Morphology and Toughness of Abrasive Particles and Their Effects on the Friction and Wear of Friction Materials: A Case Study with Zircon and Quartz

This study examined the friction and wear of brake friction materials containing two different abrasives: zircon and quartz. Commercial grade abrasives with two different sizes (fine and coarse) were compared in terms of the effects of the size, shape, and toughness of the abrasive particles on the friction and wear of the friction material and counter discs. The results showed that the morphology of the abrasives has a considerable effect on the friction effectiveness and wear of the friction couple. The level of friction was higher in the case of using quartz than zircon, and smaller particles were more effective in increasing the coefficient of friction. The toughness of the abrasives also played important roles in determining the friction effectiveness. Improved heat resistance at elevated temperatures was achieved when coarse zircon was used. The wear of the friction material was also dependent on the morphology and toughness of the abrasives and the large abrasive particles produced more wear on the gray iron disc.     

制动器摩擦热效应分析

以现代摩擦理论为基础,依据试验结果定性地分析了制动器摩擦副摩擦热的产生扩散及对摩擦副性能的影响，不同对偶摩擦副其“热影响表面层”摩擦性能的变化以及＂热分解温度＂的重要意义。制动器在长时制动或重复制动工况下，摩擦温度不断升高,在摩擦材料浅表层积聚高的热量从而引起摩擦材料摩擦性能的变化。不同对偶摩擦副摩擦因数随温度的变化规律有所不同,但温升高于“热分解温度”后，摩擦因数均显著下降，因此了解摩擦材料热分解温度是制动器设计和运行的关键所在。     

四种车辆制动闸瓦材料摩擦特性试验研究

使用MM-1000型摩擦试验机,在不同的压力和速度下作了4种铁路车辆制动闸瓦材料与车轮钢的摩擦试验,测试它们的制动摩擦特性。试验结果表明,闸瓦材质对制动摩擦性能有较大的影响。高磷铸铁A、B两种材料的摩擦因数比较不稳定,在制动过程中摩擦因数出现了较大的波动,而且易受制动压力和速度的影响。高分子树脂复合材料C的摩擦因数比较稳定,受制动速度的影响较小但是受压力的影响较大。高分子树脂复合材料D的摩擦因数受制动速度的影响较大,但是受制动压力的影响则较小。     

低温环境下制动参数对列车制动材料摩擦性能的影响

利用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机与温度控制装置模拟低温环境下列车的制动行为,研究了低温环境(-20℃)下制动压力、制动速度对制动盘与制动闸片摩擦磨损性能的影响.研究结果表明,低温环境(-20℃)下制动盘与闸片之间的摩擦因数和磨损率均比室温环境(20℃)下略微提高.在低温环境下,制动压力和制动速度对制动材料摩擦磨损与损伤行为有...     

Friction and Vibration of Brake Friction Materials Reinforced with Chopped Glass Fibers

A diamond-like carbon (DLC) film exhibits excellent tribological properties. This type of film has an amorphous structure that is generally composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, and it is the structure of sp²- and sp³-hybridized orbital carbon which brings about the extraordinary tribological properties of the DLC film. It is known that heating causes structural changes in a DLC film, and pre-heat treatment greatly affects the various properties of a DLC film. In this study, we focus on the effects of pre-heat treatment on the friction and wear properties of a hydrogenated DLC film and discuss the structural changes in the film. After pre-heat treatment, the tribological properties were evaluated using a ball-on-disk sliding tester. Our findings indicated that the friction and wear properties of the DLC film were improved by pre-heating up to 500 °C. An as-deposited DLC film had a friction coefficient of approximately 0.15, whereas it was approximately 0.03 for a film pre-heated at 500 °C. The structure of the DLC film was analyzed using micro-laser Raman spectroscopy. The analytic results of the Raman spectroscopy of the film surface showed that the G peak position had shifted toward a higher wave number. This result suggested that hydrogen had evolved from the DLC film because of pre-heat treatment. The half bandwidth of the G peak shifted toward a lower wave number with increases in the pre-heating temperature. This indicated that graphitization of the DLC film had been induced by pre-heat treatment. From these findings, we consider that the hydrogen evolution induced structural changes. Line analysis using micro-laser Raman spectroscopy was performed on a cross section of the pre-heated DLC film. The line analysis showed structural changes which were induced by hydrogen evolution, on the top of the DLC film. On the other hand, hydrogen evolution and graphitization were prevented inside the film, indicating that a gradient structure had been generated by pre-heat treatment. The low friction coefficient of the pre-heated DLC film was caused by graphitization of the DLC film surface. The graphite layer on the top of the film would induce lower shearing resistance at the sliding interface. This gradient structure of the DLC film plays an important role in improving the tribological properties of the pre-heated DLC film.     

材料匹配性对盘式制动器摩擦温度场的影响

采用有限元法模拟盘式制动器制动过程瞬态温度场,研究了材料匹配性对制动器温度场的影响.研究表明:匹配性对摩擦表面温度场的影响主要反映在材料密度、比热容和热导率方面,即使同类铸铁制动盘,其材料密度、比热容和热导率不同,摩擦表面温度也不同;铸铁材料密度越低,则摩擦表面温度越低,且温度分布较均匀;就配对副而言,制动片性能参数对摩擦表面温度的贡献要比制动盘的大.     

盘式制动摩擦片摩擦磨损特性的研究

进行了纤维增强合成摩擦片和现用合成摩擦片与QT450制动盘配副的制动摩擦试验,记录了制动过程中摩擦系数、磨损量与制动盘温度的变化情况,采用偏振光显微镜分析了磨损表面形貌.结果表明:纤维增强合成摩擦片的平均摩擦系数小于现用合成材料摩擦片,但摩擦系数稳定且耐磨性略高于现用合成材料摩擦片;在模拟制动工况下,纤维增强合成摩擦片比现用合成材料摩擦片所引起的制动盘温升略高;但都仍低于材料的热衰退温度。     

提升机盘形制动器闸瓦材料摩擦性能实验研究

用XDZ-A型摩擦材料制样机将石棉闸瓦材料制备成试验所需的标准试样,用X-DM型调压变速摩擦试验机模拟实际工况,对标准试样开展不同正压力、不同滑动速度和多种温度下的组合实验,全面研究了石棉闸瓦材料与16Mn钢摩擦盘对磨的摩擦学特性。实验结果表明:随着正压力、滑动速度和温度的变化,闸瓦材料摩擦因数均发生变化;摩擦因数随正压力的升高而增大,随滑动速度的增加而减小,但滑动速度对摩擦因数的影响大于正压力的影响;摩擦因数随温度的升高而减小,在200℃左右,摩擦因数下降比较明显。     

Effect of Matrix Alloying of Fe on Friction and Wear Properties of Cu-Based Brake Pad Materials

Abstract

Argon-gas-atomized Cu–Fe prealloyed powder was used to prepare Cu-based composites, and the effect of matrix alloying of Fe on microstructure and friction and wear properties of the brake pad material was systematically investigated on an MS3000 friction and wear tester. The results indicate that matrix alloying of Fe induces the precipitation of a uniformly distributed iron-rich phase at the interior of grains, the segregation of the iron-rich phase along SiO₂–matrix interface, and the formation of pearlite in the vicinity of the graphite–matrix interface, which favors the strengthening of copper matrix, improves interfacial bonding, and protects the third body. The prealloyed sample exhibits relatively high friction coefficient and enhanced friction stability, as well as reduced wear loss when the braking speed is lower than 200?km/h. At higher braking speed (>200?km/h), the breakage of the iron-rich phase leads to an unstable friction coefficient and high wear loss.     

铜基复合制动材料摩擦磨损性能研究进展

我国高速列车的不断提速,对制动盘材料的性能提出了更高的要求。铜基复合制动盘材料由于具有高比刚度、高比强度、优良的高温性能,以及良好的摩擦磨损性能等优点,被认为是最有应用前景的制动盘材料。在介绍高速列车制动盘材料发展的基础上,进一步论述了铜基复合制动盘材料的构成组元、制备方法及发展历程;阐述了铜基复合制动盘材料摩擦磨损性能的研究现状;最后展望了铜基复合制动盘材料的发展趋势,为高性能铜基复合制动盘材料的研制提供参考。     

粉煤灰粒径对树脂基摩擦材料性能的影响

采用热压成型的方法制备不同粒径粉煤灰增强酚醛树脂基摩擦材料,研究掺杂不同粒径粉煤灰后摩擦材料的摩擦因数、磨损率和物理力学性能的变化情况,借助扫描电子显微镜观察摩擦材料的磨损表面微观形貌。研究表明:随着粉煤灰颗粒粒径的减小,填充的摩擦材料密度逐渐增加,硬度、抗弯强度、最大应变均呈现出先减小后增加的趋势;摩擦材料的摩擦因数变得较高且稳定,磨耗较低,当中位径小于等于4.70μm时,粉煤灰增强效果比较好。     

原材料对制动摩擦材料磨损性能的影响

采用组合摩擦材料研究的组合筛选原材料方法,研究原材料对制动摩擦材料磨损性能的影响,提出用原材料的摩擦磨损性能谱及磨粒磨损和黏着磨损2种磨损机制的竞争关系(V机制)解释制动摩擦材料的磨损性能。根据摩擦磨损性能谱,基于原材料在制动摩擦材料中的作用和对磨损性能的贡献,可把原材料分为润滑区、过渡区和磨料区,处在润滑区的固体润滑剂的耐磨性最好,处在磨料区的陶瓷磨料的耐磨性次之,处在过渡区的纤维和填料的耐磨性最差;有机合成、天然纤维和树脂基体在高温的摩擦化学反应导致热磨损。根据V机制,通过对摩擦断裂表面形态观察,可判断原材料的耐磨性。     

复合改性酚醛树脂对制动摩擦材料性能的影响

为了提高酚醛树脂（PF)的耐热性能,采用硼酸、桐油、有机化蛭石对其进行了纳米改性、有机物改性和无机物改性相结合的复合改性。对改性树脂进行FTIR和热重分析。结果表明：采用硼酸、桐油改性PF后硼元素及桐油己经插入PF分子链中,使树脂的耐热性能得到提高,而添加适量的有机蛭石,明显提高PF的耐热性能和耐高温性能,其起始热分解温度比未改性树脂提高了40~50 ℃;复合改性的酚醛树脂能提高摩擦材料在高温下摩擦因数的稳定性,降低磨损率,能有效避免摩擦磨损性能的热衰退。     

Effects of Ceramic Fiber on the Friction Performance of Automotive Brake Lining Materials

Friction material containing aluminum-silicon fiber was prepared. The effects of the aluminum-silicon fiber content on fade, recovery, and wear properties of the friction material were studied using a friction tester with a constant speed. Morphologies of the wear surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the heat fading resistance property of friction material was clearly improved when the content of aluminum-silicon wool was more than 5 wt.%, but the property of recovery declined and the wear rate increased slightly at the same time. The wear mechanisms were adhesive and abrasive, caused by the zircon sand, for the semi-metal friction material, while the abrasive wear of hybrid fiber reinforced composites was caused by cracked ceramic fibers and zircon sand.     

提升机闸瓦摩擦特性研究

针对现有闸瓦很难保证制动系统运行安全的问题,通过实验研究滑动速度、制动压力和工作温度对闸瓦摩擦特性影响规律,证明摩擦系数与主动盘转动速度、制动压力和制动盘表面温度变化成反比,磨损率与这三个因素成正比.该结论可为提升机设计新的制动系统和控制模式提供很好的原始数据和理论依据.     

惯性制动条件对铜-石墨材料摩擦性能及第三体的影响

采用粉末冶金技术制备铜-10%石墨烧结材料,通过GF150D型摩擦试验机,在干摩擦状态及制动压力为0.51 MPa的条件下,研究不同制动方式对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,采用从高速到低速分段制动方式(摩擦方式A)时,随着制动速度降低,摩擦表面形成的致密第三体破碎、剥落,机械啮合力增加,摩擦因数提高;同时,摩擦表面温度下降,基体强度提高,磨损率降低。采用从高速到低速连续制动方式(摩擦方式B)的摩擦因数和磨损量均大于摩擦方式A。     

磨料水射流切割半导体材料的研究

由于水射流技术的加工效果的优越性,人们日益注重对添加磨料的水射流技术的开发和应用,主要就磨料水射流切割的半导体材料进行了研究.     

粘合剂体系对高摩合成闸瓦摩擦磨损性能的影响

设计了橡胶改性酚醛树脂和酚醛树脂改性橡胶闸瓦,利用闸瓦1:3制动试验台研究了树脂基和橡胶基作为高摩合成闸瓦的摩擦磨损性能,分析了2种粘结剂的增强效果.结果表明,橡胶基闸瓦摩擦温升小、摩擦因数高、性能稳定,磨耗量也仅为树脂基闸瓦的1/2,综合性能优于树脂基闸瓦.     

蹄式制动器摩擦衬片挤压效应模型研究

通过分析蹄式制动器的工作原理,剖析制动器产生热衰退的根本原因,对制动过程中挤压效应对摩擦衬片性能的影响进行理论分析,建立反映制动器效力系数与温度和摩擦因数关系的挤压效应数学模型,并对摩擦衬片的表面膜厚进行模拟计算.结果表明:制动过程中的挤压效应是造成表面膜破裂的主要因素,进而导致破裂处摩擦衬片的磨损加剧;所构建的制动器摩擦副宏观模型,说明了挤压效应的存在,可以解释摩擦衬片由于热衰退而造成局部磨损凹凸不平的问题,并可预测在制动过程中热衰退造成的磨损量.     

Study of Friction and Wear Characteristics of the Friction Pair of Centrifugal Brake Rollers

In the article, the structure of a bench for testing the friction characteristics of a friction pair of centrifugal brake rollers has been considered. The dependences of the coefficient of friction and wear on the temperature of the materials of the friction pair, viz., a brake insert manufactured by Huzhou Jiutong Logistics Machinery Co., Ltd (China) and a domestic friction pair of the 6KV-10 rolled brake band of the EM-2 grade over St.3 steel grade (A537Gr.58), were obtained for temperature ranges that do not exceed 100°C. It has been shown that the rubber–PA6 friction pair widely used in brake rollers of foreign manufacture cannot be employed at high values of the slip velocity and the normal force applied to the friction lining, as it results in rapid heating to the critical temperature and, as a consequence, intensive wear. The domestic 6KV-10 brake band of the EM-2 grade, along with a metallic roller shell is proposed as the material of the friction pair. The frictional material proposed for the friction lining has a high coefficient of friction and a high wear resistance in a wide range of operating temperatures, normal forces, and temperatures of the frictional contact.