交联聚乙烯电缆热老化与电树枝化相关性研究

热老化过程不但会影响交联聚乙烯（XLPE）电缆绝缘的物理化学性能,还对绝缘内电树的产生与生长有着一定的影响。研究了热老化后XLPE电缆绝缘中的电树行为．探讨XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝过程与材料热老化的关系。采用带循环通风的热老化箱对XLPE电缆绝缘进行3个温度等级的热老化实验：采用针板结构电极进行电树枝实验,并利用数码显微镜观察电树枝的产生和发展情况;利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）、傅里叶红外光谱分析（FTIR）测试了不同温度热老化下XLPE电缆绝缘的物理化学性能;最后探讨了几种不同结构电树枝的生长机理．认为热老化并没有加速电树枝的生长．反而有一定的抑制作用．     

频率对高密度聚乙烯电树老化特性的影响

为了解频率对高密度聚乙烯电树老化特性的影响,在50Hz~90kHz较宽频率范围的交流电压作用下,研究了冰水淬火高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)薄膜的电树老化特性。结果表明,频率对电树起始形态具有重要的影响,随着电压频率的升高,树枝型电树的起始几率逐渐降低,丛状型电树的起始几率逐渐升高,电树逐渐由树枝型起始为主向丛状型起始为主转变,树干型和直击型为高频下所特有的电树起始形态。随着电树的生长,电树形态存在转换的可能,低频下,起始占主导的树枝型电树向丛状和树干型转变;高频下,起始占主导的丛状型电树则极易转变为树干和击穿型,导致绝缘的破坏。电树的发展可分为起始、滞长、生长和击穿期4个阶段。频率的提高加快了电树的发展速度且减少了电树的发展阶段,使发生击穿的几率大为增加。     

高频下电树老化引起的高密度聚乙烯击穿现象

为了分析高频下电树老化引起的高密度聚乙烯击穿现象,实验研究了冰水淬火高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)薄膜在频率50 Hz~90 kHz范围内的交流电压作用下电树老化引起的破坏现象及电树生长过程中的电树形态特性的变化。观测高频下树老化引起击穿过程中电弧运动发现:不同频率下HDPE薄膜中电树生长过程中存在树枝、树干、丛状和击穿型4种基本电树形态;在高频下不同电树形态存在形态转换的关系,且随着频率和电压的升高,相同条件下电树老化引起的击穿破坏概率大大增加。试验结果表明,在较高频率下树的形态易向击穿型发展。最后从高频电压对材料极化过程的影响及高频所引起的材料疲劳效应、热效应加剧角度出发,对在高频下电树老化易于引发击穿的特性展开了深入的讨论,解释了高频或中频电气设备易发生绝缘老化破坏的现象。     

A study of treeing phenomena in the development of insulation for500 kV XLPE cables

This review summarizes research on treeing phenomena, i.e. the formation of electrical trees and water trees, that has been undertaken in Japan for the development of 500 kV XLPE cable. Section 1 presents the results of factors affecting XLPE cable insulation breakdown under commercial ac and lightning impulse voltages. Section 2 verifies the phenomena of electrical tree formation in XLPE cable insulation using block samples and model cables, and gives the results of studies to determine the level electrical field stress initiation for such trees. Section 3 summarizes the results of studies on long-term aging characteristics, which is a particular problem under commercial ac voltages, while Section 4 explains how this research influenced the design of 500 kV XLPE cable insulation. All authors were members of `The investigation committee of fundamental process of treeing degradation' under IEEJ     

针尖曲率半径对硅橡胶电树枝老化特性的影响

针对硅橡胶材料电树枝老化特性展开了试验研究。采用针板电极结构,测量了不同针尖曲率半径的起树电压和电树枝形态。结果表明,硅橡胶的起树电压较低,抗电树枝老化性能较差,导致了硅橡胶预制式电缆附件故障频发;硅橡胶中的起始电树枝多以单枝状的通道形成为标志,随后发展为4种不同的电树枝形态。进而提出了硅橡胶电树枝形态发展模型,并以此讨论了不同形态的电树枝老化特性。研究还发现,现场实际运行的硅橡胶预制式电缆附件故障解体后发现了单枝通道起始电树枝,其在运行电压作用下容易发展为细枝型形态,但同样会引发电缆附件的击穿。试验结果为现场故障分析提供了参考依据。     

外施电压频率对XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝生长特性的影响

本文研究了半结晶交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘试样在50～2000Hz正弦电压下电树枝的结构特征与生长特性,发现由于XLPE的半结晶聚集态物理结构,在小于250Hz施压频率下会生成枝状、枝状与丛林混合状及纯丛林状三类电树枝,在500Hz以上高频下则只能生成稠密枝状电树枝,分别对应于不同的生长机理.低频下电树枝生长特性和电树枝结构与材料的聚集态密切相关,而高频下的电树枝生长特性与材料的聚集态关系不大.高频电树枝与环氧树脂、有机玻璃等高聚物材料中的生长规律相同.半结晶高聚物在低频下的电树枝生长特性主要取决于晶界与无定形界面的微孔、杂质集中情况以及针尖电极与晶块或无定形区所处的相对位置,而在高频下电极向介质中注入与抽出电荷的过程较低频下猛烈,会形成较均匀的介质弱区,因此高频电树枝引发与生长规律较为单一.     

高温下110kV交联聚乙烯电缆电树枝生长及局部放电特性

利用实时显微数字摄像与局部放电连续测量系统,采用典型针-板电极结构,研究了高温下不同外施工频电压作用时110kV级交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘中典型电树枝的形态特征、引发、生长规律及其局部放电特性。实验结果表明,温度对XLPE电缆绝缘中典型电树枝的形态、引发与生长时间具有非常重要的影响。在高温下,不同外施工频电压作用时电树枝的形态呈现出多样性的特点,50°C下典型电树枝形态为枝状、枝-松枝状和丛状,70°C下为枝状,90°C下为滞长型和枝状。高温下电树枝引发时间随外施电压升高而减小,而且在同一外施电压下,电树枝引发时间随温度升高而减小,这是由于在高温下XLPE电缆绝缘中片晶熔化,无定形相增加,介质中自由体积扩大,从而更有利于电树枝引发。研究发现在低电压(9kV)下,电树枝生长过程中由于通道电导率增加而抑制了通道内局部放电的发展,局部放电作用减小,电树枝生长速度减慢,分形维数较高;而11kV以上电压作用时,电树枝在局部放电的连续作用下呈枝状向对面电极快速生长,同时高温下XLPE弹性模量下降,击穿场强降低,局部放电作用加剧,电树枝生长明显加速,电树枝分形维数较低。     

热老化对交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中水树的影响研究

热老化过程不但会影响交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘的电磁学和物理化学性能,还对绝缘内水树的产生与生长有着一定的影响。通过研究热老化过程对XLPE电缆绝缘中的水树现象的影响,以及在几个有可能的影响因素当中,哪个因素对水树现象的影响最大。实验结果表明,在与XLPE电缆绝缘的热老化有关的各种因素对水树现象的影响中,热氧化对XLPE电缆绝缘表层水树的产生和生长的影响最大。尽管热氧化所引起的缺陷有可能就是XLPE电缆绝缘中水树生长过程中的起始点,但是它在一定程度上抑制着水树的成长,甚至有着"水树延迟效果"的美称。     

高温下交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中电树枝测试系统设计

设计了高温下交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘中电树枝化的实验系统,在外施工频电压有效值为13 kV下,对不同温度下高压XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝生长及其局部放电特性进行研究,结果表明,温度对电树枝的生长具有重要影响,整个系统可以用于高温下电树枝生长过程的实时观测与局部放电连续测量,为研究高温下XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝引发与生长机理及其局部放电特性分析提供了实验研究平台。     

不同电极系统下XLPE电缆电树枝生长特性的研究

The electrical tree discharge channel will be formed at concentrate spot of electric field in solid insulation dielectric,in order to study the difference of electrical tree under different electrical field,the short-cable electrode system with actual XLPE cable was designed,experiments were performed under 12 kV,15 kV,18 kV,21 kV compare to the needle-plate electrode system.Experiment results show that the electrical tree of short-cable electrode system have the same growth trend with the needle-plate electrode system in the growing characteristic,the dense of electrical tree increase with the increase of voltage level,electrical tree of short-cable electrode system growth is slower than the needle-plate electrode system at the same voltage;To get the same shape of electrical tree,the voltage of short-cable electrode system must be higher than needle-plate electrode system,the results show that the semiconductor layer and the copper shield layer outside of XLPE cable have very important affection on the electrical trees degradation.     

Electrical treeing in hexagonal ice crystals under applied impulse voltage

Using two hexagonal samples of ice, polycrystalline and single-crystalline, the electrical treeing has been investigated under an applied impulse voltage. The crystallinity and temperature of the ice play an important role in the events of the treeing. In the single-crystalline ice, the tree in the samples at -25 /spl deg/C always progressed along the basal plane of the ice crystal, but at -196 /spl deg/C, it progressed along the c-axis. These distinctive patterns of the tree progression were attributed to the crystal axis dependence on the electrical conductivity and the relative permittivity at each temperature. The current accompanying the trees were detected by means of an electro-optic coupling with light emitting diodes and photodiodes. After the large current pulses which occur just after voltage application, small intermittent current pulses were visible in the wave tail of the applied voltage. These intermittent pulses appear to generate by the movement of accumulated charges after the formation of tree channels. The electrical breakdown strength of ice at -25 C was large for the electric field parallel to the c-axis of the single-crystalline ice.     

Influence of electro-mechanical stress on electrical properties of dielectric polymers

The influence of high electrical fields on water treeing, electrical treeing, relaxation, conductivity and charge mobility in various polymers is reviewed within the context of a molecular model. The real value of the AC field acting on water trees is questioned and it is shown that the strain induced by very large fields may affect the water tree growth in solutions with large dielectric constant. A model based on simple electrostatic and molecular parameters describes most water treeing results. Light emitted during electrical tree growth could be associated with the field-induced strain at the tip of the electrode. The strain in PET is also related to the Maxwell stress due to high DC field. The log of the charge stored in some polymers varies with the square of the field suggesting that there same phenomenon might influence charge formation under high fields. The significance of a constant mobility value is discussed in light of experiments showing that it is not constant at moderate fields in various polymers. It is shown that the only constant parameter under varying high fields is the activation volume typical of a given sample. Future work is pointed out, especially regarding the nature of the trapping sites and the influence of sample size on the activation volume.     

交联聚乙烯绝缘中树状放电的试验研究

本文旨在阐述用快速宽频带测量系统及影视技术对交联聚乙烯绝缘材料中树状放电的试验方法。证明有丛状放电和枝状放电两种形式。给出两种放电形式的不同特征。通过测量放电脉冲参数的变化，研究树状放电的机理。从而提供探索固体有机绝缘材料老化过程检测的新途径。     

Influence of homocharges and nanoparticles in electrical tree propagation under DC voltage application

The influence of nanoparticles and homocharges on the propagation of electrical treeing in polymer insulation is examined for a needle-plane electrode arrangement. A simulation is carried out using a model based on Cellular Automata (CA). A DC voltage application on the needle electrode is assumed. Nanoparticles are introduced in the polymer matrix in the vicinity of the needle electrode, and simulations with different homocharge densities are performed. It is confirmed that the propagation of electrical trees is hindered by the presence of nanoparticles and homocharges. A larger quantity of homocharges forms a barrier to the injection of charge carriers in the nanocomposite sample. Electrical trees seem to go around and/or stop at nanoparticles and thus, their propagation becomes more difficult. In other words, the proposed simulations show that electrical trees follow a tortuous path, avoiding the nanoparticles.     

交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中的双结构电树枝特性及其形态发展规律

根据从电树枝动态生长过程中所拍摄的大量实验照片和生长特性数据，探讨了在XLPE电缆绝缘中的电树枝发展特征与材料聚集态结构的关系。研究表明，由于半结晶高聚物不均匀聚集态、不均匀结晶和残存应力的影响，会在XLPE电缆绝缘中生成枝状、丛林状、藤枝状、松枝状和混合结构电树枝。并且在电树枝发展过程会呈现非常清晰的三个基本阶段，即引发阶段、滞长阶段和迅速发展阶段。引发阶段猛烈时生成迅速生长的纯枝状电树枝，引发阶段较弱或材料均匀时易导致丛林树状电树枝产生，发展于极不均匀区的电树枝多为鲜明的双结构；另外，引入一种新的参数，电树枝扩展系数来描述电树枝生长特性，并综合电树枝生长过程分形维数的变化规律和速度关系对产生这种实验现象的机理进行了分析。     

The influence of mechanical factors on electrical treeing

Emphasis is placed on the growing body of evidence demonstrating the importance of mechanical factors in the initiation and growth of electrical trees in solid polymeric insulating materials. Specimens using point-plane electrode geometries in homogeneous resins, with and without barrier inserts, have been investigated. The authors draw particular attention to the importance of the adhesive bond between component parts in composite insulation and the effect that this has on the internal mechanical stress. The effects of elevated temperatures and the absorption of moisture on both the mechanical and electrical characteristics of these specimens provide additional correlations between treeing and mechanical properties     

Development of water tree structure in polyester resin

It is commonly accepted that water trees can be initiated and developed within insulation by the simultaneous action of moisture and alternating electric field. Despite the appreciable achievements and extensive works in the field of water treeing, there is no definite mechanism explaining its initiation and development. In this work, the results of a regular optical examination of the detailed structure of water trees are reported. Various patterns of water droplets are clearly illustrated before the initiation of water trees. The role of water absorption, as a main source of the tree, is not limited to the initial stage of tree formation but it is important for the creation of channels in the later stages. This idea is highlighted via a number of photographs, describing the main stages of the building process of water trees. New evidences on the mechanisms interpreting the development of water trees are introduced. Finally, the relationship between the obtained patterns of water filled voids and the subsequent shapes of water trees is discussed     

交流叠加冲击电压下XLPE绝缘中电树起始特性

ＸＬＰＥ绝缘在交流叠加冲击电压作用下电树起始特性的试验研究表明,电树的冲击起始场强不仅与预加的交流电压的大小有关,还与冲击电压与交流电压的相对极性有关,并有明显的累积效应,起晕也有明显的时延现象。     

Study of electrical treeing phenomena in XLPE cable samples using acoustic techniques

Electrical trees were generated experimentally in the actual 33 kV underground XLPE cable insulation material under the AC voltages. A tree like structure and a bush type of tree structure can form from the point of defect site under the AC voltages. Acoustic emission technique was adopted to identify the point of inception, propagation and termination of electrical trees. A variation in the dominant frequency content of the acoustic signal was observed as and when the tree propagates in the insulation structure. The characteristic variation in the magnitude of the acoustic emission signal with time, indicates that tree propagation as an intermittent growth process. The energy content of the acoustic signal characterizes that the energy released due to partial discharges, at every step growth of the tree structure is not the same. The partial power measurement in the present study provides an indication to the growth process of electrical trees and to the near point of failure of polymer insulation material due to electrical treeing.     

Evaluation of materials for WTR-insulated power cables

In order to improve the resistance to water treeing of standard crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation used in medium voltage power cables, a number of materials were selected and studied that represent different water tree growth prevention strategies: (a) using materials with crystallinity and morphology different from that of XLPE, or (b) using additives modifying the interaction between water and materials. Two laboratory procedures were adopted that assess the water tree resistance performance of the materials through different criteria: one based on divergent field geometry (CNRS) and another based on uniform field geometry (Pirelli). Both tests are shown to be complementary in their prediction of the performance of the selected water tree resistant materials. The work reveals a specific additive that greatly increases the water tree resistance performance of the insulation in different polymeric matrices