干旱生境中VA菌根对宿主植物的影响及其机制

试验研究证明VA菌根可以影响宿主植物的水分关系。文章综述了VA菌根在干旱胁迫条件下对宿主植物形态、代谢、渗透适应的影响以及VA菌根可能提高宿主抗/耐旱性的机制。文章认为,VA菌根有利于宿主植物抗/耐旱性的作用是由于物理的、化学的、生理的、细胞的综合作用的结果。     

非灭菌条件下VA菌根真菌对小麦生长发育的影响

本文在盆栽条件下研究了非灭菌条件接种VA菌根真菌Glomusmosseae对小麦生长发育的影响。结果表明,接种VA菌根真菌能显著提高对小麦的侵染率,接种株的营养生长、磷吸收、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量及光合作用参数都明显优于对照株。不同施磷水平对小麦植株的生理指标都有不同程度的影响。说明接种VA菌根真菌能够促进小麦生长,提高磷肥的利用率。     

土壤脱水过程中NaCl胁迫对羊草水分利用效率的影响

通过室内模拟实验研究了土壤脱水过程中NaCl胁迫对羊草生长和水分利用的影响。结果表明,在土壤脱水过程中,羊草株高、根长、干物质积累量、相对生长率(RGR)和蒸散量随盐度增加显著降低。羊草生长的临界土壤溶液NaCl浓度为253mmol/L,临界土壤含盐量为0.60%。在低盐处理(NaCl25～225mmol/L,总盐0.17～0.53%)时,增加盐度,水分利用效率(WUEET)、钾钠吸收选择性和运输选择性有显著提高;而在高盐(NaCl275～325mmol/L,0.63～0.73%)条件下,随盐度的增加,水分利用效率(WUEET)、钾钠吸收选择性和运输选择性降低。     

水分胁迫对水稻生长发育影响的研究

根据１５年的试验观测数据,分析了水稻在不同生育期遭受水分胁迫对其生长发育的影响,并提出了水稻水量生产函数,因此,本对指导水稻灌溉决策具有实际意义。     

菌根真菌对有机污染物的降解研究

菌根作为真菌与植物的结合体,有着独特的酶途径,可以降解不能被细菌单独转化的有机物,不仅能从微生物修复角度影响有机物降解,还能从植物修复角度影响有机物的降解。本文综述了近年来菌根真菌对土壤中的石油类、农药、氯代芳香烃类及酞酸脂类污染物的降解研究进展,探讨了菌根降解污染物的内在可能机理,其中包括酶的作用、根际的作用及土壤中其他微生物对降解的贡献。综合菌根真菌在生物修复中的优点,认为其在生物修复中具有良好的应用前景。     

不同生育期适度缺水对烤烟生长、水分利用和氮钾含量的影响

在两种施肥条件下,研究了不同生育时期水分亏缺对盆栽烤烟生长、氮钾含量和水分利用的影响.结果表明,在相同施肥水平下,与对照(正常灌水)相比,各水分亏缺处理对烟叶生长、氮钾含量和水分利用均有不同程度的影响.其中施氮量为0.1g kg-1土,N:P2O5:K2O为1:1:3时,伸根期轻度水分亏缺处理对烟叶产量和水分利用效率综合效益较好,分别比对照增加28.9%和31.2%;而旺长期和成熟期进行水分亏缺处理提高效果则不明显.因此,本实验条件下,在较低施肥条件下进行伸根期轻度水分亏缺处理(占田间持水量的50%～60%)可明显提高烟叶产量和水分利用效率.     

宁夏南部山区秸秆覆盖对春玉米水分利用及产量的影响

为研究秸秆覆盖在宁南山区对春玉米生长及其土壤水分的影响,在宁夏彭阳县对三种不同秸秆覆盖处理方式进行了试验研究。对比分析了不同覆盖措施下春玉米的生长状况、产量及水分利用效率变化的关系。结果表明:采用秸秆覆盖方式可使春玉米的株高、穗位高、穗长、生物产量及经济产量等指标得到显著提高,土壤的蓄水保墒性能增强,水分利用效率提高,增产增效明显;与传统方式相比,整秸秆覆盖可使春玉米的产量及水分利用效率分别提高3.5%及16.5%。     

主要环境因子对两株松树外生菌根真菌生长的影响

研究了培养基、pH、温度及水势对松林下常见外生菌根真菌牛肝菌(Boletus sp.)和乳菇(Lactariussp.)生长的影响。结果表明,在所选择的培养基上,两种菌株都能生长,在添加维生素类物质的天然培养基上,生长旺盛;对pH适应范围较广;L.sp.在弱碱性条件下生长较好,而B.sp.在弱酸性条件下生长较好;温度对菌株生长影响较大,两种菌株最适生长温度均为25℃;极端水势条件下,L.sp.和B sp.均不能生长,轻度水分胁迫能促进L.sp.和B.sp.的生长。L.sp.是一种适应性较强的菌株。     

保水剂聚丙烯酸钠不同施用方法对玉米生长和水分利用效率的影响

采用盆栽模拟法对保水剂不同应用法,包括土壤上干下湿(深施)、上湿下干(浅施),单侧干旱(侧施)和不施(对照)等,研究高低两种供水条件下玉米(Zea mays L.)生长和水分利用效率(WUE).试验结果表明,各种保水剂使用方法对玉米株高都有促进作用,且主要在玉米生长中后期;渐进干旱下能促进玉米根系发育.深施保水剂在充分供水和渐进干旱下较对照提高玉米产量20.6%和74.9%,提高WUE为30.2%和89.0%;浅施和侧施保水剂在渐进干旱下提高玉米产量和WUE分别为41.5%、19.3%和31.1%、35.6%.     

水分胁迫和氮素有限亏缺对小麦拔节期某些生理特性的影响

在营养液培养条件下,研究了水分轻度胁迫、氮素有限胁迫对冬小麦小偃22拔节期NR活性、根系活力等生理特性、养分累积及小麦产量的影响。结果表明,水分、氮素亏缺使叶绿素含量及叶片NR活性低于对照水平,根系活力,K3Fe(CN)6还原活性降低;水分胁迫影响大于氮素亏缺影响,水分和氮素亏缺之间有显著地交互作用。水分胁迫下,小麦植株地上部氮、磷、钾含量高于对照水平,但根系含量降低;氮素亏缺下,地上和根系的养分含量均低于对照水平;水分和氮素之间有极显著地交互作用。拔节时期水分、氮素亏缺使小麦成熟期的产量降低。     

活化钙镁磷肥对不同磷效率基因型冬小麦生长及磷效率的影响

用土培方法研究了两种磷肥 (枸溶性钙镁磷肥CMP和水溶性磷肥过磷酸钙SSP)和两种非水溶性磷肥活化剂(无机矿物活化剂IA和有机活化剂OA)在石灰性土壤中对不同磷效率小麦苗期生长和基因型差异以及磷效率的影响。结果表明 ,SSP和CMP对不同磷效率基因型小麦生长的影响无显著差异 ,但对植株磷效率的影响效果明显不同。SSP可提高植株的磷吸收效率 ,CMP对提高植株的磷利用效率更有效。不同磷效率小麦生长的基因型差异在所有磷肥处理中均表现 ,但在CMP处理中的差异最大 ,不同溶解性磷肥品种可作为小麦磷效率基因型的鉴定材料。两种非水溶性磷肥活化剂对钙镁磷肥均有效 ,但作用大小和方向因小麦基因型不同而异 ,OA有利于磷高效基因型小麦的生长 ,IA对磷低效基因型小麦的生长则更加有利 ,其效果甚至超过水溶性磷肥。经IA处理的CMP能明显提高小麦植株的磷含量和吸磷量 ,并能显著增加土壤的有效磷含量     

Spatially-explicit water balance implications of carbon capture and sequestration

Implementation of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) will increase water demand due to the cooling water requirements of CO₂ capture equipment. If the captured CO₂ is injected into saline aquifers for sequestration, brine may be extracted to manage the aquifer pressure, and can be desalinated to provide additional freshwater supply. We conduct a geospatial analysis to determine how CCS may affect local water supply and demand across the contiguous United States. We calculate baseline indices for each county in the year 2005, and project future water supply and demand with and without CCS through 2030. We conduct sensitivity analyses to identify the system parameters that most significantly affect water balance. Water supply changes due to inter-annual variability and projected climate change are overwhelmingly the most significant sources of variation. CCS can have strong local effects on water supply and demand, but overall it has a modest effect on water balances.     

Improved genetic algorithm optimization of water distribution system design by incorporating domain knowledge

Over the last two decades, evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have become a popular approach for solving water resources optimization problems. However, the issue of low computational efficiency limits their application to large, realistic problems. This paper uses the optimal design of water distribution systems (WDSs) as an example to illustrate how the efficiency of genetic algorithms (GAs) can be improved by using heuristic domain knowledge in the sampling of the initial population. A new heuristic procedure called the Prescreened Heuristic Sampling Method (PHSM) is proposed and tested on seven WDS cases studies of varying size. The EPANet input files for these case studies are provided as supplementary material. The performance of the PHSM is compared with that of another heuristic sampling method and two non-heuristic sampling methods. The results show that PHSM clearly performs best overall, both in terms of computational efficiency and the ability to find near-optimal solutions. In addition, the relative advantage of using the PHSM increases with network size.     

利用弱点评估提高入侵检测系统性能的分析与实现

当前的入侵检测系统存在的虚警问题和报警量过大的问题严重影响了在实际中的应用效果。分析了系统弱点与入侵之间的关系,提出了弱点信息与入侵检测报警信息的关联的表示方法,给出了利用它们之间的关联提高入侵检测系统性能的实现框架。     

A heuristic approach to the simulation of water drops and flows on glass panes

Water drops and water flows exhibit interesting motion behavior. In this paper, we adopt a simple but effective approach for simulating this behavior on glass panes in a physically plausible manner. We combine a particle system and a height map to compute their movements and shapes. Our approach efficiently handles the merging of water drops and the formation of residual water droplets. We report our results for several examples of water behavior simulated in real time. The experimental results show that our system simulates water drops and water flows with high quality.     

A computational software tool for the minimization of costs and greenhouse gas emissions associated with water distribution systems

While evolutionary algorithms have been applied extensively to water resource problems, there remains a need to unify and consolidate computational and software approaches to solving these problems. In order to facilitate this for the minimization of costs and greenhouse gas emissions of water distribution systems, the water distribution cost-emissions nexus (WCEN) computational software framework is introduced in this paper. The software is freely available and can be easily modified in order to facilitate consistency of modeling, simulation and evaluation within different research studies. In addition, it enables consideration of the time-dependent variation of operational choices, such as emissions factors, electricity tariffs and water demands, which has not been done previously. The utility of the framework is demonstrated for a case study, the results of which show that consideration of such variations can significantly affect optimal design and operational decisions, as well as their costs and GHG emissions.     

Model development in DNDC for the prediction of evapotranspiration and water use in temperate field cropping systems

This paper integrates recent research to improve, test, and verify the process based DeNtrification DeComposition (DNDC) model to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) through a revised FAO Penman–Monteith approach. ET estimates along with biomass and soil water content for spring wheat and corn were improved and found to be in good agreement with the observations at three field sites in eastern Canada (Ottawa). The statistical evaluations (RMSE (mm day⁻¹) and R²) of ET for the newly revised model (0.88 and 0.76 for corn and 0.93 and 0.78 for wheat) showed improvements over DNDC93 (1.95 and 0.22 for corn and 1.62 and 0.09 for wheat) which used the Thornthwaite equation for estimating potential evapotranspiration. In addition, evaluations of water use efficiency for corn and wheat showed good agreement between observations and the modified model. The study demonstrates the inter-dependencies of ET with biomass production and soil/atmosphere water balance.     

Prediction of sediment,particulate nutrient and dissolved nutrient concentrations in a dry tropical river to provide input to a mechanistic coastal water quality model

A Generalised Additive Modelling (GAM) approach is applied to prediction of both particulate and dissolved nutrient concentrations in a wet-tropical river (the Fitzroy River, Queensland, Australia). In addition to covariant terms considered in previous work (i.e. flow, discounted flow and a rising-falling limb term), we considered several new potential covariates: meteorological and hydrological variables that are routinely monitored, available in near-real time, and were considered to have potential predictive power. Of the additional terms considered, only flows from three tributaries of the Fitzroy River (namely, the Nogoa, Comet and Isaac Rivers) were found to significantly improve the model. Inclusion of one or more of these additional flow terms greatly improved results for dissolved nitrogen and dissolved phosphorus concentrations, which were not otherwise amenable to prediction. In particular, the Nogoa sub-catchment, dominated by pasture for cattle, was found to be important in determining dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations reaching the river mouth. This insight may direct further research, including future refinement of processed-based catchment models. The GAMs described here are used to provide near real-time river boundary conditions for a complex coupled hydrodynamic and biogeochemical model of the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon, and can be coupled with a forecasting hydrological model to allow integrated forecasting simulations of the catchment to coast system.     

Using habitat to quantify ecological effects of restoration and water management alternatives

The Ecosystem Functions Model (HEC-EFM) is designed to help study teams determine ecosystem responses to changes in the flow regime of a river or connected wetland. HEC-EFM analyses involve: 1) statistical analyses of relationships between hydrology and ecology, 2) hydraulic modeling, and 3) use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Through this process, study teams define existing ecologic conditions, highlight promising restoration sites, and assess alternatives according to predicted ecosystem changes. HEC-EFM has many strengths, most notably it 1) is capable of testing change for many ecological relationships and management scenarios, 2) links ecology with established hydrologic, hydraulic, and GIS tools, and 3) can be applied quickly, inexpensively, and can incorporate expert knowledge. This paper introduces HEC-EFM and describes its use for statistical analyses and habitat mapping. Two examples are provided: Provision of Sacramento splittail minnow spawning habitat, San Joaquin River, California, USA, and cottonwood seedling establishment, Bill Williams River, Arizona, USA.