Carburization processes during the sintering of iron-graphite materials

Summary The authors investigated the effect of the oxide content of iron powder on the microstructure and strength characteristics of sintered iron+3% graphite material. It was found that raising the oxide content of the iron powder in the charge results in the formation of abnormal hypereutectic structures and a sharp fall in the compressive strength of the material.Some decrease in the structural abnormality of sintered iron-graphite material prepared from iron powder with a high (2% or more) oxide content is attained by decreasing the duration of sintering and increasing the cooling rate of the sintered material.The use of iron powder with a total Fe content of less than 98% in not recommended.Paper to the Fifth Republican Scientific-Technical Conference on Powder Metallurgy, Kiev, March 29–31, 1966.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 1(49), pp. 14–19, January, 1967.     

Effect of Molybdenum Additions on Compaction during Sintering of Fine-Grained Iron-Copper Pseudoalloys

The effect of added molybdenum powder on compaction and the properties of sintered fine-grained iron-copper pseudoalloys is studied. The original powder mixtures are prepared by mechanical alloying, and the original powder particle size in mixtures does not exceed 0.5 μm. Specimens are sintered in the range 600-1130°C. It is shown that addition of molybdenum powder to the original charge accelerates compaction of fine pseudoalloys in both the solid phase and liquid-phase sintering compared with compaction of the same pseudoalloys without adding molybdenum. After solid-phase sintering the maximum relative density of specimens is 98.8%, and after liquid-phase sintering it is 99.3%. The main reasons for acceleration of compaction are prolonged retention of a fine-grained structure of sintered specimens up to the melting temperature for the phase based on copper and mutual diffusion between iron and molybdenum; to a significant extent the latter occurs during specimen heating in the solid phase.     

Technology and properties of aluminum-based powder porous materials produced by sintering of a loose powder charge in air in the presence of a flux and additives

A method of obtaining aluminum-based porous material is suggested which consists in sintering of a loose powder charge in air using silumin and KAlF₄ as a flux. The effect of the dispersity of the initial powders and of the composition of the initial mixture on the porosity and properties of the sintered powder material has been investigated. It is shown that, in the presence of a small amount of a flux and a low-melting component (silumin), no substantial oxidation of aluminum occurs and that a material with a porosity from 30 to 35% and satisfactory physical properties can be obtained.     

高线斯太尔摩风冷线冷却模型

摘要：以电解铁片为原料制备了电解铁粉并且研究了其纯度及硬度,同时以某电解厂生产的电解铁粉为原料,研究了电解铁粉的压缩及烧结性能。结果表明,最佳因素组合下电解得到的电解铁片及电解铁粉纯度(质量分数)分别达到99.98%和99.99%;电解铁粉压坯密度随着压制压力的增加而增大,粒径大的铁粉更利于压制成型,但会导致孔隙尺寸大变大且分布不均匀;铁粉烧结坯密度随着烧结温度的升高而增大,同时随保温时间增加增长缓慢,因此在实际生产中应通过适当提高烧结温度和缩短烧结时间,进而提高烧结效率。     

电解铁粉的制备及压缩烧结性能

摘要：以电解铁片为原料制备了电解铁粉并且研究了其纯度及硬度,同时以某电解厂生产的电解铁粉为原料,研究了电解铁粉的压缩及烧结性能。结果表明,最佳因素组合下电解得到的电解铁片及电解铁粉纯度(质量分数)分别达到99.98%和99.99%;电解铁粉压坯密度随着压制压力的增加而增大,粒径大的铁粉更利于压制成型,但会导致孔隙尺寸大变大且分布不均匀;铁粉烧结坯密度随着烧结温度的升高而增大,同时随保温时间增加增长缓慢,因此在实际生产中应通过适当提高烧结温度和缩短烧结时间,进而提高烧结效率。     

Reduction Annealing for Cast Iron Powder and Its Effect on Sintered Antifriction Material Properties

The effect of reduction annealing for powder obtained from cast iron shavings on powder specimen properties is studied. An approximate mechanism is suggested for the oxidation-reduction process during annealing of cast iron powder. An increase in annealing temperature leads to an increase in carbon gasification rate and change in absolute powder weight. Prior reduction annealing for cast iron powder improves its compactability, and increases the mechanical properties of sintered material. The best mechanical properties were obtained for specimen made from cast iron powder reduced at 1000°C. Alloying an iron-cast iron charge with 3 mass% of nickel-chromium alloy leads to a marked improvement in the mechanical properties of a sintered composite.     

Sintering mechanism of iron powder with microadditions of boron

The effect of boron on the sintering of iron powder was investigated. Boron (0–400 ppm) was added to high-purity iron powder of the German firm “Mannesmann.” Powder mixtures were pressed to compacts of identical density and sintered at different temperatures in different atmospheres. The results indicated the absence of a liquid phase and no influence of boron in the high-temperature stage of sintering. However, boron additions substantially improved sintering at low temperatures (up to 800°C) due to an effect on the interparticle contacts. With a properly selected sintering regime, microadditions of boron substantially increase the density of sintered ingots.     

中间包镁质干式振动料的研究和应用

以烧结镁砂颗粒和电熔镁砂细粉为主要原料,分别研究了结合剂加入量,促烧结剂加入量及细粉加入量对镁质干式振动料强度的影响。结果表明：在此实验条件下,结合剂加入量在5％,促烧结剂在1％～1.5％,细粉加入量在30％左右时干式料强度较好。在此基础上研制的干式料在某钢厂现场使用获得成功。     

Liquid phase sintering of ferrous powder by carbon and phosphorus control

Abstract

Powder mixtures composed of liquid forming master alloy powder and coarse iron powder were sintered to near full density by having a high amount (20 wt-%) of liquid phase during sintering. This was made possible by the use of the Fe-P-C system with or without Cu. Without post-sintering treatment, a brittle microstructure was obtained. By means of altered C and P control and decarburisation heat treatment of the as sintered material, the final non-brittle microstructure was achieved. Using the open porosity and liquid phase as a diffusion path, rapid decarburisation is created and the local combination of carbon and phosphorus in the microstructure is avoided. In this way, iron phosphide is not formed on grain and/or particle boundaries. Presence of pores is confirmed to be beneficial for grain growth control.     

电火花烧结技术及应用

电火花烧结是近代粉末冶金新技术之一。钢铁研究总院于1979年建成投产国内第一台电火花烧结机。本文叙述了电火花烧结技术,指明它由轻压跟踪—放电活化、重压成形—热塑变致密化两个阶段构成。在放电活化阶段,由于粉末颗粒表面产生微放电,可使它出现一些在通常烧结中根本不出现或难以出现的有利于快速烧结的效应,而维持微放电产生的必要条件是轻压跟踪,本文对此作了较详细的论述。同时,本文从作者近年研究开发的多种电火花烧结新材料、新产品中,以烧结铜粉含氧量的变化,铜—钛二组元系的烧结,金刚石烧结强度的变化、高石墨铁基材料的烧结、硬质合金的烧结等为例,简述了电火花烧结在粉末冶金中的应用。     

添加羰基铁粉提高铁基合金烧结密度的研究

在Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ－Ｍｏ－Ｃ系合金中添加羰基铁粉，改善了粉料的压制性能和粉坯的烧结性能。以钢模成形、一次烧结工艺制造的合金，密度达７．５２ｇ／ｃｍ＾３，相对密度９５．２％，提高了制品的力学性能。     

On phosphorus as additive in iron based soft PM magnets

Abstract

The effect of a phosphorus addition to iron powder for production of soft magnetic materials is investigated. The phase diagrams calculated by ThermoCalc¹ and experiments show the beneficial effect of the phosphorus addition especially when sintering in a carburising atmosphere. The carbon uptake is greatly reduced and is explained by the presence of ferrite in the material during sintering. The phosphorus addition also reduces the magnetic aging both in samples sintered in a carbon containing atmosphere but also in a hydrogen atmosphere. No magnetic aging from precipitation of iron phosphide is seen.     

Improved densification of carbonyl iron compacts by the addition of fine alumina powders

An investigation of the effect of alumina particles on the sintering behavior of a carbonyl iron powder compact was carried out in this study. Two different-sized alumina, 0.05 and 0.4 μm, were added to the iron compact at amounts up to 1.2 wt pct. When 0.4 μm alumina particles were added, no sintering enhancement was observed. But, in contrast to previous results reported in literature, the addition of 0.1 to 0.2 wt pct of 0.05 μm alumina particles was found to improve the densification. With 0.1 wt pct, the sintered density increased from 7.25 to 7.40 g/cm³ after the compact was sintered at 1350 °C for 1 hour in hydrogen. Dilatometric curves showed that alumina impeded the early-stage sintering of iron in the α phase, but improved densification in the γ phase at high temperatures. These results, along with microstructural analysis, suggested that alumina particles exhibit dual roles; their physical presence blocks the diffusion of iron atoms, thus causing inhibition of sintering, while their grainboundary pinning effect prevents exaggerated grain growth of iron and helps densification. It follows that, depending upon the amount and size of the alumina powders, either an increase or decrease in the final sintered density can be obtained.     

焦粉粒度对烧结烟气中CO排放的影响

摘要：针对钢铁企业大气污染物排放问题,生态环境部提出了NOx、SO2、烟气颗粒物等超低排放的要求,京津冀地区在此基础上对烧结工序的CO排放浓度也做了相应要求。为探究不同粒度焦粉对烧结烟气中CO排放的影响,进行烧结杯实验,使用紫外差分烟气分析仪实时测定烧结烟气中CO浓度,并测定烧结矿的性能指标。结果表明：焦粉粒径小于1mm时,生料层透气性差,焦粉燃烧不完全,CO排放量大,随着焦粉粒径增大,制粒得到强化,生料层透气性、氧化性气氛得到改善,在焦粉粒径达到3～4mm时达到最佳,较小于1mm降低约41%;随着粒径增大,烧结矿强度、成品率均有所增加,冶金性能得到改善,在焦粉粒径达到2～3mm时,综合性能达到最优。     

粉末形状与松装密度对不锈钢烧结多孔材料制备工艺及其性能的影响

通过选用气雾化及水雾化两种工艺方法制备的不锈钢粉末来制取粉末烧结多孔材料。探讨了粉末形状及松装密度对不锈钢粉末烧结多孔材料制造工艺中的成形压力和烧结温度等工艺参数的影响;研究了原料粉末松装密度对不锈钢粉末烧结多孔材料的透气性、拉伸强度的影响。结果表明:成形压力、烧结温度和制品的透气性受粉末松装密度影响显著。粒度范围为0.18～0.90mm时,气雾化粉末的成形压力比水雾化粉末要高近1倍;当粉末的粒度相同时,采用松装密度大的球形粉末所需的烧结温度比松装密度小的不规则粉末的高60～70℃;粒度为0.45～0.60mm时,选用松装密度为4.13 g/cm3粉末所制备的多孔制品的透气性为3.16×10-10m2,而选用松装密度为2.67 g/cm3的粉末所制备的多孔制品的透气性仅为8.8×10-11m2。不锈钢多孔材料的强度受原料粉末的松装密度影响显著;粒度相同,制备工艺相同时,采用较低松装密度的粉末的制品,能够得到较高的强度。     

粉末活化烧结制备高性能铁基合金

将机械球磨后的预合金粉分别与雾化铁粉及羰基铁粉混合,通过真空烧结法制备Fe-3Mo-3Cr-1.2V-0.5Mn-2C铁基粉末冶金材料,研究机械球磨活化预合金粉以及羰基铁粉的加入对材料显微组织结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明:对预合金粉进行机械球磨活化有利于合金元素在雾化铁粉中的烧结扩散,可促进铁基粉末冶金材料的致密化;当采用高表面活性的羰基铁粉作为原料替代雾化铁粉时,能够使样品在低的烧结温度下获得更高的密度及力学性能。其中,在1120℃下烧结条件,铁基合金材料孔隙率较低,晶粒尺寸适中,样品密度为7.68 g/cm³,布氏硬度高达538,抗弯强度为1222 MPa。     

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN RAW MATERIALS,PREPARATION CONDITIONS,AND PROPERTIES OF SINTERED IRON

Abstract

Three plain iron powders of different types (sponge-iron, atomized and electrolytic iron powder) were studied with respect to their sintering behaviour and to the influence of manufacturing parameters—i.e., compacting pressure, sintering temperature, and sintering atmosphere—on the microstructure and the properties of sintered compacts. The changes of length, electric conductivity, and strength during sintering are explained in physical and chemical terms. Technical sintering diagrams are presented. The influence of sintering atmospheres on the mechanical properties of sintered compacts is shown for the three types of powder. The correlation between pore structure and strength is discussed; analytical relationships are developed which are in agreement with the experimental results.     

Phase Formation in Sintering of Materials Based on Silicon Nitride with Li2CO3 and AlN Additives

We have studied the phase formation processes occurring in sintering of materials based on silicon nitride with lithium carbonate and aluminum nitride or Al powder additives. We have studied samples of different compositions that were sintered at 1450, 1550, and 1750°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. We have established that the phase composition depends on the sintering temperature, the composition of the starting charge, and also the amount and the nature of the Al-containing additives.     

EURO PM2009 in cool Copenhagen

Abstract

The effect of additions of silicon powder on the sintering behaviour and microstructure of compacted 304L stainless powder has been studied. The shrinkage ratio increases substantially with silicon content. Silicon profoundly activates the sintering process through the formation of a eutectic and/or δ ferrite, which is pseudoperitectically formed during sintering. The sintering behaviour is closely related to the microstructures, which depend upon the amount of silicon addition. Ostwald ripening is encountered in the liquid phase sintered specimens (Si≤3 wt-%). The solid phase sintered materials (Si≥ wt-%) containing δ ferrite densify more rapidly than the liquid phase sintered ones. The densification kinetics are governed by the wetting characteristics of the eutectic liquid and the formation of ferrite. As a result of the silicon addition, the austenitic stainless steel powder aggregates are sintered into duplex stainless steels with austenite-ferrite structures. PM/0395     

富氧条件下高精粉配比对烧结指标及冶金性能的影响

为了深入研究富氧条件下磁铁矿配比对烧结矿烧结指标和冶金性能的影响,采用烧结杯试验、还原和软熔设备研究了不同磁铁矿配比下的烧结指标、还原性、低温还原粉化与软熔特性。试验结果表明,随着磁铁矿粉配比由0提升到56.4%,小于10 mm粒级烧结矿所占比例下降,大于40 mm粒级烧结矿所占比例有较大的波动,烧结料面富氧后成品烧结矿所占比例增加;垂烧速度由22.35 mm/min下降到15.87 mm/min,成品率先由73.88%升高到79.08%,后又下降到77.49%,利用系数在矿粉A配比为32.4%时达到最高,转鼓指数由59.26%上升到76.09%,收缩率和烧损随着矿粉A配比提高显著降低;富氧和增加磁铁矿配比共同导致烧结时间延长和转鼓指数的提升,随着矿粉A配比由0增加到56.4%,烧结矿的还原性由88.51%下降到82.13%,烧结矿的低温还原粉化指数由74.70%升高到了80.75%,软熔温度上升,软熔区间有下移趋势,且软熔区间变窄,滴落速度整体上呈现出下降趋势,熔滴滴落量降低,熔滴特性的变化主要是由于烧结矿中w(MgO)/w(Al₂O₃)提...