响应面法优化康宁木霉产纤维素酶的发酵培养基

采用响应面法对康宁木霉产纤维素酶的发酵条件进行了优化。首先运用Plackett-Burman法筛选出3个影响较大的重要因素,分别为:葡萄糖,MgSO4.7H2O,MnSO4.H2O。然后进行最陡爬坡实验,确定这3种重要因素的最适质量浓度范围。最后通过Box-Behnken设计,利用Design Expert软件进行回归分析,得出3种因素的交互作用及最佳发酵条件。确定康宁木霉发酵产纤维素酶的最佳发酵培养基为葡萄糖5.97 g/L,乳清粉7 g/L,玉米浆干粉13 g/L,(NH4)2SO4 4 g/L,KH2PO4 8 g/L,MgSO.4 7H2O 0.56 g/L,CaCl.2 2H2O 0.6 g/L,FeSO.4 7H2O 2.5 mg/L,ZnSO4.7H2O 0.7 mg/L,CoCl.2 6H2O 1.9 mg/L,MnSO.4 H2O 4.07 mg/L,吐温-80 1.5 mL/L,在此培养基下发酵酶活为0.233 IU/mL,比优化前提高了35.7%。     

芽胞杆菌XM-1产酸性淀粉酶发酵条件研究

通过单因素试验及响应面分析,对基础发酵培养基配方进行了优化,确定了枯草芽孢杆菌XM-1产酸性α-淀粉酶液体发酵培养基的最佳配方为:可溶性淀粉8.1g/L,花生饼34.3g/L,NH.4NO3 6g/L,KH2PO4 3g/L,CaCl2·2H2O 2.94g/L,培养基起始pH值为5.0.菌株XM-1在优化后的培养基中发酵产酶达最高为534.2U/mL,约是优化前的2.2倍.     

出芽短梗霉产黑色素发酵工艺优化

该文以出芽短梗霉(Aureobasidium pullulans)为生产菌株,通过单因素和响应面试验对培养基组分进行优化以提高黑色素产量。结果表明,出芽短梗霉发酵产黑色素的最佳培养基组成为:蔗糖98.9 g/L、玉米浆干粉9.7 g/L、CaCl2·2H2O 2.0 g/L、NaCl 2.0 g/L、ZnSO41.0 g/L、pH 5.5。在此条件下,经过144 h发酵,黑色素产量达到17.56 g/L,相比优化之前提高了42.8%。     

响应面法优化壳聚糖酶发酵培养基

为了提高壳聚糖酶的产量,在单因素的试验基础上,采用响应面法优化诱变后菌株的发酵培养基。利用Plackett-Burman试验设计分析发酵培养基中的7个组分,确定了其中的3个显著因素为酵母浸粉、葡萄糖和MgSO4·7H2O,应用最陡爬坡试验确定了这3个因素的合理范围,再通过Box-Behnken响应面试验优化培养基组分。结果表明,最佳发酵培养基为：酵母浸粉16.9 g/L,葡萄糖10.3 g/L,NaCl 5 g/L,K2HPO4 1.4 g/L,KH2PO4 0.6 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 1.2 g/L和吐温-80 1.2 g/L。在此优化条件下,壳聚糖酶酶活力达到10.57 U/mL,比优化前提高了11.77%。     

金属离子对卤醇脱卤酶发酵生产的影响

在以基因工程大肠杆菌为生产菌发酵生产卤醇脱卤酶过程中,某些金属离子对卤醇脱卤的生产有较大的影响。首先,通过单因子实验确定几种典型微量元素的最佳产酶浓度,其次,通过2水平析因实验和最陡爬坡实验确定了显著影响因子及其浓度拐点,其分别是ZnSO4.7H2O、CoCl2.6H2O和FeSO4.7H2O。最后,运用响应面分析法确定了微量元素的最佳配比为FeSO4.7H2O 11.86g/L,ZnSO4.7H2O 2.0g/L,MnSO4.H2O 1.0g/L,CaCl20.05g/L,CoCl2.6H2O 1.2g/L,CuSO4.5H2O 0.8g/L。与对照生产水平相比,当添加最佳配比金属离子到培养基中后,酶活提高了2倍。     

多聚谷氨酸发酵的响应面法优化

以一株纳豆芽孢杆菌进行多聚谷氨酸发酵,采用Plackett-Burman法对发酵工艺进行评价,得出培养基配方对多聚谷氨酸的产量有显著影响的因子包括:葡萄糖、豆饼粉、谷氨酸钠,然后用响应面法对这几个因素进行优化,所得的最佳培养基配方为:葡萄糖8％,豆饼粉32％,谷氨酸钠4.8％,MgSO4·3H2O0.06％,CaCl20.06％,K2HPO4·3H2O0.39％,KH2PO40.3％,灭菌前pH7.5,PGA产量由原来的15.4g/L提高到26.2g/L.     

Penicillium sp.1523产柚苷酶摇瓶发酵培养基优化

采用单因素试验、Plackett-Burman设计和响应面分析相结合的方法,对Penicillium sp.1523产柚苷酶的摇瓶发酵培养基配方进行优化。单因素试验结果显示：发酵培养基中的最优碳源为玉米粉,最优氮源为豆饼粉;Plackett-Burman设计筛选出影响柚苷酶产量的3个重要因素为玉米粉、豆饼粉和柚苷,在此基础上运用最陡爬坡试验逼近最大响应值区域,再利用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面分析法进行回归分析,获得最佳培养基配方为：玉米粉31.14g/L、豆饼粉31.53g/L、柚苷1.65g/L、K2HPO4 1.00g/L、ZnSO4 0.10g/L、MgSO4 ·7H2O 0.06g/L、CaCl2 0.10g/L。在优化后的条件下摇瓶发酵产柚苷酶酶活力为(891.79±6.33)U/mL,与模型预测值接近,发酵产酶量比优化前提高70.8%。     

产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶特基拉芽孢杆菌Bacillus tequilensis CGX5-1发酵培养基的优化

采用响应面优化法对一株野生特基拉芽孢杆菌的发酵培养基进行优化,最终培养基各组分为:大麦粉68.4 g/L,玉米粉40 g/L,豆饼粉61.1 g/L,KH2PO41 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.1 g/L,CaCl20.1 g/L。用优化培养基在37℃摇瓶发酵52 h,β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶酶活达到191.96 U/mL,是优化前产酶水平的1.91倍。     

响应面法优化紫绒丝膜菌产紫色素培养基

本实验目的在于优化液体发酵紫绒丝膜菌产紫色素的培养基。利用单因素方法筛选培养基中的影响色素产量的主要营养素,进而利用响应面法进行关键营养素配比的优化。单因素实验表明葡萄糖、KH2PO4、Mg SO4·7H2O的添加量对紫绒丝膜菌的色素的产量影响极为显著,其中葡萄糖表现出负效应,KH2PO4和Mg SO4·7H2O表现出正效应。选取3种显著因素进行响应面试验设计,经响应面优化后的最适培养基配方为葡萄糖21.48 g/L、KH2PO4 2.34 g/L,Mg SO4·7H2O 1.84 g/L、Ca Cl2 0.5 g/L,Fe Cl3·6H2O 0.5 g/L、Na Cl 0.5g/L、硫酸铵5 g/L,在此条件下最大响应色素产量值为1.05±0.07 g/L,与预测值0.99 g/L接近。紫绒丝膜菌液体发酵可大量产紫色素,该色素理化性质等值得进一步研究。     

响应面法优化桔青霉产核酸酶P1培养基

采用部分析因试验设计(FFD)、中心组合实验设计(CCD)和响应面分析法(RSM)对桔青霉产核酸酶P1培养基进行优化研究。FFD结果表明:硫酸锌、酵母粉、复合磷酸盐3个因素显著影响桔青霉发酵产核酸酶P1,利用最陡爬坡实验(SAD)使得3个显著因素的水平取值逼近最大响应区域,通过CCD和RSM确定了3个显著性因素的最优水平,得到桔青霉发酵产核酸酶P1的最优培养基配方:葡萄糖4%、酵母粉0.681%、玉米浆0.4%、黄豆饼粉0.45%、硫酸锌0.042%、硫酸镁0.06%、氯化钙0.06%、复合磷酸盐(m(磷酸二氢钾):m(磷酸氢二钾)=1:1)0.068%。验证实验表明,优化后的培养基发酵酶活力达到563U/mL,比原培养基(202U/mL)提高了64%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.