肌肉蛋白质乳化凝胶及保油保水性机理研究进展

肌肉蛋白质乳化及热诱导凝胶特性是肉糜类制品加工的基础,它直接关系到制品的流变学特性、质构、保油保水性和口感等。文中主要从分子及化学作用力角度简述了肌肉蛋白质乳化脂肪、热诱导凝胶及保油保水性机理,以期为乳化凝胶类肉制品加工提供一定的理论依据。     

Chaotropic离子对肌球蛋白乳化特性影响的研究进展

食盐的过量摄入与高血压、心脑血管疾病等慢性疾病之间的矛盾日益加深,而降低乳化型肉制品的盐含量会影响产品品质特性,如何避免减盐引起的质量缺陷是低盐肉制品研究领域的重点。不同离子诱导肌球蛋白分子空间构象产生不同变化,影响肌球蛋白在脂肪球表面的吸附特性,并最终影响产品品质。本文主要论述乳化过程中Chaotropic离子属性对肌球蛋白分子构象、构象变化驱动力的影响,为开发优质低盐肉制品提供新途径。     

肉品高效斩拌乳化技术研究进展

在肉制品加工中,斩拌乳化工艺主要起保水和保油作用。斩拌乳化效果主要受工艺参数和原辅料两方面因素的影响。在工艺方面,斩拌温度、斩拌速度、斩拌时间、物料pH等参数是乳化技术的关键参数;在原料方面,原料肉的种类、非肉蛋白、乳化剂、亲水性胶体等因素直接影响乳化效果。本文重点综述了肉品斩拌乳化技术在这两个方面的研究进展。     

玉米胚蛋白的性能及其应用研究

玉米胚蛋白(MPP)的乳化活性及乳化稳定性与大豆分离蛋白相似，对固体脂肪的乳化能力超过分离蛋白，在乳化型碎肉制品中添加可使产品得率及质构超过添加分离蛋白的肉制品。作者认为MPP的功能性质可能与蛋白分子形成可溶性聚集体有关。     

高功能性大豆浓缩蛋白的性能及应用研究

高功能性大豆浓缩蛋白(FSPC)的乳化活性及乳化稳定性与大豆分离蛋白相似,对固体脂肪的乳化能力超过分离蛋白,在乳化型碎肉制品中添加可使产品得率及质构超过添加分离蛋白的肉制品。作者认为FSPC的功能性质可能与蛋白分子形成可溶性聚集体有关。     

高功能性大豆浓缩蛋白的性能及在肉制品中应用的研究

高功能性大豆浓缩蛋白(FSPC)的乳化活性及乳化稳定性与大豆分离蛋白相似,对固体脂肪的乳化能力超过分离蛋白,在乳化型碎肉制品中添加可使产品得率及质构超过添加分离蛋白的肉制品.作者认为FSPC 的功能性质可能与蛋白分子形成可溶性聚集体有关.     

高功能性大豆浓缩蛋白的性能及在肉制品中应用的研究

高功能性大豆浓缩蛋白（FSPC）的乳化活性及乳化稳定性与大豆分离蛋白相似，对固体脂肪的乳化能力超过分离蛋白，在乳化型碎肉制品中添加可使产品得率及质构超过添加分离蛋白的肉制品。作者认为FSPC的功能性质可能与蛋白分子形成可溶性聚集体有关。     

不同NaCl浓度条件下亚麻籽胶对肉糜乳化凝胶特性的影响

通过对出水出油率、质构、扫描电镜、脂肪微粒表面蛋白量以及蛋白电泳的测定和观察,研究不同NaCl浓度条件下亚麻籽胶对肉糜乳化凝胶特性的影响。研究发现,NaCl浓度的降低（0.6～0?mol/L）会增加肉糜的出水出油率,质构变差,减少脂肪微粒表面蛋白含量。而亚麻籽胶的添加可以显著增强凝胶的保水、保油性（P＜0.05）,改善凝胶的网络结构,并且还会提高脂肪微粒表面蛋白的种类和数量,提高乳化稳定性（P＜0.05）。由此可见,低NaCl浓度（0～0.4?mol/L）会造成乳化肉制品品质劣变,亚麻籽胶的加入可以改善低NaCl浓度造成的品质降低。     

低温乳化肉制品的加工工艺

低温乳化型肉制品主要由动物蛋白,水,和脂肪乳化而成。对于这类产品的配方,乳化斩拌,和烟熏蒸煮等步骤都会对最终产品产生影响。而在这些步骤中各种反应,机理和提议的加工条件对于解决产品加工中遇到的问题会有帮助。     

亚麻籽胶在乳化肠中添加方式的研究

为最佳地发挥亚麻籽胶在乳化肠中的应用效果,考察亚麻籽胶以不同的方式加入以及加入后斩拌时间对乳化肠水油渗出率、保水性、质构的影响。结果表明：亚麻籽胶的添加量为0.2g/100g和0.3g/100g时,以乳化物方式加入亚麻籽胶生产的乳化肠析水率显著低于以粉末方式加入的乳化肠（P〈0.05）;以乳化物方式添加亚麻籽胶的乳化肠水油渗出率低,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）。以乳化物方式加入亚麻籽胶的乳化肠硬度显著低于以粉末方式加入的乳化肠（P〈0.05）;对乳化肠的弹性影响差异不显著（P〉0.05）。在4℃贮藏期间,以乳化物方式加入亚麻籽胶的乳化肠更好地保持了其质构稳定性。以乳化物方式加入亚麻籽胶后,比较斩拌1、2、3min的乳化肠发现,斩拌3min的乳化肠贮藏期间质构稳定,持水持油性较好。     

肉品高效斩拌乳化技术研究进展(英文)

Effective emulsification technology was applied in meat processing to achieve water holding and oil stability in the meat products. The effects of chopping emulsification technology are mainly affected by factors, which was chopping parameters and raw meat materials. Chopping parameters such as chopping temperature, chopping speed, chopping time are crucial factors in chopping emulsification technology. While raw materials such as raw meat type, non-meat proteins, emulsifiers and hydrophilic gums are also important factors directly influencing emulsification. The paper mainly reviewed the advance on chopping emulsification technology in meat processing from aforementioned aspects.     

亲水胶体改善低脂乳化肉糜制品品质的研究进展

动物脂肪对乳化肉糜制品的多汁性以及风味起着重要作用,但是其含有大量的饱和脂肪酸和胆固醇,过量摄入会对人体造成潜在的危害。然而,单纯地降低乳化肉糜制品中的脂肪含量会对产品的品质产生负面影响。因此,如何降低乳化肉糜制品中的脂肪含量并改善产品的品质已经成为肉类工业中亟待解决的问题。不同来源（植物源、动物源、微生物源以及合成）的亲水胶体因其良好的增稠、凝胶、稳定、保水以及乳化能力,可以在一定程度上赋予低脂产品润滑、醇厚的口感来达到降低乳化肉糜制品的脂肪含量并改善最终产品的品质特性的目的。因此,本文全面综述了亲水胶体改善低脂乳化肉糜制品品质的机制,以及不同来源的亲水胶体改善低脂乳化肉糜制品品质特性的应用情况,为生产新型健康的低脂乳化肉糜制品提供理论依据。     

Modelling the yield and texture of comminuted pork products using color and temperature. Effect of fat/lean ratio and starch

Practices to control the processing of finely comminuted meat products are proposed. The objective was to test the practical value of both temperature and light reflection measurements made during emulsification as potential indicators of cooking losses and resulting gel texture in pork sausages emulsified within a wide range of temperatures and starch and fat levels. Prior to cooking, pork batters were chopped for different times to ensure final emulsion temperatures ranging from 5 to 50°C. The effects of the fat/lean ratio (0.25 and 0.67) and starch addition (0.8 and 3.2% w:w) on temperature and optical reflection were also investigated. The chopping increased the temperature and decreased the light reflection of fresh meat emulsion. There was no relevant loss of emulsifying capacity at emulsion temperature below 30°C and lightness values over 70 CIE units. The losses and textural parameters of cooked emulsions could be predicted by means of non-linear regression equations based on the temperature and color of the raw emulsion. The determination coefficients obtained ranged from 0.89 to 0.99. The prediction models needed to be fitted to each batter formulation, especially in the presence of reduced levels of gelation agents (meat protein and starch). Lightness was a better predictor than chromaticity, since it decreased constantly with chopping in the range of final emulsion temperatures studied (5-50°C). This confirms previous studies that lightness could be used for monitoring emulsion stability in meat batters.     

超声波处理对大豆油预乳化效果的影响

该文考察超声功率大小对大豆油预乳化处理效果的影响、探讨超声波处理的作用机理,探寻提升乳化型肉类产品品质的新方法。将纯净水与大豆油按1∶1(体积比)混合,添加2 g/L酪蛋白酸钠,乳化均质后以不同功率的超声波间歇处理3 min,然后测定乳化活性和表观稳定性、乳液黏度等指标。结果表明,超声波处理对大豆油预乳化液的乳化活性、乳化稳定性有显著影响,超声功率为360 W时乳化性能最好、乳化性达到最大值59.95 m 2/g;超声波处理能增加乳液的黏度、减小乳滴的粒径、增加乳滴表面蛋白质的吸附量,从而增强了乳化效果。超声波处理是一种增加预乳化液的乳化性和乳化稳定性的有效手段。     

Effects of pre‐emulsifying fat/oil on meat batter stability,texture and microstructure

The effects of pre‐emulsified beef fat and canola oil (CO) (25%) with Tween 80 (T‐80) or sodium caseinate (SC) were studied in beef meat batters prepared at three protein levels (9%, 12% and 15%). Raising meat protein level to 15% resulted in low emulsion stability of products prepared with CO. Using pre‐emulsified beef fat with Tween 80 (BF‐T80) showed significantly higher fat and water losses at all protein levels. There were no differences in fat and water losses between pre‐emulsified beef fat and CO when SC was used at the 9% and 12% protein levels compared to the controls (non pre‐emulsification). Light microscopy revealed fat globule coalescence in the CO meat batters prepared with 15% protein and BF‐T8 treatments, as well as formation of fat channels and more protein aggregation; both resulted in lower emulsion stability. Using SC to emulsify fat/oil produced a finer dispersion of fat globules compared to all the other treatments.     

Structural and Water Binding Properties of Meat Emulsions Prepared with Emulsified and Unemulsified Fat

The structural and water binding properties of sausage emulsions containing the fat component as a pre-emulsified fat or as water and fat separately are presented. Optimal parameters of sonic emulsification were established: frequency of ultrasound, time of emulsification, and concentration of stabilizers, sodium orthophosphate, gelatin, sodium caseinate, nonfat dry milk. Comminuted meat products with pre-emulsified fat rather than unemulsified fat had higher water-binding capacity, and viscosity, which increased with time of holding. Utilization of a pre-emulsified fat in comminuted meat products resulted in an increase in the amount of emulsified fat in the finished product, a more uniform distribution of the fat component in the structure of products and a 6 - 7% increase in the yield of finished product.     

非肉蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白及肉品品质影响的研究进展

肌原纤维蛋白的乳化特性和凝胶特性对食品的质地、风味及感官特性都极为重要。非肉蛋白由于具有较高营养价值及价格低廉的优势,逐渐成为肉制品中外源添加物的更好选择。本文主要综述非肉蛋白的添加对肌原纤维蛋白乳化和凝胶体系稳定性的影响,进一步分析非肉蛋白对肉制品品质的影响,旨在为非肉蛋白改善肉制品品质提供理论指导,进而为非肉蛋白在食品中的应用提供理论参考。     

蛋白界面膜及其评价方法研究进展

食品中乳化类产品的稳定性决定了其价值和顾客满意度,天然蛋白的乳化特性多年来受到食品胶体和界面科学领域广泛关注。蛋白吸附到水油界面形成的黏弹性薄膜具有降低界面张力、维持乳液稳定的特性。研究蛋白界面膜的物化性质有助于了解蛋白大分子在水油界面的吸附规律,能够用于评价、表征和预测蛋白乳液稳定性,并为优化蛋白乳液稳定性提供理论基础。基于此,该文对水包油乳液蛋白界面膜结构和影响因素进行探讨,系统综述了目前用于评价蛋白质界面特性的手段和方法,包括微观成像技术、热力学技术、光谱技术和界面流变学技术等,以研究蛋白类乳化液性能在宏观和微观层面的联系,为蛋白质界面膜在乳化食品中的应用提供参考。