基于玻璃化转变理论的蓝莓粉吸湿机制

以‘珠宝’和‘海岸’这两个品种蓝莓为原料制作蓝莓粉,研究吸湿前后蓝莓粉的品质差异;采用静态称量法测定两种蓝莓粉在不同温度（5、15、25、35、45℃）下的吸湿等温线,并构建状态图;探讨了水分吸附过程净等量吸附热、微分熵、熵焓互补等热力学特性。结果表明,两种蓝莓粉吸湿后品质下降,粉体颗粒黏聚,流动性降低;水分吸湿等温线均呈典型的“J”型曲线,GAB模型为描述蓝莓粉水分吸附特性的最适模型。从状态图可知,‘珠宝’和‘海岸’分别在水分含量小于等于0.104 5、0.107 7 g/g（干基）,贮藏温度小于等于-30.30、-32.66℃时,有较好的稳定性。熵焓互补理论表明,两品种蓝莓粉水分吸附过程均为熵驱动的非自发过程。研究结果可为蓝莓粉加工和贮藏条件的选择提供理论依据。     

冬枣粉吸湿的色泽、热力学特性及糖物质基础分析

为充分了解枣粉吸湿过程中的水分吸附特性,本研究采用静态称量法,分别测量枣粉在温度20、30、40 ℃,水分活度0.112～0.946下的吸湿情况,探究超微粉碎前后枣粉吸湿色泽的变化、吸附等温线、热力学性质及糖物质基础。结果表明,枣粉吸湿后褐变现象严重,其吸附等温线是III型,Peleg模型最适合描述枣粉的吸附等温线（平均相对预测误差E＜5%）。净等量吸附热和微分熵随着枣粉平衡水分含量（干基,下同）的增加呈指数降低,且超微粉低于普通粉。普通粉和超微粉的绝对安全水分含量分别为0.237 5、0.223 5 g/g。普通粉和超微粉的水分吸附过程均满足熵-焓补偿理论,其吉布斯自由能分别是1 152.80、1 184.22 J/mol,该过程是一个焓驱动的非自发反应。单糖吸湿对照实验结果表明枣粉中吸湿的主要糖种类为果糖。本研究旨在为枣粉的加工工艺优化及贮藏条件的选择提供理论依据。     

方便米粉的水分吸附和热力学特性

为了给方便米粉的加工和贮藏过程提供理论指导,根据吸附原理,在环境温度分别为15、25 ℃和35 ℃时,采用静态称量法研究方便米粉的吸附等温线。采用7 个常见的非线性回归方程对吸附实验进行拟合,以决定系数、平均相对偏差和标准估计误差为评价指标,确定最佳拟合模型及其参数,探讨方便米粉水分吸附过程中净等量吸附热、微分吸附熵和焓熵互补等热力学性质的变化。结果表明,方便米粉的水分吸附特性属于II型等温线,Peleg和GAB模型都适合描述方便米粉的水分吸附特性。用GAB模型拟合得到的单分子层水分含量X0在15、25 ℃和35 ℃下分别为9.23%、8.34%和7.65%（干基）。在水分吸附过程中,方便米粉的净等量吸附热和微分吸附熵都会随着平衡水分含量的升高而明显下降;同时,存在焓熵补偿现象;根据实验结果绘制净等量吸附热与微分吸附熵的关系图,计算获得方便米粉的吸附过程属于焓驱动和自发过程。本研究对方便米粉贮藏条件选择和进一步评估不同贮藏条件下方便米粉的贮藏期具有指导作用。     

冻干圣女果粉的水分吸附性质及玻璃化转变温度

根据吸附理论,在水分活度为0.11～0.90范围内,环境温度为25 ℃条件下,采用静态称质量法研究冻干圣女果粉的吸附和解吸等温线;通过差示扫描量热仪（differential scanning calorimeter,DSC）测量不同水分含量下的玻璃态转变温度（glass transition temperature,Tg）,并采用Gordon-Taylor方程对其进行了非线性拟合。结果表明：冻干圣女果粉在25 ℃条件下的吸附等温线和解吸等温线的类型都为J型,属于Ⅲ型等温线;在水分活度为0.23～0.76范围内存在明显的解吸-吸附滞后现象,属于H3型等温线。GAB和Peleg模型都描述冻干圣女果粉的吸附特性。随着水分含量的增加,冻干圣女果粉的Tg显著降低;Gordon-Taylor方程能够较好地拟合其玻璃化转变曲线。对比水分活度贮藏理论和玻璃化转变理论,发现二者在预测冻干圣女果粉贮藏稳定性上存在一定的差异。     

基于玻璃化转变及流动特性的枸杞粉贮藏稳定性研究

本文基于水分活度和玻璃化转变理论,分析了枸杞粉的吸附等温线及玻璃化转变温度,通过构建状态图确定枸杞粉具有良好贮藏稳定性的临界水分含量;通过测试不同水分含量的枸杞粉的流动特性表征体系玻璃化转变的变化。结果表明:枸杞粉的吸附等温线呈"J"型,GAB模型为描述其水分吸附特性的适宜模型;枸杞粉的玻璃化转变温度随水分含量的升高而降低,以LB1枸杞粉为例,当干基含水率从0.133 g/g增加到0.530 g/g时,玻璃化转变温度从10.82℃降至-59.71℃。状态图表明,4种枸杞粉(LB1～LB4)干基含水率分别低于0.0833,0.0906,0.0992,0.1059 g/g时,在25℃下可稳定贮藏。宏观流动特性结果表明:随着枸杞粉水分含量的增加,粒径越大,越易发生玻璃化转变,粒径越小越有利于贮藏。     

干制“储良”龙眼吸附等温线与热力学特性研究

为考察干制"储良"龙眼含水率与水分活度、贮藏温度之间的关系,以及探讨净等量吸附热、焓变、熵变和自由能等热力学特性,采用静态称重法,测定干制"储良"龙眼在20、30、40℃和水分活度为0. 113～0. 946条件下的吸附平衡含水率,并绘制其吸附等温线。采用6种常用的农产品吸附模型,对实验结果进行拟合分析。结果表明,干制"储良"龙眼的水分吸附呈Ⅲ型等温线,Halsey模型是描述吸附等温线的最适模型。热力学特性结果表明,净等量吸附热随含水率的升高而降低,当平衡含水率Me大于30%d. b.(干基)时趋近于0;净等量吸附热与焓变相等,其范围为0. 2～467. 69 kJ/mol;熵变随含水率的增加而降低,但温度对其影响不显著;干制"储良"龙眼的水分吸附过程可用焓-熵互补理论解释,此过程是焓驱动过程。研究结果可为"储良"龙眼的加工、包装和安全贮藏提供参考。     

黄秋葵水分吸附热力学性质与状态图研究

研究了黄秋葵在不同温度和水分活度(a_w)范围内的吸附等温线。探讨了黄秋葵的热力学性质,测定了黄秋葵的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),建立了黄秋葵的状态图。结果表明:黄秋葵的水分吸附等温线为Ⅲ型,平衡干基含水率随温度升高而降低,随a_w增加而增加。GAB模型为描述黄秋葵水分吸附特性的最适模型。黄秋葵的净等量吸附热、微分熵与积分焓随含水率增加而降低。积分熵为负值,且随着含水率增加而升高。扩张压力随a_w增加而升高。黄秋葵的水分吸附过程遵循熵焓互补理论,其过程为熵驱动、自发过程。黄秋葵的Tg随含水率增加而降低。根据状态图,得到黄秋葵最大冷冻浓缩溶液时的玻璃化转变温度为-61.14℃,对应的溶质含量为0.7263 g/g(即非冻结水含量为0.2737 g/g)。     

干燥方式对桑葚粉热力学特性与贮藏稳定性影响

研究了喷雾干燥、冷冻干燥对桑葚粉吸附等温线与热力学性质的影响,探讨了2种干燥方式对桑葚粉玻璃化转变温度(glass transition temperature,T_g)与状态图的影响,比较了2种干燥方式所得桑葚粉的贮藏稳定性。结果表明,桑葚粉水分吸附等温线为Ⅲ型。Blahovec-Yanniotis为描述桑葚粉水分吸附特性的最适模型。桑葚粉的净等量吸附热与微分熵随含水率增加而降低并逐渐趋于恒定值;扩张压力随温度升高而降低,但随水分活度(water activity,aw)增加而升高;积分焓随含水率增加而降低并逐渐趋于恒定;但是积分熵随含水率增加先降低至最低值,而后升高并逐渐趋于恒定。桑葚粉水分吸附遵循熵焓互补理论,该过程为焓驱动、非自发过程。相同含水率/aw时,喷雾干燥桑葚粉的净等量吸附热、微分熵、积分熵高于冷冻干燥桑葚粉,但积分焓低于冷冻干燥桑葚粉。桑葚粉的T_g随含水率增加而降低,相同含水率时,冷冻干燥桑葚粉的T_g略高于喷雾干燥桑葚粉。25℃下,喷雾干燥与冷冻干燥桑葚粉的临界水分活度分别为0.095、0.115,临界含水率分别为0.076 1、0.079 2 g/g。     

冬瓜干制品吸附等温线与净等量吸附热研究

运用吸附原理,在水分活度为0.109~0.982条件下,研究冬瓜干制品分别在10℃,20℃,30℃,40℃,50℃和60℃时的水分吸附等温线;采用7种模型对实验数据进行拟合,通过对模型的决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和残差平方和(RSS)进行比较,确定描述冬瓜干制品吸附等温线的最优模型;通过不同温度下冬瓜干制品吸附等温线数据,确定净等量吸附热.研究结果表明:冬瓜干制品的水分吸附呈Ⅲ型等温线,且在相同的水分活度时,平衡含水率随着温度的升高而下降;Peleg模型为描述冬瓜干制品吸附等温线的最优模型;冬瓜干制品的净等量吸附热随着平衡含水率的增加而降低,在较高含水率(50%左右)时趋近于0.     

龙眼果粉的水分吸附特性研究

以龙眼果粉为对象,利用静态测量法测定其在不同温度下的吸湿等温线,探究在不同含水率下龙眼果粉的X射线衍射图谱及玻璃化转变温度,并通过数学方程计算其热力学特性参数,以揭示龙眼果粉的水分吸附特性。结果表明,龙眼果粉的吸湿等温线为Ⅲ型等温线,Peleg模型是龙眼果粉吸湿等温线的最佳拟合模型。在水分活度(water activity,A_w)>0.69时,龙眼果粉水分吸附量显著增加,导致糖类晶体结构消失。龙眼果粉的吸附过程符合熵焓互补理论,其吉布斯自由能为1 586.6 J/mol>0,表明可通过控制环境条件来控制龙眼果粉的吸附过程。干基含水率从0.054 g/g上升到0.350 g/g时,龙眼果粉的玻璃化转变温度起始点从14.6℃降低至-26.5℃,其终点从39.1℃下降至-5.8℃。25℃下龙眼果粉的理论最佳贮藏A_w为0.086,对应的干基含水率为0.049 5 g/g。该研究结果可为龙眼果粉贮藏条件的选择提供参考。     

花生壳/仁的吸附等温线与热力学特性

为了解花生壳与花生仁的含水率、水分活度(a_w)与温度的关系,提高花生的贮藏稳定性。研究花生壳与花生仁在10、20、30℃时的吸附等温线;探讨花生壳与花生仁的净等量吸附热(q_(st))、微分熵(S_d)、扩张压力、积分熵、积分焓、熵-焓互补、玻璃化转变温度(T_g)等热力学特性。结果表明,花生壳与花生仁的水分吸附呈Ⅲ型等温线。温度一定时,花生壳与花生仁的干基含水率随a_w增加而增加。描述花生壳与花生仁吸附特性的最适模型为GAB模型。花生壳与花生仁的q_(st)与S_d均随含水率增加而降低。扩张压力随a_w增加而升高,但随温度升高而降低。积分焓随含水率增加而降低,而积分熵随含水率增加而升高。花生壳的q_(st)和S_d均高于花生仁,而同一温度条件下花生仁的扩张压力高于花生壳。含水率相同时,花生仁积分焓低于花生壳,而花生仁的积分熵则高于花生壳。花生壳与花生仁水分吸附过程均为焓驱动、自发过程。花生壳与花生仁的T_g随含水率增加而降低,相同含水率时,花生壳的T_g值高于花生仁。根据状态图得到温度为10℃时,花生壳与花生仁的临界水分活度与临界含水率分别为0.80、0.175 4 g/g与0.68、0.095 5 g/g。研究结果可为花生干制工艺及其干制品贮藏稳定性提供理论依据。     

ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNCTIONAL SOY PROTEIN PRODUCTS

The moisture adsorption characteristics of three commercial functional soy protein products (two isolates and one concentrate) in the temperature range of 10 to 40C were studied. The temperature showed significant effect on both the change of moisture content during adsorption and equilibrium moisture content. The rate of moisture adsorption of a soy protein isolate at water activity of 0.84 increased, but its equilibrium moisture content decreased with the increase of temperature. The suitability of Peleg and GAB equations for modeling the change of moisture content during adsorption and adsorption isotherms was respectively examined, and the constants in both equations were determined. In the temperature range of 10C to 40C, the relative errors of predicted change in moisture content at water activity of 0.84 and predicted isotherms of a soy protein isolates were ranged from 1.36% to 4.85% and 2.80% to 3.63%, respectively. The two equations can be used to predict the change in moisture content during adsorption and isotherms of functional soy protein products at different temperatures with satisfactory accuracy.     

Moisture sorption characteristics of mango–soy-fortified yogurt powder

Moisture adsorption isotherms of plain yogurt, mango–soy-fortified yogurt (MSFY) and MSFY containing 0.4% gelatin stabilizer (MSFYG) powder were determined at 20, 30, 40 and 50°C. A gravimetric static method was used under 0.11–0.81 water activity ranges for the determination of sorption isotherms that were found to be typical type II sigmoid. Experimental data were fitted to five mathematical models viz. modified Henderson, modified Chung–Pfost, Oswin, Smith and Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB). It was found that both Oswin and GAB models were acceptable in describing equilibrium moisture content–equilibrium relative humidity (EMC–ERH) relationships for yogurt powder samples over the entire range of temperatures.     

Desorption isotherms for fresh beef: An experimental and modeling approach

Desorption isotherms for fresh beef were determined at 30, 40 and 50 °C by the static gravimetric method. The resulting isotherms exhibited a type II sigmoid shape. The BET, GAB and Halsey models were used to fit these experimental data. The GAB model was most accurate for all temperatures and all levels of water activity, followed by the BET and Halsey models. The temperature dependence of GAB constants was estimated. The isosteric heat of desorption and its evolution in relation to moisture content were calculated using Clausius–Clapeyron equations. The monolayer moisture content was determined using the GAB model: it decreased as the temperature increased. The density of bound water, the number of adsorption sites, the sorption surface area and the percentage of bound water were calculated using the Caurie equation: all these quantities decreased as the temperature increased. The Kelvin and Halsey equations were used for calculation of pore size, which increases with an increase in moisture levels and sorption temperature.     

Modelling moisture sorption isotherms for maize flour

The sorption isotherm of food material is pertinent in the processing and storage of food products. Adsorption and desorption isotherms for maize flour were investigated using the static gravimetric method over the range of temperature (27–40 °C) and water activity (a_w) (0.10–0.80) commonly experienced in the tropical environment. The experimental data were compared with five widely recommended models in the literature for food sorption isotherms (GAB, modified GAB (MGAB), modified Oswin (MOE), modified Henderson (MHDE), and modified Chung–Pfost (MCE)). The GAB, MGAB, and MOE models were found to be acceptable in predicting the moisture sorption isotherms for maize flour. Overall, the MGAB appears to be most suitable for fitting the adsorption and desorption moisture isotherms data for the maize flour.     

Moisture sorption characteristics of dried acid casein from buffalo skim milk

Adsorption and desorption isotherms of dried acid casein prepared from buffalo skim milk were determined at 25°, 35° and 45 °C over a water activity range of 0.11-0.97 using static moisture gain/loss from test samples. Both the adsorption and desorption isotherms exhibited sigmoid shape corresponding to type II, typical to many foods. There was generally a negative temperature effect on equilibrium moisture content. The effect of temperature was, however, statistically not significant over the temperature range of 25-45 °C. Of the seven sorption models tested for fitting the sorption data, the GAB model gave the best fit at all the three temperatures. The temperature dependence of GAB parameters has been determined in the form of Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The calculated values of monolayer moisture content from BET isotherm equation have been found to be lower than the corresponding values found by using GAB equation. However, in both cases the monolayer moisture was higher in desorption than the adsorption and deceased with increase in temperature. The net isosteric heat of sorption decreased exponentially with increasing moisture content and approached a constant value of 0.331 kJ/mol at moisture content 28 g/100 g (d.b.). The moisture sorption hysteresis observed at 25°, 35° and 45 C was statistically significant. The extent of hysteresis was negligible in monolayer moisture content region, occurred predominantly in the water activity range 0.35-0.60 and decreased at higher water activities. Total hysteresis energy was evaluated from the sorption data using Everett and Whitton plot. The effect of increase in temperature was to decrease the amount of hysteresis.     

Analysis of water adsorption by wood using the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer equation

The Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) three-parameter sorption equation has been used to interpret the adsorption and desorption isotherms of water vapour measured for 21 important cultural heritage wood species used in the past for panel paintings and woodcarving. The equation is capable of describing the full shape of the isotherms and yields meaningful physical parameters, especially the monolayer capacity from which the water accessible specific surface area can be obtained. It is demonstrated that average sorption isotherms can be derived using the GAB equation for the sorption data available for sets of specimens and that moisture properties of various wood specimens or chemically modified wood can be more easily compared.     

Moisture sorption isotherms of sorghum malt at 40 and 50 °C

The desorption and adsorption equilibrium moisture isotherms of sorghum malt at the temperatures of 40 and 50 °C, over the water activity range of 0.1-0.9, were determined using the static gravimetric method. A non-linear regression programme was used to fit five moisture sorption isotherm models [Modified Henderson, Modified Chung-Pfost, Modified Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB), Modified Halsey and Modified Oswin] to the experimental data. The models were compared using the standard error of estimate, mean relative percentage deviation, fraction explained variation and residual plots.The Modified Chung-Pfost model was found to be the best for predicting the desorption equilibrium moisture content, while the adsorption equilibrium moisture content was best predicted by the Modified Oswin model. The desorption and adsorption water activities were found to be best fitted by the Modified Oswin model.The moisture sorption isotherms were sigmoidal in shape and showed a marked effect of temperature. The span of the moisture sorption hysteresis loop formed, decreased with increase in temperature, while the size increased with increase in temperature.