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1.
Thermally sprayed carbide-based coatings are nowadays extensively considered as an alternative to electrolytic hard chrome (EHC) coatings to reduce the environmental impact and the overall cost associated with EHC process. In this investigation, high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray process was employed to prepare coatings using the traditional carbide powders namely the WC-10Co4Cr, the Cr3C2-25NiCr and a new type of mixed carbide powder WC-40Cr3C2-25NiCr. The Powder deposition rate, basic mechanical properties, abrasive wear, slurry erosion and corrosion resistance of the three coatings were then compared with the EHC coating. The results show that WC-10Co4Cr coating exhibited the highest hardness, abrasive wear and slurry erosion resistance followed by WC-40Cr3C2-25NiCr, EHC, and Cr3C2-25NiCr coating. The deposition efficiency of the powders as per hierarchy was found to be WC-40Cr3C2-25NiCr > WC-10Co4Cr > Cr3C2-25NiCr and all the HVOF sprayed coatings exhibited higher corrosion resistance than EHC coating. The highest powder deposition efficiency coupled with low density, acceptable tribo-corrosion performance, as well as low post processing cost makes the HVOF sprayed WC-40Cr3C2-25NiCr coating a potential candidate to replace the EHC coating. 相似文献
2.
Yan Liu Xiao-Min Wang Sheng-bo Cen Guo-Qing Gou Li-Jun Wang Hui Chen Ming-Jing Tu Yu-Xi Li 《稀有金属(英文版)》2014,33(3):318-323
A series of the electrochemical and long-term corrosion tests was carried out in a 3.5 wt% Na2SO4 solution on thermal-sprayed WC-17Co and WC-10Co-4Cr cermet coatings in order to examine the effect of composition of binder materials on the corrosion behavior. The results reveal that the overall corrosion resistance of the WC-17Co coating is inferior to that of the WC–Co–Cr coatings due to the corrosion of binder materials which induce WC particles to fall off. CoO and WO3 oxide films form on the surface of WC-17Co coating in Na2SO4 solution electrochemical corrosion process, which will protect the coating in the process of corrosion. Cr2O3 oxide film formed on the WC-10Co-4Cr coating surface has a strong hindered role to corrosion. The corrosion mechanism of WC-17Co coating in Na2SO4 solution is entire corrosion of Co matrix, while it is film-hole corrosion mechanism for WC-10Co-4Cr coating. 相似文献
3.
Guoliang Hou Yulong An Guang Liu Huidi Zhou Jianmin Chen Zujun Chen 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2011,20(6):1150-1160
WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coatings were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) with different spraying powers. The effect of spraying power on microstructure, phase composition, hardness, fracture toughness, and oscillating dry friction and wear behaviors of the coatings were studied. Simultaneously, the microstructure and properties of the as-sprayed coatings were compared with those of WC-17Co coating prepared under the optimal spraying power. It was found that spraying power had significant effect on the molten degree of feedstock powder and phase composition as well as microstructure and properties of WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coatings. WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coating deposited at a moderate spraying power of 22.5?kW had the highest fracture toughness and the best wear resistance. WC-17Co coating obtained under the moderate spraying power had poor fracture toughness and wear resistance. Moreover, the four kinds of coatings were all dominated by subsurface cracking and removal of materials when sliding against Si3N4 ball under unlubricated conditions. 相似文献
4.
Yan Liu Zongqiu Hang Guiying Yang Hao Fu Naiyuan Xi Hui Chen 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2018,27(7):1143-1152
In this work, WC-12Co coatings were prepared by high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF) technology. The high-temperature sliding wear tests at 450, 550 and 650 °C were conducted on a pin-on-disk tribometer, and effects of CeO2 on the high-temperature wear behavior were investigated. The results showed that CeO2-modified WC-12Co coating possessed better sliding wear resistance than that of conventional WC-12Co coating at the tested temperatures. The maximum microhardness value of 1333 ± 25HV0.5 was available at the temperature of 550 °C for CeO2-modified WC-12Co coating worn track. The oxides formed on the worn surface played a significant role on the wear behavior. W2C, Co3O4 and ratio of CoWO4/WO3 dominated the wear behavior of the coating at 450, 550 and 650 °C, respectively. 相似文献
5.
Lutz-Michael Berger Sabine Saaro Michaela Kašparova 《Surface & coatings technology》2010,205(4):1080-94
The composition WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni (commercial designations WC-‘CrC’-Ni, WC-Cr3C2-Ni and WC-NiCr) is unique among the WC-based materials used for the preparation of thermally sprayed hardmetal coatings. These coatings show a significantly higher oxidation resistance and high-temperature sliding wear resistance than WC-Co and WC-CoCr coatings do. Unlike WC-Co and Cr3C2-NiCr, WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni is not a simple binary hard phase-binder metal composite as it is composed of two hard phases: WC and (W,Cr)2C. Surprisingly this composition has been poorly investigated in the past.In this paper coating microstructures and properties obtained from five commercial feedstock powders of different origins using two different liquid-fuelled high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) systems (K2 and JP-5000) were investigated. Additional experiments were performed with one powder using atmospheric and vacuum plasma spraying (APS and VPS, respectively). The microstructures and phase compositions of the powders and the coatings were studied. Focus was on the appearance, composition and distribution of the (W,Cr)2C phase which might form or might change its Cr/W ratio during the spray process. The composition of the (W,Cr)2C phase was estimated from the lattice parameters. Hardness HV0.3 was measured for all coatings. The density, Young's modulus and abrasion wear resistance of HVOF-sprayed coatings were studied. 相似文献
6.
超音速火焰喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层的耐滑动磨损行为 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)工艺制备微米结构WC-10Co4Cr涂层,分别采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和滑动磨损设备分析涂层的微观结构和滑动磨损行为。结果表明:采用液体煤油燃料HVOF喷涂的微米结构WC-10Co4Cr涂层的脱碳程度较低,涂层中仅出现WC和W2C相,而无η相(Co3W3C、Co6W6C)以及软相W。涂层微观结构致密,孔隙率约为1%,平均显微硬度为1 322HV0.3;在相同试验条件下,WC-10Co4Cr涂层的摩擦因数(约0.8)高于不锈钢(1Cr18Ni9Ti)的摩擦因数(约0.5),其滑动体积损失量仅为不锈钢涂层的1/146,具有优异的抗滑动磨损性能。涂层在滑动磨损过程中首先是粘结相的脱落,然后是WC颗粒的磨损。 相似文献
7.
The principal aim of this study was to compare the sliding wear performance of as-sprayed and Hot Isostatically Pressed (HIPed)
thermal spray cermet (WC-12Co) coatings. Results indicate that HIPing technique can be successfully applied to post-treat
thermal spray cermet coatings for improved sliding wear performance, not only in terms of coating wear, but also in terms
of the total volume loss for test couples. WC-12Co coatings sprayed by a HVOF system were deposited on SUJ-2 bearing steel
substrate and then encapsulated and HIPed at 850 °C for one hour. A high frequency reciprocating ball on plate rig was used
to measure the sliding wear resistance of these coatings in dry conditions under steel and ceramic contact configurations
at two different loads. Results are discussed in terms of coating microstructure, microhardness, fracture toughness and residual
stress evaluations. Microstructural investigations indicate fundamental changes in grain morphology, whereas x-ray diffraction
revealed beneficial transformations in phase composition of these coatings during the HIPing post treatment. The effects of
these microstructural changes on the physical properties and wear resistance are discussed. 相似文献
8.
超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)制备的WC基金属陶瓷涂层广泛应用于金属构件的磨损、腐蚀及空蚀防护。分别采用氢气燃料及煤油液体燃料HVOF喷涂设备分别在9种不同的工艺条件下制备了WC10Co4Cr涂层,研究了燃料类型对涂层的组织、残余应力及力学性能的影响规律。在两种燃料HVOF工艺各自优化的喷涂参数条件下,通过对基体曲率的原位监测对比测试了涂层中的平均残余应力;利用显微维氏硬度、压痕法(断裂韧性)和球盘摩擦磨损对比研究了涂层的力学性能。结果表明:液体燃料(LF)HVOF焰流中粒子的温度更低,速度更高。LF-HVOF喷涂的WC10Co4Cr涂层内的残余压应力更高且涂层致密度更高,而气体燃料(GF)HVOF喷涂的WC10Co4Cr涂层内为残余拉应力。LF-HVOF涂层(1280 HV0.3, 7.3 MPa·m0.5)比GF-HVOF涂层(1032 HV0.3, 4.5 MPa·m0.5)具有更高的硬度和断裂韧性,LF-HVOF涂层的耐磨性约为GF-HVOF涂层的1.7倍。 相似文献
9.
WC-10Ni and WC-20Cr3C2–7Ni coatings were deposited successively using high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the coatings were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Vickers microhardness tester, and Ultra nanoindentation tester. The cavitation erosion behaviors of the coatings at different flow velocities were investigated by a rotating disk rig facility with bolt cavitator and circulating system. The results showed that the main phases in the WC-10Ni and WC-20Cr3C2–7Ni coatings were WC, W2C, W, and WC, (W,Cr)2C, respectively. Both coatings were dense and well bonded to the steel substrate. Despite higher porosity and elastic modulus (E) as well as slightly lower hardness (H), the WC-10Ni coating showed lower H/E, H3/E2 and η values as well as cavitation erosion resistance at each flow velocity compared to the WC-20Cr3C2–7Ni coating. Both coatings exhibited an increase in the volume loss rates with increasing flow velocity, and the critical flow velocity of the WC-20Cr3C2–7Ni coating was in the region of 33.5 to 41.9 m·s−1. The cavitation erosion failure mechanism of the WC-10Ni coatings was the brittle detachment of the WC particles, while cavitation pinholes, pits, cracks, craters, and massive exfoliation contributed to the evolution of the cavitation erosion processes of the WC-20Cr3C2–7Ni coating with the increase of the flow velocity. 相似文献
10.
Guo-Liang Hou Hui-Di Zhou Yu-Long An Guang Liu Jian-Min ChenJie Chen 《Surface & coatings technology》2011,206(1):82-94
WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coating was prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF). The microstructure and phase composition of the as-sprayed coating and that after oxidation at high temperature were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The oxidation behavior of as-sprayed coating and starting powders was evaluated by thermogravimetry. Dry sliding friction and wear behavior of the WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coating sliding against Si3N4 ball at different temperatures (room temperature 20 °C and elevated temperature of 700 °C and 800 °C) was evaluated using an oscillating friction and wear tester. Besides, the microhardness and fracture toughness of the coating was also measured. Results show that sintering agglomerated WC-20 wt.%Cr-7 wt.%Ni powder is an effective method to prepare agglomerated and sintered WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni composite powder. The excellent oxidation resistance of WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coating is mainly resulted from a double-decker shell-core microstructure formed in the coating. The composition of the outer shell is (W,Cr)2C phase and that of the inner shell is Cr3C2. During high-temperature friction and wear test, well remained hard WC phase in the WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coating can guarantee its good mechanical properties and wear resistance, and newly generated nano NiWO4, CrWO4 and Cr2WO6 particles can further improve these properties significantly. 相似文献
11.
V. Matikainen H. Koivuluoto P. Vuoristo J. Schubert Š. Houdková 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2018,27(4):680-694
Thermally sprayed hard metal coatings are the industrial standard solution for numerous demanding applications to improve wear resistance. In the aim of improving coating quality by utilising finer particle size distributions, several approaches have been studied to control the spray temperature. The most viable solution is to use the modern high velocity air-fuel (HVAF) spray process, which has already proven to produce high-quality coatings with dense structures. In HVAF spray process, the particle heating and acceleration can be efficiently controlled by changing the nozzle geometry. In this study, fine WC-10Co4Cr and Cr3C2-25NiCr powders were sprayed with three nozzle geometries to investigate their effect on the particle temperature, velocity and coating microstructure. The study demonstrates that the particle melting and resulting carbide dissolution can be efficiently controlled by changing the nozzle geometry from cylindrical to convergent–divergent. Moreover, the average particle velocity was increased from 780 to over 900 m/s. The increase in particle velocity significantly improved the coating structure and density. Further evaluation was carried out to resolve the effect of particle in-flight parameters on coating structure and cavitation erosion resistance, which was significantly improved in the case of WC-10Co4Cr coatings with the increasing average particle velocity. 相似文献
12.
Lutz-Michael Berger Sabine Saaro Tobias Naumann Michaela Kašparova František Zahálka 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2008,17(3):395-403
The composition WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni is one of the standard compositions used for the preparation of thermally sprayed coatings by high velocity oxy-fuel
(HVOF) spraying. Surprisingly, this composition has been poorly investigated in the past. Frequent use of commercial designations
WC-‘CrC’-Ni, WC-Cr3C2-Ni, and WC-NiCr indicates the insufficient knowledge about the phase compositions of these powders and coatings. The properties
of these coatings differ significantly from those of WC-Co and WC-CoCr coatings. In this paper, the results of different series
of experiments conducted on HVOF-sprayed WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coatings are compiled and their specific benefits pointed out. The focus of this study is on the analysis of the microstructures
and phase compositions of the feedstock powders and coatings. Unlike WC-Co and Cr3C2-NiCr, WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni is not a simple binary hard phase—binder metal composite. The phase (W,Cr)2C with unknown physical and mechanical properties appears as a second hard phase, which is inhomogeneously distributed in
the feedstock powders and coatings. As examples of coating properties, the oxidation resistance and dry sliding wear properties
are compared with those of WC-10%Co-4%Cr coatings. 相似文献
13.
Dominique Poirier Jean-Gabriel Legoux Rogerio S. Lima 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2013,22(2-3):280-289
Chromium carbide-based thermally sprayed coatings are widely used for high temperature wear applications (typical temperature range from 540 to 900 °C). In these extreme environments at those temperatures, several phenomena will degrade, oxidize, and change the microstructure of the coatings, thereby affecting their wear behavior. Although it can be easily conceived that the Cr3C2-NiCr coating microstructure evolution after high temperature exposure will depend on the as-sprayed microstructure and spraying parameters, very little has been done in this regard. This study intends to develop a better understanding of the effect of spraying parameters on the resulting chromium carbide coating microstructure after high temperature operation and high temperature sliding wear properties. The microstructures of different coatings produced from two morphologies of Cr3C2-NiCr powders and under a window of in-flight particle temperature and velocity values were characterized through x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Sliding wear at 800 °C was performed and the wear behavior correlated with the spraying parameters and coating microstructure. Vickers microhardness (300 gf) of the coatings before and after sliding wear was also measured. 相似文献
14.
Model bond coatings were deposited with a wide range of compositions and their oxidation behaviour investigated at 900 °C. These Ni–Co–Cr–Al coatings were deposited using magnetron sputtering (a physical vapour deposition technique) onto 10 mm diameter sapphire substrates. A range of compositions was generated by co-sputtering from a combination of two or three sources: Ni–10 wt% Cr, Ni–20Cr, Ni–50Cr, Ni–20Co–40Cr and/or Ni–40Co–20Cr combined with pure Al. The coatings were oxidised at 900 °C and the scales formed characterised. These data have been summarised into oxide predominance diagrams to show the relationships between coating compositions and the formation of protective Cr2O3 or Al2O3 scales, or the formation of other, less protective oxides (or mixed oxides). Both coating composition and exposure temperature (by comparison with earlier published research) were found to influence the oxide scale growth rate and oxide type, and thus the resulting degree of protection. 相似文献
15.
This work assesses the suitability of TiCN-WC-Co-Cr3C2 cermet modified by TiN for cutting tool application. Three cermet compositions containing TiN with 5, 10 and 15 wt% were prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). The prepared cermets were subjected to pin-on-disk wear testing using EN31 steel as a disc material. The wear testing was conducted at a constant load of 20 N with different sliding velocities: 0.23 m/s, 0.27 m/s, and 0.35 m/s, which corresponds to 150 rpm, 175 rpm, and 225 rpm respectively. The cermet composition 55TiCN-15WC-10Co-5Cr3C2–10TiN (all in wt%) has shown lowest mass loss during wear testing. The thermal stability of the cermets were assessed by conducting annealing studies on the prepared cermets at different temperatures: 600°, 800° and 1000 °C for a constant soaking time of 4 h. The prepared cermets had very good thermal stability up to 800 °C. Beyond this temperature, a drastic reduction in the hardness of the cermets was observed. Among the three cermet compositions, 60TiCN-15WC-10Co-5Cr3C2–10 TiN showed better thermal stability. The oxide phases formed in all the cermet compositions during annealing at high temperatures (1000 °C) retard their microstructures. As a result, the hardness was decreased. 相似文献
16.
Šárka Houdková Zdeněk Česánek Eva Smazalová František Lukáč 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2018,27(1-2):179-195
Three commercially available chromium carbide-based powders with different kinds of matrix (Cr3C2-25%NiCr; Cr3C2-25%CoNiCrAlY and Cr3C2-50%NiCrMoNb) were deposited by an HVOF JP-5000 spraying gun, evaluated and compared. The influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties, as well as the oxidation resistance in a hot steam environment (p = 24 MPa; T = 609 °C), was evaluated by SEM and XRD with respect to their potential application in the steam power industry. The sliding wear resistance measured at room and elevated (T = 600 °C) temperatures according to ASTM G-133. For all three kinds of chromium carbide-based coatings, the precipitation of secondary carbides from the supersaturated matrix was observed during the heat treatment. For Cr3C2-25%NiCr coating annealed in hot steam environment as well as for Cr3C2-25%CoNiCrAlY coating in both environments, the inner carbide oxidation was recorded. The sliding wear resistance was found equal at room temperature, regardless of the matrix composition and content, while at elevated temperatures, the higher wear was measured, varying in dependence on the matrix composition and content. The chromium carbide-based coating with modified matrix composition Cr3C2-50%NiCrMoNb is suitable to replace the Cr3C2-25%NiCr coating in a hot steam environment to eliminate the risk of failure caused by inner carbide oxidation. 相似文献
17.
A comparative study of tribological behavior of plasma and D-gun sprayed coatings under different wear modes 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Sundararajan G. Prasad K. U. M. Rao D. S. Joshi S. V. 《Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance》1998,7(3):343-351
In recent years, thermal sprayed protective coatings have gained widespread acceptance for a variety of industrial applications.
A vast majority of these applications involve the use of thermal sprayed coatings to combat wear. While plasma spraying is
the most versatile variant of all the thermal spray processes, the detonation gun (D-gun) coatings have been a novelty until
recently because of their proprietary nature. The present study is aimed at comparing the tribological behavior of coatings
deposited using the two above techniques by focusing on some popular coating materials that are widely adopted for wear resistant
applications, namely, WC-12% Co, A12O3, and Cr3C2-MCr.
To enable a comprehensive comparison of the above indicated thermal spray techniques as well as coating materials, the deposited
coatings were extensively characterized employing microstructural evaluation, microhardness measurements, and XRD analysis
for phase constitution. The behavior of these coatings under different wear modes was also evaluated by determining their
tribological performance when subjected to solid particle erosion tests, rubber wheel sand abrasion tests, and pin-on-disk
sliding wear tests. The results from the above tests are discussed here. It is evident that the D-gun sprayed coatings consistently
exhibit denser microstructures and higher hardness values than their plasma sprayed counterparts. The D-gun coatings are also
found to unfailingly exhibit superior tribological performance superior to the corresponding plasma sprayed coatings in all
wear tests. Among all the coating materials studied, D-gun sprayed WC-12%Co, in general, yields the best performance under
different modes of wear, whereas plasma sprayed Al2O3 shows least wear resistance to every wear mode. 相似文献
18.
The effects of rapid pulse electric current sintering (PECS), substitution of WC by NbC and Co by Ni, and carbide additives (TiC and Mo2C) on the microstructure, elastic modulus, B3B transverse rupture strength (TRS) and high temperature sliding wear on WC-Co, WC-Ni, NbC-Co and NbC-Ni cermets were studied. Additions of x% Mo2C and y% TiC (where x and y were <10 wt%), coupled with PECS, significantly refined the NbC-Ni cermet's carbide grain size from ~5.0 μm to <0.8 μm, giving mechanical properties comparable to WC-Co and WC-Ni cermets: >14 GPa hardness and ~10 MPa.m1/2 fracture toughness (KIC) and ball-on-three-balls (B3B) TRS > 1600 MPa. The sintering techniques had negligible effect on the samples' elastic and shear modulus, and all WC-based samples had higher elastic modulus than all NbC-based samples (by ~120 GPa). High temperature sliding wear tests were carried out using a ball-on-disk tribometer, with a 10 N force, at a sliding speed of 1.34 m/s for 0.8 km (10 min) and 2.4 km (30 min), using 100Cr6 (AISI 52100) steel balls at 400 °C and 0% humidity. For the 2.4 km sliding distance, all the WC cermets had lower wear volumes than NbC cermets, with LPS WC-0.5Cr3C2-10Co having the lowest wear volume. Additions of TiC and Mo2C to NbC-12Ni improved the sliding wear resistance, with TiC having the greater effect, reducing the sample wear rate by over 30% from 15.1 × 10−6 mm3/N·m to 9.4 × 10−6 mm3/N·m after sliding distance of 2.4 km. Generally, the LPS samples had lower wear volumes than the corresponding SPS samples, due to higher K1c and TRS. 相似文献
19.
Using Cr3C2 and Fe-CrNiBSi powder blends as raw materials, an α-Fe matrix composite coating reinforced by in situ (Cr, Fe)7C3 rods, with a thickness of about 3.6 mm, was fabricated on the surface of AISI A36 low carbon steel by means of plasma-transferred arc welding. The results of microstructural analysis show that in the coating, a large number of carbides, (Cr, Fe)7C3, in rod shape grow, and radiate around some half-dissolved Cr3C2 particles. The results of dry sliding wear tests at loads 100, 200, and 300 N show that the wear resistances of (Cr, Fe)7C3-reinforced coating, respectively, are about 6.9, 14.9, and 17 times higher than that of nonreinforced pure Fe-CrNiBSi alloy coating; the average value and fluctuation range of friction coefficient (FC) of (Cr, Fe)7C3-reinforced coating are less than those of pure Fe-CrNiBSi alloy coating; the main wear mechanisms of pure Fe-CrNiBSi alloy coating are ploughing, deformation, and adhesive wear, whereas those of (Cr, Fe)7C3-reinforced coating are microcutting, abrasive, and oxidation wear; the cracks on surfaces of (Cr, Fe)7C3 rods increased with the increasing loads; and the matrix α-Fe can prevent them from extending further in the composite coating. 相似文献
20.
Influence of the Spray Angle on the Characteristics of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Hard Material Based Coatings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wolfgang Tillmann Evelina Vogli Benjamin Krebs 《Journal of Thermal Spray Technology》2008,17(5-6):948-955
This paper presents an investigation of the influence of the spray angle on thermally sprayed coatings. Spray beads were manufactured with different spray angles between 90 and 20° by means of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) on heat-treated mild steel (1.0503). WC-12Co and Cr3C2-10(Ni20Cr) powders were employed as feedstock materials. Every spray bead was characterized by a Gaussian fit. This opens the opportunity to analyze the influence of the spray angle on coating properties. Furthermore, metallographic studies of the surface roughness, porosity, hardness, and morphology were carried out and the deposition efficiency as well as the tensile strength was measured. The thermally sprayed coatings show a clear dependence on the spray angle. A decrease in spray angle changes the thickness, width, and form of the spray beads. The coatings become rougher and their quality decreases. 相似文献