空分装置职业健康安全防护特点分析

职业健康安全管理,是关系到石化企业安全发展和员工健康的大事。针对空分装置生产的特点,分析了影响员工职业健康的主要因素——噪声的产生根源,提出并实施了以防护为重点,监督管理为铺的职业健康管理模式,通过有效落实职业健康安全防护和监督管理,为空分装置岗位员工的职业健康保驾护航。     

挤出吹塑制品冷却和固化阶段的模拟及优化方法

在挤出吹塑过程中,冷却和固化是一个非常重要的阶段,它对挤出吹塑制品的性能及生产效率均有很大影响。本文从挤出吹塑制品冷却和固化阶段聚合物的相变、吹塑制品的微观结构与宏观性能之间的关系、模具与制品间传热系数对吹塑制品冷却和固化的影响以及吹塑制品冷却和固化阶段的温度场及结晶度的模拟四方面综述了这一复杂过程的研究进展。     

碳酸乙烯酯和碳酸丙烯酯复合溶剂的工业脱碳性能研究

在碳酸乙烯酯（乙碳）和碳酸丙烯酯（丙碳）复合溶剂脱除合成气ＣＯ２中试实验的基础上,就乙碳和丙碳的分子结构特点对乙碳和丙碳及两者复合溶剂的ＣＯ２吸收性能进行了比较,讨论了乙碳－两碳－水复合溶剂的相行为及其对工业操作的影响,并验证了乙碳－丙碳复合溶剂应用于工业的可行性及其特点。     

HD低温蒸发系统中填料蒸发器传质传热的分析

通过研究系统中填料蒸发器的蒸发传质传热过程以及两相流动特性，采用计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics，CFD）中离散相与连续相耦合的方法来模拟规整填料内部通道的蒸发传质传热过程，实现了填料蒸发器中两相传质传热的过程以及液滴流动的可视化，为研究气液两相在规整填料内的流动提供了一种模拟方法。通过与实验结果的比较，最终选用RNG k-ε湍流模型来分析规整填料内部气液两相传质传热以及流动情况。数值模拟研究了规整填料板间距对填料内部气液两相传质传热以及液滴运动影响，发现随着板间距的增大，填料内部压力降逐渐降低，出口空气中水蒸气的含量不断减小，液滴蒸发速率降低，液滴进出口质量差减小，气相出口温度逐渐降低，蒸发传质传热效率降低。随着气速的增大，出口空气中水蒸气的含量不断减小，液滴蒸发速率增加，气相出口温度降低，气液两相传质传热效率降低。     

Fast gas combustion in systems with hydraulic resistance

Various aspects of the sonic velocity regime, one of the steady-state regimes of filtration combustion of gases, is analyzed. The conditions and region of existence of the regime, the velocity and structural characteristics of the combustion wave, the gas ignition and combustion mechanisms, conditions for the stabilization of the wave velocity, and regime transitions are considered. A characteristic feature of the regime is the presence of a pressure wave in the zone of turbulent flame due to the choking of channels and narrowings. The main factors determining the nature and properties of the sonic velocity regime are the hydraulic resistance, piezo diffusion, the energetics of the mixture, the compressibility and turbulence of the gas, and the reactivity of the mixture at high pressures and temperatures. The sonic velocity regime is a unique and intriguing combustion regime which is promising for applications.     

颗粒介质用机械密封热力耦合变形及摩擦磨损研究

在含有颗粒介质的工作环境中下,硬质材料配对机械密封环的热力耦合变形和摩擦磨损对机械密封的泄漏和使用寿命起着至关重要的作用。考虑动静环和颗粒介质的摩擦,试验测定了摩擦系数,建立了动静环热力耦合的有限元计算模型,研究了WC-Co硬质合金和无压烧结碳化硅（SSiC）陶瓷两种硬质材料密封的温度场和端面变形规律,分析了不同工况下的密封间隙变化规律。试验测试分析了密封环温度、磨损前后的泄漏及表面粗糙度,讨论了端面的磨损机理,验证了计算模型的准确性。结果表明：考虑动环磨粒摩擦热的有限元模型能准确地预测密封的温度和端面变形;耦合作用下动静环端面呈现外径脱离、内径贴合的变形,且变形差异程度随压差和转速的增大而加剧;变形导致端面磨痕分布不均匀,内径磨痕较严重。WC-Co硬质合金配对密封环的端面变形小、泄漏量小,高硬度WC颗粒对Co基体能产生很好的“阴影效应”,具有良好的耐磨粒磨损性能。SSiC陶瓷材料韧性差,易产生片状磨屑,形成过渡型磨粒磨损,材料耐磨性较差,泄漏量增加明显。在磨粒工况下,WC-Co硬质合金机械密封具有泄漏小、耐磨性强的特点。研究结果为颗粒介质中机械密封的材料应用及设计优化提供了参考。     

蛋白质体系分子动力学模拟的前沿进展-从介科学角度重新审视

蛋白质是生命的物质基础,是生命活动的主要承担者,对蛋白质时空多尺度结构及其控制机制的深入理解是探索生命起源、病理认知及新药开发的基础. 受实验表征手段及时空分辨率的限制,计算机模拟已成为研究蛋白质体系结构及功能的重要手段之一. 由于蛋白质体系模拟所涉及的时间和空间跨度均相当大,因此,准确且快速地描述其时空多尺度结构,从而分析体系的控制机制及相关生理过程,成为分子动力学模拟面临的巨大挑战. 本工作对近半个世纪以来的分子模拟方法,特别是分子动力学方法和相关的增强采样技术在蛋白质体系研究中的应用进行了总结,综述了近年来分子动力学的理论模型和算法的发展,并介绍了这些方法在结构化蛋白质的天然结构与构象变化、固有无序蛋白质的动态结构及其结合底物的动力学过程及分子机理、分子伴侣及病毒等蛋白质复合物体系中的研究成果;汇总了高性能计算的飞速发展所带动的分子动力学模拟软件的变革,拓展了蛋白质模拟的时空尺度,重点阐述了大规模高性能分子动力学模拟在蛋白质研究中的应用;最后,基于介科学理论的飞速发展及其在多种复杂体系的成功运用,对未来蛋白质体系的模拟方法和理论研究的趋势进行了思考和展望.     

Some gas phase reactions during the firing of magnesite-chromite refractories in a tunnel kiln

Conclusions A correlation is shown between the high-temperature, physicochemical processes in basic refractories, changes and reactions in the gaseous phase, and the nature of the wear of the roof of a tunnel kiln.As a result of dissociation, oxidation, and volatilization the waste gases are enriched with vapors of alkalis, CrO₃, sulfur trioxide, and oxides of iron and magnesium, and become corrosive with respect to the kiln lining. The reaction of the oxides vapors with each other and with the lining of the roof and their condensation determines the nature of the wear in the magnesite-chromite refractories, the chemical and mineral compositions of the resulting deposits and crusts. The main source of alkalis and sulfur trioxide is the sulfite yeast dregs (sulfite lye) present in the goods being fired.We determined the temperature relationship with the composition and amounts of deposits and crusts. Carcase and skeletal deposits and crusts formed on the firing section of the kiln, mainly periclase and spinel compositions; in the warming-up section the deposits were brittle, granulated, consisting of sulfates, chromates, chromium oxide, periclase, and spinels.It was found that the deposits on the walls of the pores in the MKhS refractories consist of sulfates and chromates, forming solid solutions.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 13–16, May, 1980.     

世界油气主产国油气资源管理的基本经验及启示

油气是重要的战略资源,关系国计民生。随着工业化和城镇化的加速推进以及汽车进入普及期,我国油气供需形势日趋严峻。解决我国油气供应不足的问题。应首先立足于开发利用国内的油气资源,不断提高自给水平,然而却存在管理体制和政策的掣肘。世界油气主产国都不断改善其油气资源开发利用的管理体制与政策,促进更加有效与合理地开发利用和保护油气资源。本文总结了该领域的国际经验,从加强油气资源法律法规体系建设、促进油气资源管理体制改革、完善油气资源矿业管理等方面提出了对我国的启示和改革建议。     

基于低温吸收-蓄热氧化的油气回收技术研究

为了实现油气回收和达标排放的目标,采用回收与处理相结合的研究思路,优选出了基于低温吸收和蓄热氧化的油气回收技术方案。对该技术方案进行了室内试验和现场试验,并对影响回收效果的两个主要因素进行了规律性研究。试验表明:当液气比、喷淋密度越大,吸收剂含吸收质初始浓度、煤油温度越低,以及油气中初始甲苯浓度越高时,吸收率越高;在进行油气吸收时吸收剂最好采用新鲜煤油;蓄热氧化处理过程中,洗涤气不可缺省;该技术方案油气吸收处理效果较好,室内和现场试验结果均达到了设计要求。此技术具有经济和高效的优点,对今后油气回收技术的发展具有一定的指导意义。     

渭北油田阵列感应测井数据反演

渭北油田储层物性主要为低孔超低渗储层。对于低孔低渗储层孔隙结构复杂,泥质对电性响应贡献加大,地层电阻率求取不准确。针对渭北油田钻井液侵入过程中储层径向电阻率的变化特征,构建渭北油田地层侵入模型。利用阵列感应测井资料对地层参数进行反演,能较好地反映不同侵入特征的储层电阻率分布形态;可较好地重构储层电阻率剖面,获取原状地层电阻率,侵入带电阻率和侵入半径;反演算法稳定可靠,能对实际测井资料进行连续快速处理,更有助于定量、精确地计算渭北油田储层含油饱和度和识别储层流体性质。     

气泡在颗粒床层表面的生成脱离行为

试验研究了气泡在颗粒床层表面的生成脱离过程及其行为特性,利用高速摄像技术揭示了进气管管径、颗粒床层高度、颗粒粒径等因素对气泡脱离直径及其生成周期的影响规律,对比分析了颗粒床层表面和进气管管口的气泡生成脱离行为差异。研究结果表明：在1500～3000μm粒径范围的床层表面所生成气泡的初始形态相对更扁小,气泡也更快向扁平状演变;颗粒粒径的增大使得进气流量对气泡形态的影响减弱;管径和颗粒床层高度的增大可以有效促进气泡脱离直径的增长,但延缓了气泡的生成脱离,增加了气泡的生成周期;颗粒粒径对气泡生成周期的影响随着进气流量的增大而逐渐减弱;气泡在颗粒床层表面和管口的生成脱离行为存在显著差异,相比之下,150～300μm粒径范围的颗粒床层对气泡的生成脱离具有更明显的阻碍作用,其表面所生成气泡的脱离直径和生成周期相对较大。     

Promising applications of coals from the Moscow Basin

The results of an analysis of the current state of the Moscow Coal Basin and the development of science and technology for the multiple use and conversion of coal into refined energy carriers, products, and materials with new consumer properties are presented. It is demonstrated that a number of processes and facilities based on the coals and overburden rocks of the basin have been prepared for technical implementation, namely: the generation of heat and power at plants with in-cycle coal gasification; the fluidized-bed combustion of coal in low-power boiler units (50?C60 MW); the manufacture of ballast-free humic plant growth stimulators and coagulants for the purification of wastewater and drinking water; and the use of coals and coal mining and benefication wastes as catalytic additives in the process of hydrogenation.     

中国合成橡胶和精细化工的技术创新(上)

本文是王大全教授代表中国化工学会、中化化工科学技术总院 ,在 2 0 0 2年 4月 10～13日于北京召开 ,由中国工程院、中国科学院、中国科学技术协会联合主办的“中国近现代科学技术回顾与展望国际学术研讨会”上所作学术报告的部分内容。作者以亲自组织和参加研究开发成功的合成橡胶和精细化工有关项目成套技术的实践 ,总结了 2 0世纪 70年代以来中国合成橡胶和精细化工科技创新、原始创新和提高行业科技水平的经验。对加入WTO后如何加速提升我国化工科技创新和原始创新的能力 ,很有参考价值     

Price evolution of foods and nutriments in Mexico from 1973 to 2004

The aim of this study was to know the price changes of foods and nutriments in México during the last three decades. To this end, two sets of data were analyzed: the National Consumer Prices Index for 1973 to 2003, and quotations of food prices for 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2004. Cost estimates were calculated for 100 kcal, 10 g of saturated fat, 100 mg of cholesterol, 10 g of fiber and 1 mg of iron. Regression models were used to analyze the association between nutrient and energy's costs and energetic and nutrimental densities. Our results lead to infer that that in M6xico, the structure of foods prices differed between the eighties and the nineties decades. In the former, vegetables and corn and wheat derived foods had the lowest price increment, whereas their price had the largest increment in the following decade. On the other hand, the prices of fresh meat of cattle and pig, and of fish and seafood rose during the eighties but became cheaper during the nineties. The differences in prices of the meat are inversely related to their energy density and nutrimental value: lean meat became more expensive that those with more fat (i.e., more energy and cholesterol). Canned fish (tuna and sardine), eggs and poultry became cheaper at the turn of the eighties. The prices of the majority of oils and fats have increased less than the inflation of the group of food. Processed and industrialized foods became cheaper than the fresh ones. The energy density of the foods is negatively correlated to their cost. The implications of our results are discussed in terms of public policies.     

ESR and ENDOR Probes of Skeletal Conformations Implications for Conformations and Orientations of Chlorophylls In Vivo

ESR and ENDOR studies of sterically hindered porphyrins and chlorins provide clear evidence of the flexibility of the porphyrin skeleton, in agreement with crystallographic results. Examples considered are the cation radicals of zinc tetraphenyl-octaethylporphyrin and of the zinc and cobaltous nitrosyl complexes of octaethyl- and methyl octaethyl-chlorins. Extrapolation of the above results suggests that, in vivo, the protein pocket into which the chromophores fit and neighboring residues provide ready means of altering the conformations and properties of the pigments. These considerations can be applied to the primary acceptors of photosystems I and II: a combination of theoretical calculations, model studies and ENDOR results for the chlorophyll and pheophytin acceptors of photosystems I and II, respectively, suggests specific orientation of the 2-vinyl substituents of the chromophores and, in addition, supports the existence of hydrogen bonding at the 9-keto group. The implications of these results are that the protein environment helps control the orientations of the macrocycles and substituents, and thereby optimizes the relative orientations of donors and acceptors to facilitate electron transfer.     

Reactive polymers,XXXVI. The effect of polymerization conditions on the porosity and mechanical properties of macroporous suspension copolymers from glycidylmethacrylate-ethylenedimethacrylate

By the method of design of experiments, the influence of the content and the thermodynamic quality of the mixture of inert solvents (porogenic compounds), of the concentration of the crosslinking agent and initiator in the polymerization mixture and of the reaction temperature in the radical suspension copolymerization was investigated with respect to the pore size, the porosity and the mechanical properties of macroporous copolymers from glycidylmethacrylate and ethylenedimethacrylate. It was found that the predominant effect on these characteristics should be attributed to the volume of the porogenic component in the mixture, and that the pore size and porosity increase at the same time the penetration modulus and the stress-at-break decrease proportionately to this volume. The concentration of the crosslinking agent has an influence only at low crosslinking values. The polymerization temperature and concentration of the initiator have only an insignificant effect on the structure and mechanical properties.     

Application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to study the interactions of poly(acrylic acid) and mixtures of poly(acrylic acid) and polyacrylamide with bone powders and hydroxyapatites

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study the interactions of aqueous solutions of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and mixtures of aqueous solutions of PAA and polyacrylamide (PAAm) with chemically and thermally treated bone powders (BPs) and two commercial hydroxyapatites (HAs). An analysis of the spectra of the precipitates that resulted from the mixtures of PAA and the chemically treated samples of BP revealed that the spectra exhibited three new bands at 1544, 1552, and 1661 cm^?1. The first band was attributed to the formation of calcium–polycarboxylate resulting from the interaction between the carboxylic acid groups of PAA and the calcium ions of BP. The appearance of the other two bands, in addition to the disappearance of the band corresponding to the absorption of the acid groups of PAA, provided strong evidence for the existence of other interactions between the carboxylic acid groups and the amide groups of the organic matrix of BP. On the other hand, the FTIR spectra of the samples that resulted from the mixture of PAA and thermally treated BP and the two commercial HAs showed only a new absorption band at 1544 cm^?1. The interactions of mixtures of the aqueous solutions of PAA and PAAm, adjusted at low or high pH values, with the different BPs and HAs were examined. The mixtures of the aqueous solutions of PAA and PAAm interacted with the different BPs and two HAs, resulting in the formation of ternary PAA–BP–PAAm and PAA–HA–PAAm complexes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

胜利坨11南交联聚合物驱采出液油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性研究

用界面张力仪、表面粘弹性仪和Zeta电位仪测定了胜利坨11南原油模拟油与采出水间的界面特性,研究了聚合物、交联剂及弱凝胶对这些界面特性及乳状液稳定性的影响。结果表明,模拟水中加入聚合物、弱凝胶后,模拟水与原油模拟油间的界面张力、界面剪切粘度和油滴表面的Zeta电位绝对值增加,原油与含聚合物和弱凝胶的模拟水间所形成的W/O和O/W乳状液稳定性随聚合物、弱凝胶浓度增加而增强;交联剂对原油模拟油与模拟水间的界面性质及所形成的乳状液稳定性影响很小。     

Effects of carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex nanoparticles on channeling leakage and pore structure of oil well cement

The exploitation efficiency of oil and gas resources depends on the cementing quality. In cementing engineering, interlayer migration occurs in the underground gas layer with cement hole as the main channel, which seriously threatens the sealing integrity of cement casing and leads to the failure of cementing operation. To improve the gas migration control ability of oil well cement (OWC), two carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex nanomaterials styrene butadiene latex containing itaconic acid and sodium p-styrene sulfonate (SBSI) and styrene-butadiene latex containing methacrylic acid and sodium p-styrene sulfonate (SBSM) were synthesized. The effects of SBSI and SBSM with different carboxyl structures on the gas migration control ability and pore structure of cement were investigated. The results show that the latex is densely packed on the cement matrix through the dissociation and adsorption behavior of carboxyl groups, and the smaller particle size and lower adsorption are more conducive to the formation of the film. The introduction of latex effectively shortened the transition time of cement gel state and significantly reduced the permeability of interlayer material migration. Compared with OWC, the transition time of cement containing SBSI and SBSM latex (SBSI/OWC and SBSM/OWC) decreased from 28 to 18 and 17 min, respectively, and the filter loss decreased from 60 to 40 and 36 mL, respectively. The isolation effect of the latex film on the interlayer gas and the provision of mechanical support have greatly improved the gas migration control ability of the cement and ensured the cementing quality. In addition, the refinement of cement pore structure caused by latex brings better rheological and mechanical properties to cement. This study clarified the change of latex in the gel transition stage of OWC from liquid to solid and revealed the mechanism of latex on the internal structure change of cement. It broadens the application range of latex nanomaterials in the field of OWC and provides a new possibility for the use of OWC in high temperature and high salt environment.