低共熔溶剂在储能与传热方面的研究进展

低共熔溶剂（deep eutectic solvents,DESs）通常是由一定化学计量比的氢键受体和氢键给体以氢键缔合的形式组成。因其具有低成本、无毒、饱和蒸气压低、热稳定性好、导电性好等优点,现已在有机合成、材料化学、电化学、生物质降解、催化等多个领域得到广泛应用。近年来,随着现代社会对高效能量存储和换热方面需求不断增加,低共熔溶剂在储能与传热等领域的应用受到研究人员的广泛关注。从“储与传”的角度详细综述了近年来低共熔溶剂在储能与传热方面的研究进展,从不同能量传递形式的角度出发主要分为以下两个部分：作为低共熔相变储能材料满足对潜热、相变温度及稳定性等方面的要求;作为传热工质满足对高效传热的需求。     

新型储氢材料研究进展

氢能作为一种环保可再生的新型能源,生产技术逐渐走向成熟,成本大幅度下降,将迎来快速发展的机遇期。氢能被广泛利用的关键在于是否能够实现高效储存。本文重点讨论了四类新型储氢材料,即金属络合氢化物储氢材料、碳纳米管储氢材料、沸石以及新型沸石类材料、有机液态储氢材料。文章指出：金属络合氢化物储氢材料储存压力低但循环稳定性差;碳纳米管储氢材料已经有很长的发展历史,安全性高且易脱氢,然而目前对其储氢机理认识不够成熟;沸石以及新型沸石类材料价格低廉,但是对反应条件的要求高;有机液态储氢材料被认为是大规模储存和运输的可行选择,然而昂贵的成本和苛刻的反应条件限制了其发展。文章指出后续需要改进并开发具有较高存储容量和具有经济价值的储氢材料。     

Correlation-based multi-shape granulometry with application in porous silicon nanomaterial characterization

Image-based granulometry measures the size distribution of objects in an image of granular material. Usually, algorithms based on mathematical morphology or edge detection are used for this task. We propose an entirely new approach, using cross correlations with kernels of different shapes and sizes. We use pyramidal structure to accelerate the multi-scale searching. The local maxima of cross correlations are the primary candidates for the centers of the objects. These candidate objects are filtered using criteria based on their correlations and intersection areas with other objects. Our technique spatially localizes each object with its shape, size and rotation angle. This allows us to measure many different statistics (besides the traditional objects size distribution) e.g. the shape and spatial distribution of the objects. Experiments show that the new algorithm is greatly robust to noise and can detect even very faint and noisy objects. We use the new algorithm to extract quantitative structural characteristics of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of porous silicon layer. The new algorithm computes the size, shape and spatial distribution of the pores. We relate these quantitative results to the fabrication process and discuss the rectangle porous silicon formation mechanism. The new algorithm is a reliable tool for the SEM image processing.     

PolyHIPEs: Recent advances in emulsion-templated porous polymers

Porous polymers with well-defined porosities and high specific surface areas in the form of monoliths, films, and beads are being used in a wide range of applications (reaction supports, separation membranes, tissue engineering scaffolds, controlled release matrices, responsive and smart materials) and are being used as templates for porous ceramics and porous carbons. The surge in the research and development of porous polymer systems is a rather recent phenomenon. PolyHIPEs are porous emulsion-templated polymers synthesized within high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). HIPEs are highly viscous, paste-like emulsions in which the major, “internal” phase, usually defined as constituting more than 74% of the volume, is dispersed within the continuous, minor, “external” phase. This review focuses upon the recent advances in polyHIPEs involving innovations in polymer chemistry, macromolecular structure, multiphase architecture, surface functionalization, and nanoparticle stabilization. The effects of these innovations upon the natures of the resulting polyHIPE-based materials (including bicontinuous polymers, nanocomposites, hybrids, porous ceramics, and porous carbons) and upon the applications involving polyHIPEs are discussed. The advances in polyHIPEs described in this review are now being used to generate new families of porous materials with novel porous architectures and unique properties.     

电磁感应加热用于可持续催化技术的研究进展

电磁感应加热技术作为一种通过吸收电磁能直接转换为热能的非直接接触式加热技术,热量直接在磁性材料上迅速感应产生,无需加热整个反应器,改善了能量传递效率和高散热现象。因此,电磁感应加热为高温化学过程供了独特的解决方案,以克服使用传统加热方法时带来的加热/冷却速率缓慢、加热不均匀、低能效等问题。本文首先简述了电磁感应加热技术的加热机制以及相关的测量方法,重点介绍了电磁感应加热过程中能量效率的评估,进而总结了采用电磁感应加热技术用于高温催化反应的研究进展。最后,提出了对未来电磁感应加热技术应用于工业化过程的展望。     

Nano-structured porous carbon materials for catalysis and energy storage

Porous carbon materials are of interest in many applications because of their high surface area and physicochemical properties. For particular application, the surface of porous carbon material usually needs to be modified or functionalized according to a specific requirement. In this review, methods of synthesis of porous carbon material core shell structure, methods of functionalizing porous carbon material through direct incorporation of heteroatom in carbon synthesis, halogenation, sulfonation, surface oxidation, grafting are examined. The method of characterizing the functionalized carbon material (bulk, surface, internal and external) and its application in the field of catalysis and energy storage (Li-ion batteries, capacitors/supercapacitors), are also subjects of focus.     

Recent advances in high energy non-aqueous batteries

A survey of the recent progress in the field of high energy non-aqueous batteries is presented. The newest batteries show some improvements on the existing ones although numerous problems still remain. The use of electrolytic solutions with higher specific conductivities and the use of cathode materials virtually insoluble in these electrolytes has been introduced. Some attention has also been given to systems useful in secondary cells. As a result of these recent researches, batteries capable of sustaining quite high current densities on discharging and having a better shelf-life have been produced.     

三维分级结构二氧化钛纳米材料的可控合成与应用研究进展

由低维度纳米尺寸单元构建组成的三维分级结构纳米材料具有优异的物理和化学特性。三维分级结构对TiO₂纳米材料的光、电、化学等性质有着显著的优化作用,TiO₂作为一种重要的宽禁带半导体材料在光催化、电化学等领域得到了广泛的研究。本文综述了各种不同维度基本组成单元构建而成的三维分级TiO₂纳米材料的合成方法,不同的合成方法得到了由纳米线、纳米片、纳米棒以及二维结构组装而成的各种不同形貌的三维分级结构TiO₂纳米材料。同时还介绍了三维分级结构TiO₂纳米材料在染料敏化太阳能电池、锂离子电池和光催化等应用领域中的最新研究进展,并对其可控合成进行了展望。     

S-enriched porous polymer derived N-doped porous carbons for electrochemical energy storage and conversion

Porous polymers have been recently recognized as one of the most important precursors for fabrication of heteroatom-doped porous carbons due to the intrinsic porous structure, easy available heteroatom-containing monomers and versatile polymerization methods. However, the heteroatom elements in as-produced porous carbons are quite relied on monomers. So far, the manipulating of heteroatom in porous polymer derived porous carbons are still very rare and challenge. In this work, a sulfur-enriched porous polymer, which was prepared from a diacetylene-linked porous polymer, was used as precursor to prepare S-doped and/or N-doped porous carbons under nitrogen and/or ammonia atmospheres. Remarkably, S content can sharply decrease from 36.3% to 0.05% after ammonia treatment. The N content and specific surface area of as-fabricated porous carbons can reach up to 1.32% and 1508 m²·g⁻¹, respectively. As the electrode materials for electrical double-layer capacitors, as-fabricated porous carbons exhibit high specific capacitance of up to 431.6 F·g⁻¹ at 5 mV·s⁻¹ and excellent cycling stability of 99.74% capacitance retention after 3000 cycles at 100 mV·s⁻¹. Furthermore, as the electrochemical catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction, as-fabricated porous carbons presented ultralow half-wave-potential of 0.78 V versus RHE. This work not only offers a new strategy for manipulating S and N doping features for the porous carbons derived from S-containing porous polymers, but also paves the way for the structure-performance interrelationship study of heteroatoms co-doped porous carbon for energy applications.     

多孔炭基二氧化碳电催化材料研究进展

二氧化碳(CO₂)电催化转化引起广泛关注,其中非贵金属多孔炭基催化剂是研究热点。重点介绍了近年来多孔炭基CO₂电催化材料的孔结构、表面化学、形貌调控策略,归纳了增强多孔炭基CO₂电催化还原效率的方法,探讨了多孔炭基催化材料的活性中心类型与分布,分析了提高催化活性位密度的手段。在总结近年来取得研究进展的基础上,展望了多孔炭基催化剂在电催化CO₂转化方面的发展趋势和面临的挑战。     

Self-discharge and voltage-holding in symmetric supercapacitors for energy storage based on branch-like MoS2 nanomaterial electrodes

In this study, we analyzed an innovative, scalable, and simple preparation of branch-like MoS₂ nanomaterial (BL-MS) for symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) applications. The BL-MS SSC device reveals a good specific capacitance of 124.1 F g^?1 and a large voltage window (1.5 V). The BL-MS SSC device also shows a high energy density (38.79 W h kg^?1) and high power density (15900 W kg^?1). Further, the BL-MS SSC device displays a robust long-term stability of 77.7% and 89.5% in 40 h of voltage-holding tests and 10,000 galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycles, respectively. The BL-MS SSC device shows a low leakage current of 0.25 mA within a few seconds of removing the test voltage; it decreases and becomes nearly constant at 0.06 mA for 2 h during the voltage-holding test. The BL-MS SSC device exhibits good device behavior, the potential dropping from 1.5 to 0.62 V during the 2 h self-discharge process. Moreover, we considered the self-discharge mechanisms of the BL-MS SSC, determining that the diffusion-controlled process is dominant over a leakage-current-through-a-resistance model. Therefore, it is concluded that branch-like MoS₂ nanomaterial is a promising and high-performance electrode material for energy storage in portable electronic devices.     

多孔炭材料设计合成及电化学储能应用

多孔炭材料具有导电性好、结构稳定、资源丰富、价格低廉的天然优势,既可直接作为电极材料,构建炭基电化学储能器件,又可与非炭电活性材料复合,起到传输电子、缓冲体积膨胀及调节界面反应的作用,在电化学储能器件中一直发挥着不可或缺的作用。结合本文作者课题组的研究工作,本文总结了多孔炭制备及孔结构和形貌的调控方法,分析了各方法的优缺点;并以超级电容器、锂离子/钠离子电池和锂硫电池为代表,阐述了多孔炭材料在电化学储能领域的作用及应用研究现状,讨论了电化学储能器件对多孔炭材料的结构与性能要求,指出了多孔炭在电化学储能应用中存在的局限性,并对多孔炭在这些储能领域的研究和发展趋势做出展望。     

Electrochemical energy storage in ordered porous carbon materials

Highly ordered porous carbon materials obtained by a replica technique have been used for supercapacitor application and electrochemical hydrogen storage. For the preparation of the well-tailored carbons, MCM-48, SBA-15 and MSU-1 molecular sieves served as templates, whereas a sucrose solution, propylene and pitch were the carbon source. A careful physico-chemical characterization (CO₂ and N₂ adsorption, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy observations) allowed to estimate the total surface area, the pore size distribution, the micro/mesopore volume as well as the structure and the microtexture of the investigated carbons. The specific capacitance (F/g) and the hydrogen adsorption capacity in the carbon nanopores were correlated with the microtextural properties. Especially, a linear dependence has been found between the capacitance or the amount of electrochemically stored hydrogen and the ultramicropores (pores smaller than 0.7 nm) volume. It clearly indicates that in these carbons: (a) the major part of the electrical double layer is charged with non-solvated ions; (b) ultramicropores play a determinant role for hydrogen storage.     

A sustainable bio-adsorbent for thermal energy storage for space heating applications

Thermal energy storage is an emerging technology that allows the storage of heat when it is available, which can be used later. One of the available technologies for thermal energy storage is the adsorption of moisture from air by adsorbents. Several adsorbents have been studied in the literature for this application, but there is a need for a sustainable adsorbent that can be eco-friendly, cost effective, and available for scale-up for commercialization of the technology. The current paper focused on the synthesis of a flax shives-based composite (equal weight percent of flax shives and salt hydrates) prepared by the impregnation method and its application in thermal energy storage. The composite showed durability, stability, and reasonable energy storage density with a very low cost per unit of energy. The structural characterization of the hybrid was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The thermal energy storage density, as well as the charging/discharging characteristics were measured using a laboratory-scale thermal energy storage apparatus. The flax/CaCl₂/LiCl hybrid showed reasonable energy storage density at 74 kWh/m³ for 50% inlet relative humidity after regeneration at 120°C. Although the energy storage density was not high, the flax/CaCl₂ composite was found to be the most cost-effective material, as it showed the lowest cost per energy stored at 0.98 CAD/kWh at 50% relative humidity (RH) after regeneration at 120°C.     

Recent developments on carbon capture and storage: An overview

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assumes the warming of the climate system, associating the increase of global average temperature to the observed increase of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is considered the most important GHG, due to the dependence of world economies on fossil fuels, since their combustion processes are the most important sources of this gas. CO₂ concentrations are increasing in the last decades mainly due to the increase of anthropogenic emissions. The processes involving CO₂ capture and storage is gaining attention on the scientific community as an alternative for decreasing CO₂ emission, reducing its concentration in ambient air. However, several technological, economical and environmental issues as well as safety problems remain to be solved, such as the following needs: increase of CO₂ capture efficiency, reduction of process costs, and verification of environmental sustainability of CO₂ storage. This paper aims to review the recent developments (from 2006 until now) on the carbon capture and storage (CCS) methodologies. Special attention was focused on the basic findings achieved in CCS operational projects.     

类水滑石化合物的制备及应用

水滑石类化合物是一类具有特殊层状结构的阴离子粘土材料,具有碱性、离子交换性以及"结构记忆效应",近年来备受人们的广泛关注。本文综述了HTLcs的制备方法及其在催化、离子交换、吸附、医药以及功能材料方面的应用。     

Recent developments in nanocellulose-based biodegradable polymers,thermoplastic polymers,and porous nanocomposites

Nanocellulose has generated a great deal of interest as a source of nanometer-sized reinforcement, because of its good mechanical properties. In the last few years, nanocellulose has also attracted much attention due to environmental concerns. This review presents an overview of recent developments in this area, including the production, characterization, properties, and range of applications of nanocellulose-based biodegradable polymers, thermoplastic polymers, and porous nanocomposites. After explaining the unique properties of nanocellulose and its various preparation techniques, an orderly introduction of various nanocellulose-reinforced biodegradable polymers such as starch, proteins, alginate, chitosan, and gelatin is provided. Subsequently, the effects of nanocellulose on the properties of thermoplastic polymers such as polyamides, polysulfone, polypropyrol, and polyacronitril are reported. The paper concludes with a presentation of new finding and cutting-edge studies on nanocellulose foam and aerogel composites. Three different types of aerogels, i.e., pristine nanocellulose-based aerogels, modified nanocellulose-based aerogels, and nanocellulose-based templates for aerogels, are discussed, as well as their preparation techniques and properties. In the case of foam composites, the research focus has been on two major preparation techniques, i.e., solvent-mixing/foaming and melt-mixing foaming, their respective challenges, and the properties of the final composites. In some cases, a comparison study between cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofiber-reinforced biodegradable polymers, thermoplastics, and porous nanocomposites was carried out. Considering the vast amount of research on nanocellulose-based composites, special emphasis on such composites isprovided at the end of the review.     

肉桂醛的研究与应用进展

详细综述了近年来肉桂醛的抗癌、抗糖尿病、抗炎等药理活性,对西瓜和鸡肉等保鲜功能,肉桂醛衍生物的合成与应用,肉桂醛抗菌膜以及淬灭玉米醇溶蛋白等特殊用途,旨在进一步推动肉桂醛的研究与应用,开发具有较高实用价值的功能产品。     

A comparison between flow-through and flow-by porous electrodes for redox energy storage

An economic comparison is made between electrode configurations for flow redox battery applications: (i) the flow-through configuration (current parallel to the fluid flow) and (ii) the flow-by configuration (current perpendicular to the fluid flow). Steady-state computer models are developed for each electrode system. These models are used to predict current density, cell voltage, and power density over a complete cycle (charge and discharge). The economic comparison is made by optimizing each configuration with respect to an objective function appropriate for redox battery applications. Only the variable costs are considered. The results of the optimization show that the flowbby configuration is superior. The flow-through configuration not only yields a lower return on investment, but it is impractical due to a requirement of extremely low flow rates (Re < 0.001). Its failure is due to current flow (and ohmic potential drop) in the same direction as the fluid flow.