利用模拟苹果汁体系探究正渗透浓缩技术

浓缩苹果汁不仅能够解决苹果的堆积腐败、贮存问题,还是生产饮料的重要基础配料,可应用于果酒酿制、化妆品及药品添加剂。为了更好地探究正渗透体系中苹果汁糖组分对浓缩性能和反向渗透扩散(reverse solute flux, RSF)的影响,实验对模拟苹果汁体系进行了研究。首先通过改变膜操作模式对模拟体系进行研究,再探究功能性汲取液对模拟苹果汁体系的浓缩能力,分别测定水通量、反向溶质扩散以及浓缩倍数等。结果表明,压力延迟渗透模式的水通量较高,反向渗透较少,比正渗透模式更有利于正渗透浓缩苹果汁;相较于传统的氯化钠汲取液,柠檬酸钠汲取液汲水能力更强,RSF更小,可大大提高果汁浓缩效率。     

采用正渗透技术浓缩番茄汁

采用正渗透技术浓缩了番茄汁,研究了不同温度下,NaCl汲取液浓度对番茄汁浓缩速率的影响。实验结果表明:渗透速率随着温度升高而加快,当温度超过一定值时,渗透速率反而降低,随着NaCl溶液浓度的升高,渗透速率增加,浓缩时间大大缩短,最后浓缩番茄汁糖度可达到32°Brix。     

功能性中空纤维

<正> 一、概述具有特殊结构的渗透膜已广泛地用于分离过程。如有些能使水透过,而将另一些离子滞留的渗透膜用于海水淡化及某些溶液的浓缩;另一些具有选择性的渗透膜能使混合液     

PTFE中空纤维膜蒸馏高盐废水浓缩实验研究

文章选择工业生产中常见的含氯化钠（NaCl）高盐废水,以疏水性PTFE中空纤维膜组件为载体,采用真空膜蒸馏的方式进行浓缩处理实验研究,研究各操作条件对膜通量和截盐率的影响,并验证实验可行性。实验结果表明,膜下游侧压力增加,膜通量会逐渐降低;废水料液流量和料液温度的增加均有助于提高膜通量;废水料液浓度的增加,会抑制传质过程,降低膜通量。各操作条件对膜截盐率的影响很小,膜截盐率一直保持在99.8%以上,说明PTFE中空纤维膜蒸馏用于高盐废水浓缩具备可行性。     

我国浓缩苹果汁产品出口走向何方

<正> 近年来,我国浓缩苹果汁产量扩大,出口大幅增长,由于我国苹果产量常年位居世界第一,为苹果汁生产提供了丰富廉价的原料来源,我国浓缩苹果汁出口占全球比重已经超过50%。统计数字显示,2007年1月至7月,我国浓缩苹果汁     

减压膜蒸馏浓缩NaCl溶液的实验研究

采用减压膜蒸馏技术在较低真空度下浓缩NaCl水溶液 ,研究了真空度、料液温度、料液流速以及料液浓度对膜通量与截留率的影响。结果表明 ,随着膜下游真空度增加 ,膜通量线性增大 ;料液温度显著影响膜通量 ;随着料液浓度增加 ,膜通量严重衰减 ;实验条件下聚丙烯中空纤维膜表现出很好的疏水性 ,NaCl的截留率接近 10 0 %。     

正渗透膜浓缩技术对热敏性蛋白质保留率的影响

评估使用正渗透膜浓缩技术生产的浓缩乳复原后的热敏性蛋白质的保留率。以全脂生牛乳为原料，分别使用正渗透膜浓缩技术和传统真空蒸发浓缩技术制备浓缩倍数相似的浓缩乳原料，按比例复溶后，分别测定生牛乳与复原乳的各项理化指标、α-乳白蛋白，β-乳球蛋白，乳铁蛋白，免疫球蛋白等活性蛋白含量、糠氨酸和乳果糖等热加工判定指标及色度指标，分析不同浓缩方法制备的复原乳与生牛乳的差异。研究了实验过程中的汲取液选择以及温度对于浓缩过程和微生物的影响。正渗透技术为一种非热浓缩技术，可以实现与传统浓缩技术相同的浓缩倍数，同时相较于传统的浓缩技术使用正渗透技术生产的浓缩乳酸度更低更易于保存。复溶后，α-乳白蛋白等活性蛋白比热浓缩复原乳高4～7倍，糠氨酸和乳果糖分别为9.37 mg/100g蛋白和4.93 mg/L与生牛乳差异很小。标准色差ΔE为0.94相较于传统热浓缩方法能够更加保留牛奶原有的颜色。相比于使用传统浓缩技术制备的复原乳，正渗透膜浓缩制备的浓缩乳复原乳在活性蛋白保留率、热加工指标和颜色还原等方面都有较大优势，更接近生牛乳。     

直接浸渍冷冻过程中溶质在对虾中渗透规律的研究

在直接浸渍冻结过程中,溶质渗透是影响直接浸渍冻结应用的主要因素。本文通过建立明胶模型,研究直接浸渍过程中不同溶质的渗透模型及规律,并对对虾中的溶质渗透规律进行探索。研究发现,溶质中的甜菜碱、丙二醇及氯化钠在明胶模型中的渗透深度分别为0.2 cm、0.35 cm及0.4 cm,渗透量分别为4.35±0.12 mg/g、6.15±0.12 mg/g、11.73±0.18 mg/g;在对虾中的渗透深度分别为0.25 cm、0.31 cm、0.35 cm,渗透量分别为0.86±0.07 mg/g、1.53±0.11 mg/g、1.67±0.08 mg/g。通过对直接浸渍冻结过程溶质的变化进行回归分析,溶质的渗透规律可用回归模型进行表达,并且甜菜碱、丙二醇及氯化钠在对虾中的渗透变化趋势与明胶模型相对一致,前5 min内,甜菜碱、丙二醇、氯化钠扩散速率较大,几乎呈直线增加,6 min后,扩散速率减慢。根据所建立的传质模型,甜菜碱、丙二醇、氯化钠在明胶的平均扩散系数分别为4.16×10-7m2/s、1.27×10-6m2/s、1.66×10-6m2/s,在对虾中的平均扩散系数分别为2.34×10-7m2/s、9.36×10-7m2/s、1.36×10-6m2/s。     

正渗透膜分离技术及应用研究进展

近年来,随着工业化进程加快,工业废水污染以及水资源短缺问题日趋严重,亟待解决。正渗透技术以溶液两侧渗透压差为驱动力,与传统的压力驱动的反渗透膜分离技术相比,具有低压、低能耗等特点。文章对正渗透技术与反渗透技术进行了对比,阐述了正渗透膜材料的研究制备方向,总结了目前正渗透汲取液的种类与优缺点,综述了正渗透技术的应用领域,并对该项技术发展前景进行展望。     

不同水质和环境温度下正渗透净水装置净化效果研究

正渗透净水技术具有零外力驱动、膜污染小、净水效果好等特点,可应用于应急救援、野外作业等领域。以自主研制的正渗透便携式净水装置为研究对象,采用质量浓度为50%的复配糖溶液做汲取液,分别进行不同水质条件的净水试验,并探究环境温度对装置净水性能的影响,以评价正渗透净水装置净水能力与系统稳定性。研究表明：正渗透净水装置可以很好地截留原液中的有害物质,原液含盐量越低,净水速率越高;随着温度增加,正渗透净水装置净水速率增大;不同环境温度下,正渗透净水装置能够完成不同水源水质的净化,保障饮水安全。     

正渗透膜污染的影响因素及清洗效果研究

为研究正渗透(FO)浓缩过程中的膜通量衰减规律,本文以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为特征污染物,研究了正渗透过程中原料液的离子强度及BSA浓度、膜方位等参数不同时FO膜的污染规律,以提高膜通量和截留率为目标,对驱动液的种类、浓度,料液流速进行了优化,并优化了适宜的膜清洗方案.结果表明:原料液中离子强度越大,FO膜的初始通量越...     

High performance thin-film composite forward osmosis hollow fiber membranes with macrovoid-free and highly porous structure for sustainable water production

The development of high-performance and well-constructed thin-film composite (TFC) hollow fiber membranes for forward osmosis (FO) applications is presented in this study. The newly developed membranes consist of a functional selective polyamide layer formed by highly reproducible interfacial polymerization on a polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber support. Using dual-layer coextrusion technology to design and effectively control the phase inversion during membrane formation, the support was designed to possess desirable macrovoid-free and fully sponge-like morphology. Such morphology not only provides excellent membrane strength, but it has been proven to minimize internal concentration polarization in a FO process, thus leading to the water flux enhancement. The fabricated membranes exhibited relatively high water fluxes of 32-34 LMH and up to 57-65 LMH against a pure water feed using 2 M NaCl as the draw solution tested under the FO and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) modes, respectively, while consistently maintaining relatively low salt leakages below 13 gMH for all cases. With model seawater solution as the feed, the membranes could display a high water flux up to 15-18 LMH, which is comparable to the best value reported for seawater desalination applications.     

Adverse impact of feed channel spacers on the performance of pressure retarded osmosis

This article analyzes the influence of feed channel spacers on the performance of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). Unlike forward osmosis (FO), an important feature of PRO is the application of hydraulic pressure on the high salinity (draw solution) side to retard the permeating flow for energy conversion. We report the first observation of membrane deformation under the action of the high hydraulic pressure on the feed channel spacer and the resulting impact on membrane performance. Because of this observation, reverse osmosis and FO tests that are commonly used for measuring membrane transport properties (water and salt permeability coefficients, A and B, respectively) and the structural parameter (S) can no longer be considered appropriate for use in PRO analysis. To accurately predict the water flux as a function of applied hydraulic pressure difference and the resulting power density in PRO, we introduced a new experimental protocol that accounts for membrane deformation in a spacer-filled channel to determine the membrane properties (A, B, and S). PRO performance model predictions based on these determined A, B, and S values closely matched experimental data over a range of draw solution concentrations (0.5 to 2 M NaCl). We also showed that at high pressures feed spacers block the permeation of water through the membrane area in contact with the spacer, a phenomenon that we term the shadow effect, thereby reducing overall water flux. The implications of the results for power generation by PRO are evaluated and discussed.     

Evaluation of hybrid pressure-driven and osmotically-driven membrane process for non-thermal production of apple juice concentrate

This study investigates the potential of hybrid membrane processes including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and forward osmosis (FO) for non-thermal concentration of apple juice. The process performance and characteristics (physicochemical properties, nutritional and aroma components and microbiological quality) of apple juice were studied. The clarity of apple juice was significantly promoted as pore size of membrane reduced. MF and UF can also ensure microbiological safety in pre-treated apple juice. According to its efficiency of filtration as well as performance of simultaneous clarification and cold-sterilization, 0.22 μm MF membrane was identified as the optimal membrane for the pre-treatment. The pre-treated apple juice can be concentrated up to 65°Brix by subsequent single stage FO. FO retained nutritional and volatile compounds of apple juice while significant reductions were found in the juice concentrated by vacuum evaporation. Hybrid MF-FO can be a promising non-thermal technology to produce apple juice concentrate with high quality.     

Integrating forward osmosis into microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment, water extraction and bioelectricity generation

A novel osmotic microbial fuel cell (OsMFC) was developed by using a forward osmosis (FO) membrane as a separator. The performance of the OsMFC was examined with either NaCl solution or artificial seawater as a catholyte (draw solution). A conventional MFC with a cation exchange membrane was also operated in parallel for comparison. It was found that the OsMFC produced more electricity than the MFC in both batch operation (NaCl solution) and continuous operation (seawater), likely due to better proton transport with water flux through the FO membrane. Water flux from the anode into the cathode was clearly observed with the OsMFC but not in the MFC. The solute concentration of the catholyte affected both electricity generation and water flux. These results provide a proof of concept that an OsMFC can simultaneously accomplish wastewater treatment, water extraction (from the wastewater), and electricity generation. The potential applications of the OsMFC are proposed for either water reuse (linking to reverse osmosis for reconcentration of draw solution) or seawater desalination (connecting with microbial desalination cells for further wastewater treatment and desalination).     

Performance of forward (direct) osmosis process: membrane structure and transport phenomenon

The performance of a forward (direct) osmosis (FO) process was investigated using a laboratory-scale unit to elucidate the effect of membrane structure and orientation on waterflux. Two types of RO membrane and a FO membrane were tested using ammonium bicarbonate, glucose, and fructose as the draw solution to extract water from a saline feed solution. The FO membrane was able to achieve higher water flux than the RO membranes under the same experimental conditions while maintaining high salt rejection of greater than 97%. Increasing operating temperature increased the water flux in FO process. To investigate the effect of membrane orientation on water flux, the FO membrane was tested normally (dense selective layer facing draw solution) and reversely (dense selective layer facing feed solution). Explanations on transport phenomenon in FO process were proposed which explain the observation that the FO membrane, when used in the normal orientation, performed better due to lesser internal concentration polarization. This study suggests that an ideal FO membrane should consist of a thin dense selective layer without any loose fabric support layer.     

Forward osmosis concentration of high viscous polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale: Process optimisation and membrane fouling analysis

Polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale (DOP) need to be dehydrated and concentrated after extraction for further application. They are usually concentrated by thermal evaporation which consumes great energy. However, high viscosity of DOP makes the concentration more difficult even using non-thermal membrane technologies such as nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO). In this study, effects of process conditions, such as membrane orientations, draw solutions and their concentrations, and flowrate on forward osmosis (FO) concentration of viscous DOP were studied. Active layer to feed solution mode, cross flowrate at 240 mL min⁻¹, and draw solution of 3 m NaCl have been found as the optimal conditions. Foulants on the membrane surface with loose structure could be easily cleaned and removed by hydraulic flushing. DOP concentrated by FO achieved almost 1.3 times at the same time compared with that in NF and RO. DOP could be further concentrated for 1.5 folds at longtime without significant decrease in water flux. In addition, slight reverse solutes in FO process could reduce the viscosity of high viscous DOP, which was good for concentration. Accordingly, FO is a potential technology for concentration of high viscous polysaccharides such as DOP.     

Polyelectrolyte-promoted forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrid process for dye wastewater treatment

Polyelectrolytes have proven their advantages as draw solutes in forward osmosis process in terms of high water flux, minimum reverse flux, and ease of recovery. In this work, the concept of a polyelectrolyte-promoted forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrid system was demonstrated and applied to recycle the wastewater containing an acid dye. A poly(acrylic acid) sodium (PAA-Na) salt was used as the draw solute of the FO to dehydrate the wastewater, while the MD was employed to reconcentrate the PAA-Na draw solution. With the integration of these two processes, a continuous wastewater treatment process was established. To optimize the FO-MD hybrid process, the effects of PAA-Na concentration, experimental duration, and temperature were investigated. Almost a complete rejection of PAA-Na solute was observed by both FO and MD membranes. Under the conditions of 0.48 g mL(-1) PAA-Na and 66 °C, the wastewater was most efficiently dehydrated yet with a stabilized PAA-Na concentration around 0.48 g mL(-1). The practicality of PAA-Na-promoted FO-MD hybrid technology demonstrates not only its suitability in wastewater reclamation, but also its potential in other membrane-based separations, such as protein or pharmaceutical product enrichment. This study may provide the insights of exploring novel draw solutes and their applications in FO related processes.     

Concentration of grape juice: Combined forward osmosis/evaporation versus conventional evaporation

The present study aimed to evaluate the process of forward osmosis (FO) for the concentration of grape juice using NaCl as the osmotic solution facing the thermal evaporation process, commonly used in industry. A combined experiment (FO + evaporation) was also performed to evaluate the potential of FO as a pre-concentration process. FO experiments were performed according to the Box-Behnken design. Some degree of concentration of the grape juice was obtained in all FO experimental runs, and it was observed a strong influence of the parameters studied on the fluxes. In the evaporation experiments, the quality of the final product was affected concerning the content of phenolic compounds, which have undergone significant degradation by heat. In the combined process, grape juice concentration to up to 65.7°Brix could be achieved showing greater retention of quality factors and bioactive compounds, highlighting the advantage of FO and its potential as a pre-concentration step.     

Microscopic Characterization of FO/PRO Membranes - A Comparative Study of CLSM, TEM and SEM

Osmotically driven membrane processes (including forward osmosis (FO) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO)) have received increasing attention in recent decades. The performance of an FO/PRO membrane is significantly limited by internal concentration polarization, which is a strong function of the membrane support layer pore structure. The objective of the current study was to develop microscopic characterization methods for quantitative/semiquantitative analysis of membrane pore structure (both pore diameter and porosity distribution across membrane thickness). The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for noninvasive characterization of the internal pore structure of FO/PRO membranes is reported for the first time. By performing optical sectioning, information on pore diameter, porosity depth profile and pore connectivity can be obtained. The CLSM porosity results are further compared to those obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and reasonably good agreement was observed. A comparison of these characterization methods reveals their complementary nature, and a combination of these techniques may allow a more comprehensive understanding of membrane structure. The current study also provided a comprehensive insight into the pore structure of commercially available FO/PRO membranes.