辣椒NPK肥料配施数学模型的研究

本文应用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了NPK肥用量和配比对辣椒产量的影响,获得了相应的函数模型;通过对模型的优化和解析,得出了辣椒获得最高产量时N的用量为342.5kg/hm2,P2O5用量为112.5kg/hm2,K2O用量为175kg/hm2,此时辣椒产量为23.55t/hm2;试验土壤栽培辣椒适宜的NPK肥用量配比应为N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.33∶0.51。     

露地洋葱施肥、土壤养分及产量状况的分析研究

在农户调查和土壤测试相结合的基础上,分析了山东惠民县露地洋葱土壤养分状况、肥料投入及其对产量和养分平衡的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥农户占总调查户的44%,平均由有机肥带入的氮磷钾养分量分别为N 170kg hm-2、P2O5112 kg hm-2、K2O 223 kg hm-2。化肥氮、磷投入量较高,平均分别为N 458 kg hm-2和P2O5399 kg hm-2,是洋葱氮磷吸收量的4.0和6.0倍,化学钾肥不足(K2O 131 kg hm-2),占洋葱钾吸收量的55%。收获时0~30 cm土壤无机氮含量达到88 kg hm-2,O lsen-P(P)和速效钾(K)平均含量分别为25.5和104 mg kg-1。自春季返青前到收获期间,30~60 cm和60~90 cm土壤无机氮含量均有不同程度的提高,土壤氮表观损失量与氮素投入量呈显著直线相关,维持土壤氮素平衡的最大氮素供应量为290 kg hm-2。相关分析表明,无论是氮、钾化肥投入量还是各阶段土壤无机氮、速效钾含量都与洋葱产量无显著相关,而磷肥用量及0~30 cm土壤剖面O lsen-P含量与产量有显著正相关(p<0.05)。     

不同施肥对春玉米源库特征及其关系的影响

采用田间小区试验方法研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥用量对春玉米源、库特征及源库关系的影响.试验设氮、磷、钾肥处理各4个(氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为:N:0、120、240、360kg hm-2;P2O5:0、75、150、225 kg hm-2;K2O:0、120、240、360kghm-2).研究结果表明,当N用量为240kg hm-2、P2O5;用量为150kg hm-2、K2O用量为240kg hm-2时,春玉米的叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、干物质积累量等源特性和穗粒数、百粒重、产量、经济系数等库特性均高于其它处理;表征源库关系的茎鞘物质输出率处于相对较低的水平,粒叶比最低.因此在N、P2O5、K2O用量分别为240kg hm-2、150kg hm-2 240kg hm-2时既可以保持较高的叶源性能,又能促进籽粒库容的增大,能够获得协调的源库关系.     

玉米测土配方施肥技术参数研究

在中等偏上土壤肥力棕壤上开展玉米氮磷钾5处理田间试验.试验结果表明,玉米100kg产量吸氮量为1.81kg～2.53kg,不同施肥配比养分吸收量不同,施肥配比越全面,吸氮量越多;100kg吸磷量(P2O3)1.1kg左右;100kg吸钾量(K2O)1.5kg左右.尿素中氮素利用率50%;普通过磷酸钙中磷(P2O5)利用率为18.8%,氯化钾中钾素利用率为36.5%,尿素和过磷酸钙的利用率较正常,氯化钾利用率偏低,说明氯化钾施用量偏高.土壤氮的校正系数为46.9%,土壤中磷的校正系数为66.1%,钾的校正系数为51.4%.     

黄花菜配方施肥技术研究

通过对黄花菜盆栽砂培试验、田间正交和氮磷肥单因素试验,研究了黄花菜配方施肥技术。结果是:黄花菜对N∶P2O5∶K2O三要素的最佳比例为2∶1∶2;对N、P、K三要素的总量以每亩40kg为宜(包括土壤供给量)。对不同肥力的土壤,每亩施用量的计算公式是:土壤中黄花菜可利用速效养分含量-每亩土壤速效性养分含量×黄花菜根系实际占用营养面积/栽培面积;在试验土壤条件下,要求施入N素9.5~1 3.5kg,P2O56.6~8.4kg;N、P单独施用,应酌量增加;N、P配合施用应适当减少;最佳的施肥时期是三月下旬一次施入。     

不同管理方式下吉林省农田黑土流失量

本文利用土壤流失方程式的计算机应用程序[1],模拟计算吉林省榆树和德惠两市黄土质黑土坡耕地在不同管理利用方式下的土壤流失强度。结果表明,黑土种植玉米降雨流失量在4～45 t/hm2·a之间。种植大豆流失量高出玉米一倍。流失量随耕地坡度加大和A层变薄而增加。吉林黑土A层厚度正在逐渐下降,下降幅度因土种和管理方式而异,范围在0.5～4.5mm/a。种植玉米,吉林省黑土每年会流失830×104t表土,相当于流失近20×104t有机物质。种植大豆会使土壤和有机质流失量加倍。与传统的耕作方式模拟对比,保护性耕作可以显著降低吉林黑土的流失量。     

“五位一体”庭院生态模式

在贵州高海拔地区采用玉米高产栽培措施 ,获得了 12 .2 1t/hm2 的玉米产量 ,超过当地平均产量 2 .7倍 ,钾肥配施可增产玉米 0 .83～ 2 .5 8t/hm2 ,增幅 8.81～ 2 6.80 % ,施钾肥产投比可达 5 .1～ 6.1。施钾肥后玉米的品质有明显的改善 ,试验认为N∶K2 O比为 10 0 :75～ 113 ,即施氮 (N ) 2 0 0kg/hm2 ,施钾 (K2 O) 15 0～ 2 2 5kg/hm2 为宜。     

不同利用方式及施肥对黑土地表磷素养分流失的影响

本文针对黑土利用现状,在吉林农业大学教学试验场黑土区选择不同利用方式的玉米地、休闲地、果园、草地,并在玉米区进行了不同数量的施肥。通过野外试验,采集2002年度5~10月历次自然降雨(共7次)产流及泥沙样品,同时采集降雨前后的耕层土壤样品,研究了黑土区地表径流对磷素养分特征及肥力退化的影响。结果表明:径流TP流失比和DP流失比随覆盖度都表现为先增加后逐渐降低;不同利用方式表层土壤的TP和DP相差很大,就全磷富积表现为果园>草地>玉米地>休闲地,可溶性磷的富积却表现为:休闲地>玉米>果园>草地;随P肥用量的增加而径流磷素(TP、DP)浓度及径流磷素流失量也增加;流失泥沙TP浓度随着磷素施入的增加而增加;泥沙磷素浓度、泥沙磷素流失量均比CK大,但泥沙流失量均比CK小;增施氮磷虽能增加作物的产量,但N、P施用量必须适度,从试验期间径流、泥沙的TP、DP流失量观测,可以初步得出黑土氮磷配合施肥的宜于选配的方案是B5区N98P44N570。     

闽南农业流域土壤氮矿化作用初步研究

用原位培养法对五川流域内的香蕉地、菜地、香蕉地与菜地间作地、林地、甘蔗地土壤的氮矿化作用进行了研究,结果发现不同土地利用方式下土壤氮矿化速率平均为N 0.11mg kg-1 d-1,其中香蕉地土壤氮矿化最高可达N 1.47mg kg-1d-1;土壤硝化速率平均为N 0.27mg kg-1 d-1,其中菜地下土壤硝化作用强度最高可达N 0.69mg kg-1 d-1.土壤矿化作用同土壤湿度、温度、C/N、土壤肥力存在明显的相关关系.不同土地利用方式下温度是土壤氮矿化最主要的影响因子.闽南流域土壤年矿化量平均为N 240kg hm-2,部分样地最高可达N 850kg hm-2,而年施肥量平均N 650kg hm-2.相比较而言,说明了土壤矿化是我国南方流域农业土壤氮素的重要来源.     

柞蚕微孢子虫孢子人工发芽的研究

采用三因素五水平最优回归设计 ,研究了贵阳黄泥土施用氮、磷、钾肥对大白菜 (ChineseCabbage)产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明 ,大白菜高产和低硝酸盐含量的最佳氮磷钾用量为N180～ 2 0 0kg/hm2 ,P2 O512 0～ 15 0kg/hm2 ,K2 O12 0～ 15 0kg/hm2 。     

遥感和GIS辅助下的祖厉河流域土壤侵蚀空间变化分析

以遥感数据和观测数据为数据源,基于改进的SEMMED土壤侵蚀模型,对祖厉河流域1999年和2001年土壤侵蚀的空间变换进行了模拟和对比。结果表明,流域土壤侵蚀最严重的区域主要集中在葛家岔站点附近、草滩站附近和北部葛家寨和靖远一带,流域中南部的土壤侵蚀通常小于北部。在北部的屈吴山,以及与宁夏交界的月亮山还有华家岭由于植被覆盖度较高,很好的起到了减少径流,抑制土壤侵蚀的作用。降水的年际差异导致本区的土壤侵蚀年际差异较大。     

Soil erosion assessment and simulation by means of SGEOS and ancillary digital data

Abstract

Due to soil erosion processes fertile soils are washed out almost anywhere in the world. Soil erosion protection measures are necessary, especially for food security reasons. This study uses the well-known Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to assess the long-term soil erosion in a small catchment area and to simulate various soil protection alternatives. After completion at this test site the techniques can be applied for larger regions to detect areas that are most afTected by soil erosion and to guide precisely the efficient soil erosion prevention measures that proved to be valuable according to the computer simulation results.

This raster-oriented study uses a very accurate multi-temporal land-use classification to determine the land-cover (C-factor). The other input variables have been determined from ancillary data (e.g., digital elevation model and soil data). The compiled data layers of this geographical information system (GIS) allow the calculation of the long-term soil erosion per pixel as well as inquiries about all data layers for every pixel.

In addition to the resulting soil erosion risk map it is possible to simulate soil protection measures with the computer. This ensures that only the most effective ones are introduced to the field.     

卫星遥感技术在永定河流域（河北）土壤侵蚀调查评价中的应用研究

利用Landsat-5TM图像,在分析土壤侵蚀影响因素的基础上,首先进行与土壤侵蚀相关密切的各单项要素的解译;其次,以土壤侵蚀在TM图像上的综合反映为标志进行基本侵蚀图斑的综合解译;第三步通过选定的的土壤侵蚀强度评判模型,对每个基本侵蚀图,由不同权重的各单项要素给出其分值,最后根据综合分值确定每个图斑的土壤侵蚀强度等级。研究结果表明,冀西北地区土壤侵蚀是非常严重的,以轻度侵蚀为下限的侵蚀区面积占全区面积的65％。两大地貌单元区相比,盆地区更严重于山地区。但多时相对比研究也表明,近十几年的治理工作取得了明显成效,土壤蚀的总趋势是向减缓方向发展。     

A model-based integrated assessment of land degradation by water erosion in a valuable Spanish rangeland

This paper presents an integrated assessment model aimed at evaluating land degradation by water erosion in dehesa rangelands in the Iberian Peninsula. The model is built following the system dynamics approach. The degradation risk is likened to the probability of losing a certain amount of soil within a number of years, as estimated over a great number of stochastic simulations. Complementary indicators are the average times needed to lose different amounts of soil over the simulations. A group of exogenous factors are ranked in order of importance. These factors are mainly climatic and economic and potentially affect soil erosion. Calibration is carried out for a typical dehesa defined over 22 working units selected from 10 representative farms distributed throughout the Spanish region of Extremadura. The degradation risk turns out to be moderate. The importance of climatic factors on soil erosion considerably exceeds that of those linked to human activities.     

Changes in the soil erosion status in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin from 2001 to 2014 and the impacts of erosion on the water quality of lakes and reservoirs

ABSTRACT

The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was used to obtain the soil erosion intensity distribution in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin (MLYB), where the input data included a digital elevation model (DEM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing products. Changes in the soil erosion intensity throughout the MLYB were analysed from 2001 to 2014, and the potential influences of these changes on the local water quality of lakes and reservoirs were revealed. This investigation is the first to reveal the spatial and temporal changes in soil erosion throughout the MLYB. The results indicated that from 2001 to 2014, most of the MLYB was characterized by slight and light soil erosion levels, whereas relatively few areas exhibited intensive to severe soil erosion. Soil erosion in the MLYB displayed a decreasing trend from 2001 to 2014; over 80% of the region displayed a decreasing soil erosion intensity change rate, indicating that soil conservation in most of the MLYB has improved over the past 14 years. However, 12.8% of the area presented an increasing change rate, and the region with the maximum increasing change rate was located mainly in the lower Yangtze basin. Furthermore, spatial heterogeneities were found in the soil erosion intensities throughout the MLYB: soil erosion improved in the upper and middle regions of the MLYB, whereas soil erosion worsened in the lower regions of the MLYB. Among the sub-basins of the MLYB, obvious soil erosion occurred most frequently in the Hanjiang basin and least frequently in the Taihu basin. A driving force analysis showed that the influence of precipitation on soil erosion is more evident than that of human activities in all sub-basins except the Dongting basin. A correlation analysis between soil erosion and water turbidity/water transparency showed that 45.9% of the decreasing water turbidity is correlated with decreasing soil erosion and that 42.5% of the increasing water turbidity might be influenced by increasing soil erosion. Decreased soil erosion might be responsible for the improved water transparency for 50% of the lakes, whereas increased soil erosion is correlated with a decrease in water transparency for over 50% of the lakes.     

Evaluation of sediment yield by using remote sensing and GIS: A case study from the Phulang Vagu watershed,Nizamabad District (AP), India

The primary objective of this paper is to identify soil erosion zones and to suggest appropriate measures for control of soil erosion using remote sensing, GIS and conventional technique in the Phulang Vagu watershed in the Sriramsagar catchment area of Andhra Pradesh. The digital imagery data of the study area is obtained from the IRS-IC (LISS-III) satellite whereas the toposheets and rainfall data of the study area were obtained from the Survey of India. Satellite images were interpreted to prepare land use/land cover maps by using ERDAS image processing system. Out of 725.983 km 2 of the study area, about 301.435 km 2 is wasteland which is identified as susceptible for soil erosion. Toposheets of the study area were used to prepare drainage and slope maps. Drainage pattern is mainly dendritic with a density of 1.26 km -1 and the stream slope is 0.00614. The arithmetric average method is used to find average annual rainfall. The above parameters were used to calculate the amount of soil erosion from the catchment area. It was found that 882.389 m 3 km -2 year -1 of soil is being eroded from the catchment area which is more than the value adopted in the design of Sriramsagar reservoir. Therefore soil conservation measures such as vegetative cover in the waste land are needed and 12 check dam sites have been proposed by superimposing drainage map and slope map in conjunction with land use/land cover map. With these soil conservation measures, the soil erosion could be kept within the design value of Sriramsagar reservoir.     

基于遥感数据的流域土壤侵蚀强度快速估测方法

以北京延庆县境内的妫水河流域为例, 提出了一种基于遥感数据的土壤侵蚀强度快速估测方法。首先, 利用遥感数据和植被指数模型提取流域内土地利用类型信息和植被覆盖度信息; 其次, 利用数字高程模型数据生成坡度图; 然后, 结合土壤侵蚀强度分级指标, 将坡度图与土地类型图、植被覆盖度图空间叠加, 判断和计算侵蚀强度等级, 结果获得了流域土壤侵蚀强度等级图; 最后, 计算了流域的年平均侵蚀模数。结果表明, 妫水河流域的土壤侵蚀以微度和轻度为主, 所占面积比例为74.88% , 极度和剧烈侵蚀很少, 不到总面积的2%。整个流域的年侵蚀模数估计为1 74611/ km ²·a。     

基于遥感和GIS技术的土壤侵蚀量估算研究——以澄江太阳山地区为例

土壤侵蚀量的估算是土壤侵蚀研究的核心问题之一。本文以云南省I类淡水湖抚仙湖东岸的太阳山地区为研究对象,在GIS和遥感技术的支持下,利用土壤类型分布图、土地利用、遥感影像、DEM等数据,探讨了侵蚀模型的选择过程,最终利用修正后的通用土壤侵蚀方程(RUSLE),建立各因子的数据库,对该区域近100km2的土壤侵蚀现状和潜在土壤侵蚀量进行模拟估算,并分析了主要的影响因子。     

Study on Dynamic Remote Sensing Monitoring of LUCC and Soilwind Erosion Intensity in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project Region

The Land Use/Cover Change(LUCC) and soil wind erosion intensity of the Beijing\|Tianjin sandstorm source control project region were monitored by remote sensing.The spatial and temporal patterns of LUCC and soil wind erosion in the project region were analyzed.The results showed that there was significant difference in LUCC and soil erosion intensity before and after the project was implemented.In the recent 30 years,the LUCC process mainly manifested the change from cultivated land reclamation to ecological conversion of farmland to forest and grass,with the ecological restoration and desertification effectively inhibited.The overall arable land showed an increase and then decreased.The area of arable land increased from 2000 to 2015,the area of cultivated land converted to forest and grassland was 446.10 km² and 1 129.32 km²,with the most obvious in the west;the area of land for construction expanded obviously;the trend of unutilized land decreased significantly The type of conversion is dominated by grassland conversion to grassland with an area of 493.12 km².The erosion-mitigating modulus of soil erosion in the project region with wind-blown sand control decreased overall,especially after the implementation of ecological engineering (p<0.001).The eastern and southern areas are covered with high-coverage grassland and soil wind erosion in the area with the main type is small;Soil wind erosion in the Hunshandake sandy land is larger,but the overall trend is decreasing.Different land use/cover types have a greater impact on soil wind erosion intensity.The order of soil wind erosion modulus is Sandy land> Sparse grass> Moderate grass>dryland> Shrub>Paddy>Dense grass> Other woods> Sparse woods> Forest;The conversion of low coverage to high coverage grassland types effectively inhibited soil erosion (-66.12%),and the increase of vegetation coverage effectively reduced soil erosion.The soil wind erosion increased (58.26%) in the surrounding area of sandy area,the soil wind erosion increasedduring the conversion process of low coverage grassland type,and the grassland was converted into sand,and the wind erosion in the dry land increased.     

Environmental cost of soil erosion in Sri Lanka: tax/subsidy policy options

The on-site and off-site impacts of land degradation, particularly in the form of soil erosion, pose a serious problem in many developing countries. In Sri Lanka, the implementation of wide-ranging policy reforms and institutional changes designed to move the country toward an outward oriented market economy, have strengthened concerns about environmental degradation and the sustainability of the country's natural resource base. The environmental impact of many of the policy reforms and economic changes are determined by complex economy-wide, inter-sectoral interactions. A computable general equilibrium model incorporating soil erosion is developed to analyse the impacts of various policy reforms in Sri Lanka. Our analysis establishes three important results. First, economic losses from soil erosion in Sri Lanka are substantial. Second, trade liberalisation reforms increase national income and marginally reduce soil erosion. Third, while trade liberalisation has a positive impact on soil erosion, complementary policies which directly target soil erosion, such as tax/subsidy incentives, are needed to minimise social losses from soil erosion.