THE INFLUENCE OF LOCAL CANNING PROCESS AND STORAGE ON PELAGIC FISH FROM TUNISIA: FATTY ACID PROFILES AND QUALITY INDICATORS

The present study was designed to assess the effect of local canning process and storage time (up to 6 months) on tuna and sardine canned in olive oil and tomato sauce, respectively. The canning process affected tuna ( P <  0.05) but not sardine lipid levels. Canned tuna and sardine absorbed coating oil during sterilization, inducing a higher oleic (C18:1 ω9) and linoleic (C18:2 ω6) acid content. Independent of fish species, the eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 ω3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 ω3) acid concentrations ranged from 2.96–6.24% and from 5.16–40.26%, respectively. The peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid index increased significantly in tuna but not in sardine flesh following the cooking step. The histamine levels increased significantly ( P <  0.05) during storage but remained lower than the threshold limits. Although tuna and sardine flesh were slightly affected by the canning process, they remained good sources of ω3 and ω6 fatty acids.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In the present study, we investigate the changes of the lipid fraction quality (fatty acids composition, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid index) and histamine during processing and storage of two different fish species (tuna and sardine) processed during the same period. This would allow for the assessment of the different canning process steps (cooking and sterilization) and storage on fish meat, especially on its lipid quality. To our knowledge, such information is rather scarce. An evaluation of olive oil and tomato sauce effects on the enrichment of the nutritional oil quality of the tuna and sardine, respectively, and the stability of fish lipids oxidation were equally conducted. Finally, these data may supply some valuable information for other scientists working in the field of human nutrition.     

蒸煮温度和时间对猪肉脂肪酸组成比例关系的影响

系统考察不同蒸煮温度(70、80、90、100℃)和蒸煮时间(0.5、1、2、3、4h)对猪肉脂肪酸组成比例关系的影响。结果表明：在蒸煮时间变化范围内,各蒸煮温度下的脂肪酸及其比例呈现出较为一致的变化规律,不饱和脂肪酸所占比例总体呈下降趋势,但在蒸煮2h左右出现峰值,亚麻酸与亚油酸含量比值同时也出现峰值,饱和脂肪酸与之相反。脂肪酸各组分比例变化幅度总体上与温度呈负相关,但差异不显著。可根据产品设计需要适当调整蒸煮温度和时间,使脂肪酸组成配比达到理想状态。     

食品加工条件对于产品反式脂肪酸含量的影响

选取食用油-橄榄油、大豆油和棕榈油,模拟日常烹饪体系,采用气相色谱法分析加热和煎炸情况下食用油中反式脂肪酸的种类和含量。试验结果表明,食用油单独加热情况下,加热温度、时间和循环加热次数影响食用油中反式脂肪酸的种类和含量,高温、长时间加热、反复加热均会使反式脂肪酸的含量有所增加。煎炸情况下,在一定温度范围和加热时间内,食用油的反式脂肪酸的含量增加并不明显。因此,普通的烹饪过程中,应注意减少高温加热时间、避免食用油的反复使用。     

扒鸡加工过程中主要营养成分的动态变化

本文研究了扒鸡加工过程中水分、蛋白质、脂肪、游离氨基酸(FAA)、脂肪酸和矿物质含量的变化规律。结果表明,扒鸡加工过程中水分含量呈下降趋势(p<0.05),蛋白质相对含量升高,绝对含量有所降低,脂肪含量油炸后最高,煮制之后又有所下降,煮制环节对蛋白质、脂肪含量影响较大。游离氨基酸(FAA)在加工过程中逐渐降低,Arg含量最高,鲜味氨基酸Glu含量高于其阈值,腌制、煮制环节对其影响均较为显著(p<0.05)。脂肪酸构成中不饱和脂肪酸所占比例有所升高,更利于人体健康,煮制环节对其影响较为显著(p<0.05)。扒鸡加工过程中矿物质元素含量变化不显著,Na、Cu、Mn含量有所升高。因此,经过加工后扒鸡的营养成分相应提高,更适合人体对营养的需要;煮制环节对扒鸡加工过程中营养成分影响最大;腌制环节游离氨基酸有所损失,对其他营养成分影响不大。      

卤猪肉加工过程中游离脂肪酸、游离氨基酸及核苷酸变化分析

利用气相色谱质谱联用和高效液相色谱法检测分析了卤猪肉加工过程中游离脂肪酸、游离氨基酸及核苷酸的变化。结果表明,在加工过程中,总游离脂肪酸有效峰面积呈下降趋势,饱和脂肪酸也呈现下降的变化趋势,不饱和脂肪酸含量先增加后减少,在高温煮制1 h时达到最大值。总游离氨基酸的含量在卤猪肉加工过程中变化明显,在原料肉中总游离氨基酸含量为244.39 mg/100 g,其它样品中含量都显著(p0.05)高于原料肉,在二次煮制完成后达到最大值,为349.32 mg/100 g。谷氨酸在成品中的含量达到119.02mg/100 g,占总游离氨基酸的34.12%。呈味核苷酸检测结果显示,在加工过程中5'-IMP和5'-GMP的含量呈现下降趋势。由于加热导致核苷酸热降解,其降解产物肌苷的含量呈现上升趋势,在成品中检测到其含量显著(p0.05)高于原料肉中的含量。本研究结果为改进卤猪肉的生产工艺、提高产品品质提供了理论参考。     

大鲵汤加工过程中营养品质变化规律

分析大鲵汤加工过程中营养品质的变化规律。测定5个不同熬煮时间(30、60、90、120、150 min)条件下大鲵汤的一系列营养指标,包括可溶性蛋白质含量、粗脂肪含量、可溶性固形物含量、肌苷酸含量、定性定量脂肪酸组成和游离氨基酸组成。结果表明:大鲵汤中可溶性固形物与可溶性蛋白质含量在30~60 min间显著增加,在60~120 min间趋于平衡,在120 min后显著增加;肌苷酸含量随熬煮时间延长而增加;测得以棕榈酸、十六烯酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生四烯酸和二十四碳烯酸为主的16种脂肪酸,且饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸比值(saturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids,SFA/PUFA)呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,在60 min时粗脂肪含量和脂肪酸含量适宜,且SFA/PUFA值最佳为1.37;大鲵汤中总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量、鲜味氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(essential amino acid/non-essential amino acid,EAA/NEAA),随熬煮时间的延长先上升后下降,在60 min时达到峰值,总氨基酸含量为239.529 mg/100 g,EAA/NEAA值为0.858。在传统的常压熬煮条件下,熬煮时间为60 min时大鲵汤营养品质好,此时汤中脂肪含量适宜且SFA/PUFA值最佳,氨基酸含量最高。     

Chemical changes during farmed coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) canning: Effect of a preliminary chilled storage

A relevant farmed fish species (coho salmon; Oncorhynchus kisutch) was studied as a raw material for the canning process. The effects of preliminary chilling storage and thermal treatment (cooking and sterilisation) on the chemical constituents (lipids and non-protein nitrogen compounds) of the canned fish were analysed. An increasing previous chilling time led to an important autolysis (K value) development, and to an increasing formation of free fatty acids, and interaction compounds (fluorescence and browning assessments) (p < 0.05) in the canned product. The thermal treatment led to the formation of volatile amines (total and trimethylamine), free fatty acids, secondary lipid oxidation compounds (anisidine and thiobarbituric acid values) and interaction compounds in canned fish. Interaction compound assessment was found the most useful tool to study the lipid oxidation and non-enzymatic browning developments, while the K value showed to be an interesting index for assessing the freshness stage of the raw material employed.     

热处理方式对南美白对虾虾青素含量、氨基酸组成及脂肪酸组成的影响

热处理是南美白对虾的重要加工手段,本文通过研究蒸制和煮制对南美白对虾含水量、虾青素含量、氨基酸组成及脂肪酸组成的影响,探索不同的热处理方式对南美白对虾营养成分的影响。结果表明:蒸制和煮制均导致南美白对虾含水量降低;蒸制较煮制的南美白对虾具有更高的虾青素含量,蒸制6 min时虾青素含量最高,达58.00μg/g;蒸制和煮制后总氨基酸含量均明显提高(p<0.05),蒸制样品中的苏氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、蛋氨酸等必需氨基酸含量均高于煮制样品;蒸制和煮制后单不饱和脂肪酸含量降低,而多不饱和脂肪酸含量则分别由鲜虾的33.32%增加到煮制样品的35.13%和蒸制样品的35.02%。因此,蒸制是南美白对虾的一种良好的热处理方式。      

猪肉肌间/脂肪组织在蒸煮过程中的脂肪酸组成变化

猪肉作为人体的一种主要、普遍的动物性油脂来源,其脂肪酸组成在烹饪过程中的变化,尤其是饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸比例的变化,对人体健康有着重要的影响。本实验通过对猪背膘、猪通脊和腊（猪）肉肥肉进行不同时间的蒸煮,采用气相色谱法对其中的各种脂肪酸进行分析,探索脂肪酸营养构成较好的蒸煮时间。结果表明：猪背膘在蒸煮过程中各脂肪酸组成比例变化不明显,在4.0 h时3 种脂肪酸比例较好,为3.6∶4.9∶1.0。其中亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量均在4.0 h时达到最大值。猪通脊在蒸煮过程中变化明显,在1 h时3 种脂肪酸比例较好,为2.5∶2.6∶1.0。腊肉肥肉在蒸煮过程中变化很明显,在2 h时是一个明显的转折点,3 种脂肪酸的比例最好,为1.7∶2.9∶1.0。     

烹调方式对猪肉肌内脂肪中脂肪酸组成的影响

不同的烹调方式使猪肉中的脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成发生变化。以猪背最长肌为原料,通过4种常见的烹调方式:蒸、煮、微波、烤,探究脂肪酸的变化规律,进而指导人们的烹调方式。采用改进的Folch法提取烹调后猪肉中的脂肪,用氨丙基硅胶固相萃取小柱分离脂肪中的甘油三酯和磷脂,并采用气相色谱,以十三烷酸甲酯为内标定量分析总脂、甘油三酯及磷脂的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,与对照组相比,蒸、微波、煮和烤对猪肉脂肪中甘油三酯的脂肪酸组成无显著影响。而微波、煮和烤均使磷脂的脂肪酸组成发生显著性变化,其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和反式脂肪酸(TFA)的含量均显著增加,而单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)与多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量明显减少,变化最明显的为烤制;蒸制对磷脂的脂肪酸组成影响最小,仅SFA和PUFA发生一定程度的变化;总脂肪酸组成差异显著,其含量变化主要是由磷脂的变化引起的。结论:烹调对磷脂影响显著;蒸制对猪肉脂肪的脂肪酸保护效果最好,烤制易破坏脂肪酸,从而降低营养价值。     

煮制过程中食盐引起猪肉汤成分含量变化的研究

本文以煮制30、60、90、120 min猪肉汤为研究对象,通过测定加盐与无盐猪肉汤煮制过程中的蛋白质降解产物含量、性质、分子量分布范围、氨基酸组成、脂肪和脂肪酸含量等变化,分析食盐对猪肉汤成分含量差异性的影响。结果表明,在不同煮制时间下,加盐肉汤中的粗蛋白含量、非蛋白总氮含量、可溶性蛋白氮含量、盐溶性蛋白含量、氨基酸总含量、脂肪含量及脂肪酸总含量等均高于无盐肉汤。加盐肉汤中水解氨基酸总含量为5.897 mg/mL,与肉汤中粗蛋白含量的测定结果趋势一致,每煮制30 min,其盐溶性蛋白含量约增加0.6 mg/mL,且在煮制90 min后,其游离氨基酸含量显著(P<0.05)高于无盐肉汤。根据凝胶电泳图谱分析,食盐的添加使大分子蛋白降解为小分子蛋白,分子量由135~245 kDa向35~48 kDa转移。加盐肉汤中单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著(P<0.05)高于无盐肉汤,其中C18:1含量最高,并在煮制120 min时高达3.763 mg/mL。综上,食盐的添加促进肉汤中蛋白质的溶解、渗出及降解,提高了必需氨基酸占比,并在一定程度上防止不饱和脂肪酸被氧化,有利于被人体吸收和利用。     

Effect of cooking methods on fatty acids,conjugated isomers of linoleic acid and nutritional quality of beef intramuscular fat

The effect of boiling, microwaving and grilling on the composition and nutritional quality of beef intramuscular fat from cattle fed with two diets was investigated. Longissimus lumborum muscle from 15 Alentejano young bulls fed on concentrate or pasture was analyzed. Cooking losses and, consequently, total lipids, increased directly with the cooking time and internal temperature reached by meat (microwaving > boiling > grilling). The major changes in fatty acid composition, which implicated 16 out of 34 fatty acids, resulted in higher percentages in cooked beef of SFA and MUFA and lower proportions of PUFA, relative to raw meat, while conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers revealed a great stability to thermal processes. Heating decreased the PUFA/SFA ratio of meat but did not change its n−6/n−3 index. Thermal procedures induced only slight oxidative changes in meat immediately after treatment but hardly affected the true retention values of its individual fatty acids (72–168%), including CLA isomers (81–128%).     

即食风鹅加工过程中皮下脂肪及肌内脂肪的氧化规律

通过对即食风鹅加工过程中各工艺点肌肉及皮下脂肪的盐分含量、水分含量、POV值、羰基值和双烯值、TBARS值、酸价以及游离脂肪酸总量的测定,探究了即食风鹅加工过程中脂肪氧化的规律。结果表明:风干过程中皮下组织水分较肌肉散失速率快,盐分含量增加。肌肉水分含量与肌内脂肪的TBARS值呈显著负相关(p<0.05),说明水分减少有利于脂肪氧化;风干阶段肌内脂肪的羰基值和双烯值较皮下脂肪波动大,肌内脂肪氧化程度比较大;蒸煮和灭菌工艺结束后TBARS值从风干结束后的0.27 mg/kg迅速增加到0.53 mg/kg,说明较高的温度促进了以丙二醛为代表的醛类物质的产生和游离脂肪酸的积累,从而加强了脂肪的水解和氧化程度。      

鱼香肉丝在烹饪前后营养成分的评价

为系统评价中国传统菜肴鱼香肉丝的营养品质以及烹饪前后的营养成分变化,将用于制作鱼香肉丝的原材料平均分成2组,每组3份,分别是生原料组和成品组。对其22种营养素指标进行检测,并分别对常规营养素、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿质元素以及维生素进行营养评价。结果表明,在烹饪后鱼香肉丝的蛋白质显著升高(P<0.05),脂肪、磷、和铁的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),但氨基酸组成和脂肪酸总量无显著变化,维生素B₁显著降低(P<0.01)。蛋白质的氨基酸组成合理,必需氨基酸指数达到了85.91%;且多不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,占总脂肪酸的58.36%。此外,矿质元素的营养质量指数均大于1(除钙以外),基本满足人体需求,但鱼香肉丝的维生素A和维生D含量较为缺乏,B族维生素(B₁、B₃、B₁₂)含量也低于中国居民膳食营养素摄入量的推荐值。综上,鱼香肉丝是一道营养丰富、均衡的菜肴,它具有优质的蛋白质、脂肪酸和丰富的矿质元素。烹饪会造成其维生素B₁的损失,而大大增加铁元素的含量,并且蛋白质和脂肪的含量会升高。本研究为膳食记录提供了更为准确的营养数据。     

腌制对鸭蛋中油脂品质的影响

以新鲜鸭蛋为原料,采用裹蛋腌制法制备咸鸭蛋。研究了腌制过程中不同腌制时间对咸鸭蛋的蛋黄指数、水分含量,以及对蛋黄油皂化值、酸值、胆固醇含量、脂肪酸构成等指标的影响。研究结果表明,随着腌制时间的延长,鸭蛋中的水分含量逐渐降低,而蛋黄指数、蛋黄油皂化值、酸值、胆固醇含量逐渐增加。腌制后的鸭蛋中不饱和脂肪酸含量略有降低,而饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸含量略有增加。总体而言,腌制并没有鸭蛋中蛋黄油的食用品质产生严重的影响。     

Effects of Four Cooking Methods on the Proximate, Mineral and Fatty Acid Composition of Fish Fillets

The effects of baking, broiling, deep frying and cooking in a microwave oven on the proximate, mineral and fatty acid composition of grouper (Epinephelus morio), red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) and Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) were determined. The lipid content of low fat species was not significantly changed by cooking, but lipid was lost from fatty fillets during cooking. The fatty acid composition of all fillets was not significantly changed by baking, broiling or microwave cooking. Deep fried fillets absorbed the major fatty acids in the cooking medium, and as the fillet lipid content increased the extent of absorption of fatty acids from the cooking medium decreased. Sodium, potassium and magnesium levels were decreased when low fat species were cooked, but these minerals were not lost when raw fillets containing higher lipid levels were cooked. Cooking did not significantly affect the concentration of the microelements, zinc, copper, iron and manganese.     

Effect of Thermal Treatment on Meat Proteins with Special Reference to Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines (HAAs)

Meat is one of the most imperative protein sources available with respect to its production and consumption. It is the richest source of some valuable nutrients like proteins, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals like iron, zinc, and selenium. Thermal treatment produces conformational changes in protein structure as well as flavor, texture, and appearance, and chemical properties of the ingredients are also changed. Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), potent mutagens/carcinogens, are formed during the cooking of meat at high temperature. The review paper highlights the effects of various cooking methods, i.e., pan-frying, deep-frying, charcoal grilling, and roasting, on the formation of HAAs. The levels of HAAs produced in cooked meats vary depending upon the cooking method, time of cooking, and the type of meat being cooked. Metabolic behavior of HAAs is very unique, they interfere in the activity of many enzymes, modify the metabolic pathways, and lead to the adduct formation of DNA. The application of black pepper and several other spices during processing may reduce the formation of these (HAAs) mutagenic compounds.     

Effect of cooking on the chemical composition of low-salt, low-fat Wakame/olive oil added beef patties with special reference to fatty acid content

Changes in chemical composition, with special reference to fatty acids, as affected by cooking, were studied in low-salt (0.5%)/low-fat patties (10%) with added Wakame (3%) and partial or total replacement of pork backfat with olive oil-in-water emulsion. The addition of Wakame and olive oil-in-water emulsion improved (P < 0.05) the binding properties and the cooking retention values of moisture, fat, fatty acids and ash, which were close to 100%. Partial and total replacement of animal fat with olive oil-in-water emulsion reduced (P < 0.05) saturated fatty acids (SFAs), while total replacement also reduced (P < 0.05) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) contents. The fatty acid concentration in cooked patties was affected by product formulation. Unlike the case of all animal fat patties, when olive oil was added the cooking process increased (P < 0.05) SFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and PUFA n-3 (linolenic acid) and n-6 (linoleic acid) contents. Cooked formulated patties with seaweed and partial or total replacement of pork backfat by oil-in-water emulsion and with seaweed added were less calorie-dense and had lower SFAs levels, while samples with olive oil had higher MUFAs levels.     

不同热加工温度对牛肉干脂肪酸及脂肪氧化的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,测定牛肉干中脂肪酸的组成,研究失水率相同时,不同干燥温度（25、55 ℃）及熟制温度（85、150 ℃）对牛肉干中脂肪酸组成和脂肪氧化的影响。结果表明：经热加工后,牛肉干的脂肪酸含量和脂肪氧化程度均有不同程度的变化。经55 ℃干燥后,不饱和脂肪酸（unsaturated fatty acid,UFA）、多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）和单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fattyacid,MUFA）含量显著低于25 ℃干燥（P＜0.01）,饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）含量显著高于25 ℃干燥（P＜0.01）,且脂肪氧化程度低于25 ℃干燥;熟制阶段,25 ℃干燥后熟制,SFA、UFA、MUFA和PUFA含量变化不显著（P＞0.05）,而55 ℃干燥后,经150 ℃熟制,UFA、MUFA和PUFA含量显著低于85 ℃熟制（P＜0.01）,SFA含量显著高于85 ℃熟制（P＜0.01）,且脂肪氧化程度高。综上所述,不同干燥温度及熟制温度对牛肉干脂肪酸及脂肪氧化的影响不同,干燥阶段,较高温度（55 ℃）干燥对牛肉干脂肪氧化的影响小于25 ℃干燥;熟制阶段,较低温度（85 ℃）熟制对牛肉干脂肪氧化影响较小。因此,55 ℃干燥、85 ℃熟制得到的牛肉干产品,其UFA、MUFA和PUFA含量最高,SFA含量最低,脂肪氧化程度最小,牛肉干营养价值损失最小。     

Effect of processing and storage on neutral lipids of buffalo meat

Three muscles viz. Triceps brachii (TB), Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Biceps femoris (BF) from different anatomical locations of adult male buffaloes were stored after broiling and pressure cooking under refrigerated (4°C) condition for 3, 6, 9 days and 30, 60, 90 days under frozen (-10°C) storage. At the end of each storage interval they were analysed for total lipids, cholesterol contents and glyceride fractions i.e. monoglycerides (MG), diglycerides (DG), and triglycerides (TG). Muscles differed significantly in total lipids as well as contents of all glyceride fractions. Muscle LD had significantly higher total lipid content than TB and BF. Muscles differed significantly in their esterfied cholesterol (EC) contents. Heat processing increased total lipids, cholesterol, MG, DG and TG contents of all the buffalo muscles studied. Total cholesterol contents remained unchanged during refrigerated and frozen storage. However, EC, MG, DG and TG contents declined during storage. The influence of anatomical locations on fatty acid composition of neutral lipids was observed. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids increased due to cooking. A gradual decrease in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids was recorded during refrigerated and frozen storage.