candidate Materials Used for Urea Hydrolysis Equipment in Coal-Fired Selective Catalytic Reduction Units

Corrosion tests were performed in the laboratory in order to assess the corrosion resistance of candidate materials used in urea hydrolysis equipment. The materials to be evaluated were exposed at 145 °C for 1000 h. Alloys 316L, 316L Mod., HR3C, Inconel 718, and TC4 were evaluated. Additionally, aluminide and chromate coatings applied to a 316L substrate were examined. After exposure, the mass changes in the test samples were measured by a discontinuous weighing method, and the morphologies, compositions, and phases of the corrosion products were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. Results indicated that continuous pitting and dissolution corrosion were the main failure modes for 316L stainless steel. 316L Mod. and HR3C alloy showed better corrosion resistance than 316L due to their relatively high Cr contents, but HR3C exhibited a strong tendency toward intergranular corrosion. Inconel 718, TC4, and aluminide and chromate coating samples showed similar corrosion processes: only depositions formed by hydrothermal reactions were observed. Based on these results, a possible corrosion process in the urea hydrolysis environment was discussed for these candidate materials and questions to be clarified were proposed.     

粉末形貌对选区激光熔化316L不锈钢力学性能的影响

以气雾化316L不锈钢粉为原料,结合等离子球化和选区激光熔化技术制备了不锈钢块体,并用XRD、SEM、激光粒度仪、振实密度仪和万能力学试验机等对等离子球化粉体和选区激光不锈钢块的组织结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明:316L不锈钢粉经等离子球化处理后,不规则扁平状颗粒数量减少,球形颗粒数量增加,振实密度与松装密度的比值(...     

Sliding Wear Characteristics and Corrosion Behaviour of Selective Laser Melted 316L Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is one of the most popular materials used for selective laser melting (SLM) processing to produce nearly fully dense components from 3D CAD models. The tribological and corrosion properties of stainless steel components are important in many engineering applications. In this work, the wear behaviour of SLM 316L stainless steel was investigated under dry sliding conditions, and the corrosion properties were measured electrochemically in a chloride containing solution. The results show that as compared to the standard bulk 316L steel, the SLM 316L steel exhibits deteriorated dry sliding wear resistance. The wear rate of SLM steel is dependent on the vol.% porosity in the steel and by obtaining full density it is possible achieve wear resistance similar to that of the standard bulk 316L steel. In the tested chloride containing solution, the general corrosion behaviour of the SLM steel is similar to that of the standard bulk 316L steel, but the SLM steel suffers from a reduced breakdown potential and is more susceptible to pitting corrosion. Efforts have been made to correlate the obtained results with porosity in the SLM steel.     

Stress corrosion cracking for 316 stainless steel clips in a condensate stabilizer

In one of the gas processing facilities in Abu Dhabi, UAE; a case of 316L stainless steel material failure occurred in the fractionating column due to stress cracking corrosion twice in a cycle of less than 2 years. This paper studies the stress corrosion cracking behavior of the 316L stainless steel in an accelerated corrosion environment and compares it with a higher corrosion resistant nickel alloy (Inconel 625). The experimental work was designed according to ASTM G36 standard, the samples were immersed in a boiling magnesium chloride medium which provided the accelerated corrosion environment and the tested samples were shaped into U‐bend specimens as they underwent both plastic and elastic stresses. The specimens were then tested to determine the time required for cracks to initiate. The results of the experimental work showed that the main mode of failure was stress corrosion cracking initiated by the proven presence of chlorides, hydrogen sulfide, and water at elevated temperatures. Inconel 625 samples placed in the controlled environment showed better corrosion resistance as it took them an average of 56 days to initiate cracks, whereas it took an average of 24 days to initiate cracks in the stainless steel 316L samples. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the cracks in the stainless steel 316L samples were longer, wider, and deeper compared to the cracks of Inconel 625.     

2205双相不锈钢与316L奥氏体不锈钢钝化膜内点缺陷扩散系数的计算分析

应用电容测试法并借助于点缺陷模型（PDM）计算了2205双相不锈钢与316L 奥氏体不锈钢在NaCl溶液中所形成的钝化膜内点缺陷的扩散系数,利用实验测得钝化膜的稳态电流和PDM模型对计算结果进行了验证分析。通过两种计算方法得到点缺陷在2205双相不锈钢与316L奥氏体不锈钢钝化膜内的扩散系数约为10^-23cm²/s~10^-20 cm²/s数量级,并发现在模拟海水溶液中2205钢的扩散系数比316L钢小,氧空位所形成的点缺陷在2205钢的钝化膜内比316L钢扩散困难,从而使得2205不锈钢的钝化膜比316L不锈钢更加致密与完整,保护性能更好。     

Analysis of residual stresses induced by dry turning of difficult-to-machine materials

Critical issues in machining of difficult-to-cut materials are often associated with short tool-life and poor surface integrity, where the resulting tensile residual stresses on the machined surface significantly affect the component's fatigue life. This study presents the influence of cutting process parameters on machining performance and surface integrity generated during dry turning of Inconel 718 and austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L with coated and uncoated carbide tools. A three-dimensional Finite Element Model was also developed and the predicted results were compared with those measured.     

选区激光熔化铝合金的组织和力学性能

通过选区激光熔化(SLM)工艺成型AlSi10Mg试样,研究其显微组织和力学性能。采用某公司生产的AFS-M260选区激光熔化成型机打印AlSi10Mg试样,综合使用显微硬度仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、XRD衍射仪进行分析,得出其显微硬度、组织形貌、元素分布和物相组成。由于SLM独特的成型方式而引起共晶结构定向生长,使得试样微观组织在横纵方向呈现各向异性,但相同截面上组织从熔池边界到内部呈现梯度结构,可分为3个区域:粗晶区、热影响区、细晶区,各区域横纵截面对应的α-Al基体尺寸、平均共晶Si宽度、共晶组织含量均呈现下降趋势。试样的硬度显著大于传统铸态试样,但横纵截面相差不大。SLM成型得到的AlSi10Mg试样硬度性能极其优良,成型组织细小,这主要与SLM成型的高冷却速率相关。     

Achieving Superior Strength and Ductility of AlSi10Mg Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting with Large Laser Power and High Scanning Speed

AlSi10Mg alloy was prepared by selected laser melting (SLM) in a high laser power range 300-400 W. The effects of energy density on the relative density, microstructure and mechanical properties of the SLMed AlSi10Mg alloy were studied. The results showed that the SLMed AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated at a laser power of 400 W and a scanning speed of 1800 mm/s had a relative density of 99.4%, a hardness of 147.8 HV, a tensile strength of 471.3 MPa, a yield strength of 307.1 MPa, and an elongation of 9.6%, exhibiting excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. The unique combination of the melt pool structure and microstructure caused by the large laser power and fast scanning was responsible for the excellent performance. The wide and shallow melt pool structure with few defects and proper overlapping between the continuous melt pools were obtained. The growth of columnar crystals was inhibited by a large proportion of equiaxed grains formed at the border of melt pools, and numerous sub-structures were observed within the α-Al grains. This study provided a more efficient process parameters for the preparation of the SLMed AlSi10Mg alloy. The enhanced mechanical property will help to broaden the application of the AlSi10Mg alloy in industry.     

选区激光熔化MnSi2增强316L不锈钢复合材料的表面质量及耐蚀性能

为改善316L不锈钢在海洋环境下的耐腐蚀性能,通过MnSi₂增强316L不锈钢基体,采用选区激光熔化(SLM)制备MnSi₂/316L不锈钢复合材料。利用Image-Pro Plus软件、光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)及电化学工作站研究了激光功率对316L不锈钢金属基复合材料致密度及耐腐蚀性能的影响,通过Tafel极化曲线和阻抗谱表征其耐腐蚀性能的强弱,并通过点蚀形貌揭示了其腐蚀机理。结果表明:添加MnSi₂是提高316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的有效途径。随着激光功率的增大,耐腐蚀性能呈现先提高后降低的趋势,当激光功率达到190 W时,2%MnSi₂/316L不锈钢复合材料的致密度为99.80%,其腐蚀电位为－0.053 V (vs SCE)。同时,2%MnSi₂可以显著改善316L不锈钢的成形质量,提高其耐腐蚀性能,其腐蚀形式为氯离子诱导氯化物生成的点蚀,且点蚀产生位置主要集中在孔隙边界处。     

3D printing of multiple metallic materials via modified selective laser melting

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a powder bed layer-by-layer fusion technique mainly applied for additive manufacturing of 3D metallic components of complex geometry. However, the technology is currently limited to printing a single material across each layer. In many applications such as the manufacture of certain aero engine components, conformably cooled dies, medical implants and functional gradient structures, printing of multiple materials are desirable. This paper reports an investigation into the 3D printing of multiple metallic materials including 316L stainless steel, In718 nickel alloy and Cu10Sn copper alloy within a single build-up process using a specially designed multiple material SLM system combining powder-bed with point by point powder dispensing and selective material removal, for the first time. Material delivery system design, multiple material interactions, and component characteristics are described and the associated mechanisms are discussed.     

Effect of Build Direction on Fatigue Performance of L-PBF 316L Stainless Steel

The microstructure and fatigue and tensile properties of 316 L stainless steel fabricated via laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)were investigated.Two 316 L stainless steel specimens with different loading directions which are either perpendicular to or parallel to building direction were prepared by L-PBF process.The results of X-ray diffraction tomography showed that there was no significant difference in morphology and size/distribution of the defects in the HB and VB samples.Since long axis of columnar grains is generally parallel to the build direction,the fatigue crack encounters more grain boundaries in VB samples under cyclic loading,which led to enhanced fatigue resistance of VB samples compared with HB sample.In contrast to HB sample,the VB sample has a higher fatigue strength due to a higher resistance to localized plastic deformation under cyclic loading.The differences in fatigue properties of L-PBF 316 L SS with different build directions were predominantly controlled by solidification microstructures.     

A Generalized Critical Velocity Window Based on Material Property for Cold Spraying by Eulerian Method

In this paper, the previously developed Eulerian model (Yu et al., J Therm Spray Technol 21(3):745-752, 2012), which could well predict the critical velocity and erosion velocity, was extended to other commonly used materials such as aluminum, iron, nickel, stainless steel 316, and Inconel718 for studying the influence of material property and establishing a generalized window of critical velocity. Results show that the deformation behavior of the used materials could be classified as coordinated deformation (copper, iron, nickel) and uncoordinated deformation patterns (aluminum, stainless steel, and Inconel718). However, it was found that the steady maximum equivalent plastic strain values at the critical velocity for each material concentrate in the extent of 2.6-3.0 regardless of deformation pattern. Dimensionless analysis shows that, the calculated critical velocity increases with the increase of material characteristic velocity, and this relationship can be primarily used to predict the critical velocity.     

Corrosion behaviour of 316L stainless steel manufactured by selective laser melting

This work investigates the electrochemical behaviour of an AISI 316L stainless steel produced by selective laser melting (SLM) and compares its behaviour with that of wrought stainless steel with similar chemical composition. The SLM stainless steel specimens are tested in the as‐produced condition without stress relief or recrystallization heat treatments. The electrochemical tests are carried out in two electrolytes: 3.5 wt% NaCl solution with neutral pH and with pH of 1.8. At the macroscale, the microstructure of the SLM specimens is determined by the laser scanning pattern and displays an overlapping network of melt pools. At the microscale, the SLM specimens exhibit a cellular/columnar dendritic structure with submicrometric cell size. Electrochemical measurements highlight a more extended passive range for SLM stainless steel in both neutral and acid electrolytes indicating higher protective properties of the oxide film on SLM specimens. In contrast to the wrought material, the refined microstructure of the SLM specimens promotes a very shallow morphology of attack without deep penetration in the bulk.     

感应洛伦兹力对激光熔覆Inconel 718涂层中Fe元素分布的影响

为了研究稳态磁场对激光熔覆Inconel 718涂层中Fe元素分布的影响,建立基于体积平均法的三相混合凝固模型,在激光熔覆过程中耦合加入稳态磁场,模拟316L不锈钢表面制备Inconel718涂层。采用2D瞬态模型,结合传热传质,流体流动和感应洛伦兹力,模拟激光熔覆涂层中的元素分布,并与实验结果进行对比。结果表明,未施加磁场时熔覆层中Fe元素呈均匀分布;施加稳态磁场时熔覆层中Fe元素分布不均匀,在熔覆层顶部Fe元素含量较低,熔覆层底部Fe元素含量较高。模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好,证明计算模型的可靠性,也表明稳态磁场能够抑制熔池流动,对移动熔池的传热传质产生影响,最终改变激光熔覆涂层中的元素分布。     

Fine-structured aluminium products with controllable texture by selective laser melting of pre-alloyed AlSi10Mg powder

This study shows that AlSi10Mg parts with an extremely fine microstructure and a controllable texture can be obtained through selective laser melting (SLM). Selective laser melting creates complex functional products by selectively melting powder particles of a powder bed layer after layer using a high-energy laser beam. The high-energy density applied to the material and the additive character of the process result in a unique material structure. To investigate this material structure, cube-shaped SLM parts were made using different scanning strategies and investigated by microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction. The experimental results show that the high thermal gradients occurring during SLM lead to a very fine microstructure with submicron-sized cells. Consequently, the AlSi10Mg SLM products have a high hardness of 127 ± 3 Hv0.5 even without the application of a precipitation hardening treatment. Furthermore, due to the unique solidification conditions and the additive character of the process, a morphological and crystallographic texture is present in the SLM parts. Thanks to the knowledge gathered in this paper on how this texture is formed and how it depends on the process parameters, this texture can be controlled. A strong fibrous 〈1 0 0〉 texture can be altered into a weak cube texture along the building and scanning directions when a rotation of 90° of the scanning vectors within or between the layers is applied.     

Effect of Process Parameters on Defects,Melt Pool Shape,Microstructure, and Tensile Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting

Previous studies have revealed that laser power and energy density are significant factors affecting the quality of parts manufactured by selective laser melting(SLM).The normalized equivalent density E_0~* and dimensionless laser power q~*,which can be regarded as a progress on the understanding of the corresponding dimensional quantities,are adopted in this study to examine the defects,melt pool shape,and primary dendrite spacing of the SLM-manufactured 316 L stainless steel,because it reflects the combined effect of process parameters and material features.It is found that the number of large defects decreases with increasing E_0~* due to enough heat input during the SLM process,but it will show an increasing trend when excessive heat input(i.e.,utilizing a high E_0~*) is imported into the powder bed.The q~* plays an important role in controlling maximum temperature rising in the SLM process,and in turn,it affects the number of large defects.A large q~* value results in a low value of absolute frequency of large defects,whereas a maximum value of absolute frequency of large defects is achieved at a low q~* even if E_0~* is very high.The density of the built parts is greater at a higher q~* when E_0~* remains constant.Increasing the melt pool depth at relatively low value of E_0~* enhances the relative density of the parts.A narrow,deep melt pool can be easily generated at a high q~* when E_0~* is sumciently high,but it may increase melt pool instability and cause keyhole defects.It is revealed that a low E_0~* can lead to a high cooling rate,which results in a refined primary dendrite spacing.Relatively low E_0~* is emphasized in selecting the process parameters for the tensile test sample fabrication.It shows that excellent tensile properties,namely ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,and elongation to failure of773 MPa,584 MPa,and 46%,respectively,can be achieved at a relatively low E_0~* without heat treatment.     

高致密度激光选区熔化Inconel 718合金中的微小孔隙缺陷和拉伸性能

本文采用激光选区熔化技术制备了高致密度Inconel 718合金试样，研究了工艺参数（激光功率，扫描速度）对合金试样致密度的影响规律，分析了孔隙缺陷的形成原因，对比研究了微小孔隙缺陷存在条件下的拉伸性能变化，并比较了热处理对不同致密度合金力学性能影响。实验结果表明：工艺参数的改变决定了激光与粉末相互作用的模式，在较高激光功率、低扫描速度条件下发生了“匙孔”模式，气孔较多，致密度降低；当功率减小或者扫描速度增大会由“匙孔”模式向“热传导”模式转变，气孔较少，致密度会升高；但是当激光功率过小或者扫描速度过大时产生未熔合孔隙缺陷，使得材料的致密度出现大幅度减小的现象。拉伸测试结果表明，激光选区熔化成形Inconel 718合金的强度并不会随着致密度的增大呈严格单调增大的变化趋势，微小孔隙缺陷的形貌、数量和尺寸也会对拉伸性能产生影响。SIDA热处理可以大幅提高激光选区熔化成形Inconel 718合金的显微硬度及抗拉强度，但塑性呈显著降低。