“Stopping off” Materials for Use in the Electro-Deposition of Nickel

The results are presented of a quantitative study of the phosphoric acid anodizing of high purity aluminium. The effects of electrolyte concentration, temperature, anodizing time, current density and air agitation on the coating weight, metal loss, coating ratio and density of the anodic coating were investigated.

The use of phosphoric acid anodic coatings as a base for electrodeposition is discussed with particular reference to plating in a copper pyrophosphate solution and the growth of copper deposits in the anodic film. Tests on chromium/nickel/copper electrodeposits on 38 aluminium alloy are briefly described.     

STUDY OF ANODIC OVERVOLTAGE IN NEODYMIUM ELECTROLYSIS

The anodic overvoltage of neodymium electrolysis was determined by slow scanning oscillograrn. The effects of some factors, i.e. the temperature, the anodic current density, the concentration of Nd2O3 and the components of the electrolyte were investigated and the approaches to decrease the anodic overvoltage were also discussed. The results show that the anodic overvoltage increases with the anodic current density and decreases with the increasing temperature. The linear relation between the anodic overvoltage and the current density corresponding to Tafel equation is determined to some extent. The anodic overvoltage decreases with the increasing concentrations of LiF and NdF3. It also decreases by controlling the anodic current density properly, increasing the temperature or the concentrations of LiF and NdF3 and the reducing polar distance.     

Ar与H2混合气体保护下GTAW电弧特性数值模拟

针对Ar与H₂混合气体保护下GTAW焊接电弧的传热与流动特性,建立基于磁流体动力学的二维轴对称数学模型,结合麦克斯韦方程组与流体动力学理论对电弧的温度、电势、电弧压力以及电流密度等进行求解,又分别将传统氩弧与氩氢混合气体保护下电弧的阳极热进行分析与对比.结果表明,加入10%氢气后的电弧轮廓较传统氩弧略微收缩,电磁力增至约传统氩弧的2倍,温度、等离子体流速、电势、电流密度等都明显增大,导致更多热量传递给阳极,在一定程度上提高了焊接热效率.可为高效GTAW焊接工艺的进一步开发提供理论参考.     

不同电解温度下阳极氧化铝薄膜纳米孔的自组织过程

研究温度对阳极氧化铝薄膜纳米孔自组织过程的影响.使用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)研究了铝试样在硫酸、草酸、磷酸溶液中,于不同电解温度下阳极氧化形成的氧化铝薄膜形貌.通过分析阳极氧化时电流密度与时间关系曲线,研究了温度对阳极氧化铝薄膜纳米孔自组织过程的影响.提出降低电解温度能够缩短纳米孔自组织过程的时间,是由于降低电解温度增大了纳米孔内表面的表面张力.并且提出在不同的电解质溶液中,电解温度对纳米孔自组织过程的影响程度不同,电解温度对纳米孔自组织过程的影响以在硫酸溶液中最敏感,草酸次之,在磷酸溶液中的影响最小.     

稀土对6063铝合金阳极氧化膜厚度的影响

在硫酸、硫酸亚锡溶液中对添加稀土的６０６３铝合金进行阳极氧化和电解着色,系统地研究了氧化电解液浓度、温度、时间、电流密度对膜层厚度的影响．结果表明：稀土可以明显地提高６０６３铝合金氧化膜厚度,稀土含量以０．２０％为好．     

Anodic oxide films on nickel electrode in borate solutions

The effect of different concentrations of sodium borate, current densities, pH and temperature on the anodic oxidation of nickel was studied using galvanostatic polarization technique. The anodic potential-time curves showed four regions: the charging of the anodic double layer, an arrest corresponding to anodic dissolution and/or oxide film formation, linear rise in the potential due to the formation of barrier oxide film and finally deviation from linearity to reach steady-state potential value attributed to oxygen evolution reaction. The duration time of the arrest decreases with increasing current density and concentration of borate anion while the rate of oxide film formation increases. On the other hand, the duration time of the arrest increases with increasing pH and temperature of the solution while the rate of oxide film formation decreases. Increasing the borate concentration and pH of the solution shifted the starting potential of the arrest towards more negative values. Linear relationships were obtained between the starting potential of the arrest and both borate concentration and pH.     

次亚磷酸钠体系化学镀镍的电化学研究

运用阳极扫描法他次亚磷酸钠体系化学镀镍在镍电极上的电化学行为。结果表明,化学镀镍的两个部分反应之间存在的强烈的相互作用; 亚磷酸钠的直接氧化产物不是Ｈ３ＰＯ３,其氧化行为受自身浓度、溶液温度、ｐＨ、扫描速度以及Ｎｉ＾２＋浓度的影响。     

泡沫铝阳极氧化工艺研究

介绍了泡沫铝阳极氧化工艺,通过试验对比分析了KD-SY酸蚀工艺和碱蚀工艺的差异,探讨了泡沫铝阳极氧化过程中,硫酸浓度、电流密度、温度、Al3+浓度、杂质元素对阳极氧化膜的影响.     

泡沫铝阳极氧化工艺研究

介绍泡沫铝阳极氧化工艺。通过试验分析对比WL-SY酸蚀工艺和碱蚀工艺的差异,探讨泡沫铝阳极氧化过程中硫酸浓度、电流密度、温度、Al3＋浓度、时间、杂质元素对阳极氧化膜的影响。     

Wachstum und Auflösung anodisch erzeugter Oxidschichten auf Titan

Growth and dissolution of anodically obtained oxide layers on titanium Oxide films were grown by anodic polarization of titanium in various aqueous electrolytes. The field strength derived from film thickness and voltage is linearly related to the logarithm of the total current density. The current efficiency for film formation depends upon current density, pH-value, and film thickness. The dielectric constant of the film decreases with field strength from ε = 110 to ε = 7, but rises again at high field strengths and thick films. The dissolution rate of anodic oxide films on titanium was investigated as a function of pH-value, concentration of chloride, and temperature, respectively. Aging of the films in distilled water causes the dissolution rate to decrease by up to 3 order of magnitude.     

Anodic Dissolution of Nickel from the Individual and NiZn Intermetallic Phases in Acidic Sulfate Solutions. II. NiZn Intermetallic Compound

Comparative investigation of the anodic behavior of nickel in its own phase and in NiZn intermetallic compound in acidic sulfate solutions showed that the kinetics of anodic process is the same in both cases, but the partial anodic curve and the passivation potentials of nickel in NiZn phase are shifted in the negative direction by 140 mV. The passivation current is larger, and the dissolution rate of nickel from NiZn phase at the cathodic polarization is higher. The peculiarity of the behavior of nickel in NiZn phase is related to the activity of surface nickel atoms and the increase in the number of active sites of anodic dissolution. It is shown that introducing an electrochemically negative metal into an alloy can, under certain conditions, facilitate the passivation of the latter irrespective of the passivability of the former.     

Anodizing of magnesium alloy AZ31 in alkaline solutions with silicate under continuous sparking

Anodization is a useful technique for forming protective films on magnesium alloys and improves its corrosion resistance. Based on the alkaline electrolyte solution with primary oxysalt developed previously, the optimum secondary oxysalt was selected by comparing the anti-corrosion property of anodic film. The structure, component and surface morphology of anodic film and cross-section were analyzed using energy dispersion spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The corrosion process was detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that secondary oxysalt addition resulted in different anodizing processes, sparking or non-sparking. Sodium silicate was the most favorable additive of electrolyte, in which anodic film with the strongest corrosion resistance was obtained. The effects of process parameters, such as silicate concentration, applied current density and temperature, were also investigated. High temperature did not improve anti-property of anodic film, while applying high current density resulted in more porous surface of film.     

Über den Einbau von Phosphor in Aluminiumhydroxide und anodische Aluminium-Oxidschichten

The Incorporation of Phosphorus into Aluminium Hydroxides and Anodic Aluminium Oxide Films The in corporation of phosphorus during the anodic oxidation of high purity aluminium in phosphoric acid solutions increases with formation voltage (20 V to 100 V) and formation temperature. There is a minimum of phosphorus incorporation at a current density of 5 mA/cm². For this case, a dependence of porous oxide layer formation and an impurity ion incorporation with current density is discussed. Aluminium covered with a hydroxide film produced by a pretreatment with hot water before anodic oxidation exhibits phosphorus contents independent of formation voltage and current density but increasing with temperature. Hence, it follows, that no porous layer is formed and that phosphorus is incorporated predominantly by chemical reaction of hydroxide and phosphoric acid. The concentration of phosphorus is determined by using the radiotracer method.     

铝阳极氧化膜的显微组织与性能研究

研究了ＬＹ１１硬铝合金硫酸法阳极氧化膜的组织结构及其性能,讨论了电解液组成和工艺条件对它们的影响。结果表明,电解液中Ｈ２ＳＯ４浓度增大,易得到较厚的多孔型氧化膜;而稀Ｈ２ＳＯ４（１０％体积比）电解液,可获得致密、无孔洞的相对较薄的氧化膜,其耐蚀性、电绝缘性和表面硬度均明显改善。工艺操作参量中,保持较低的电解液温度、合适的阳极电流密度及氧化时间,有利于膜层综合性能的提高。     

Preparation and crystalline phase of a TiO2 porous film by anodic oxidation

Anatase titanium dioxide is an active photocatalyst, but it is difficult to immobilize on the substrate. A crystalline TiO2 porous film was prepared directly on the surface of pure titanium by anodic oxidation in this work. Constant voltage and constant current anodic oxidation were adopted with sulphuric acid used as the electrolyte, pure titanium as the anode and copper as the cathode. The morphology and structure of the porous film on the substrate were analyzed with the aid of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy （FESEM） and X-ray Diffraction （XRD）. The effects of the parameters of anodic oxidation （such as voltage, the concentration of sulphuric acid, anodization time and current density） on the aperture and the crystalline phase of the TiO2 porous film were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the increase of current density facilitates the augment of the aperture and the generation of anatase and mille. In addition, the forming mechanism of anatase and mille TiO2 porous films was discussed.     

纵向磁场下GTAW电弧传热与流动数值模拟

针对外加纵向磁场(LMF)下的焊接电弧的传热与流动特性,建立基于磁流体动力学的二维轴对称数学模型,将流体动力学理论与麦克斯韦方程组进行耦合对电弧的温度场、电势场、电弧压力以及电流密度等进行求解,又分别对磁感应强度为0与0.06 T下的阳极热进行定量分析与对比. 结果表明,外加LMF驱动带电粒子旋转并使电弧扩张,其中心出现负压并形成反重力流将阳极热汇聚于阴极附近,同时电弧因高速旋转增大热对流损失,降低焊接热效率.当磁感应强度为0.06 T时,阳极表面的电流密度、热流密度以及电弧压力等由中心分布转化为双峰分布模式.     

高压电子铝箔阳极电解扩孔行为

研究发孔铝箔在盐酸和硝酸溶液中的阳极极化行为与扩孔特性的关系。阳极扩孔的基本条件是将发孔箔的内、外表面都控制在钝化状态下。在盐酸溶液中,阳极极化时存在点蚀电位和一个较小的钝化电位区,当扩孔施加的电流密度大于临界点蚀电流密度时,铝箔表面发生二次发孔,导致形成孔蚀族与并孔,腐蚀箔厚度减薄,比电容显著降低。在硝酸溶液中,阳极极化时存在一个宽阔的钝化电位区,因此硝酸扩孔比盐酸扩孔容易控制,不会发生二次发孔。提高盐酸或硝酸浓度与温度均可以增大最大维钝电流密度,即增大扩孔的最大电流密度,提高扩孔的生产效率。     

化学镀镍磷表面改性Cu-Zn-Al形状记忆合金的腐蚀行为

采用电化学方法研究了Cu-Zn-Al形状记忆合金(SMA)及其化学镀镍磷表面改性试样在Tyrode's人工体液中的腐蚀行为.结果表明，在Tyrode's人工体液中Cu-Zn-Al SMA发生脱锌腐蚀.化学镀镍磷Cu-Zn-Al SMA随NaCl浓度增加、pH值降低、环境温度升高，阳极活性电流密度增大，电化学溶解敏感性增强.X-射线衍射分析结果表明，Cu-Zn-Al SMA表面化学镀镍磷后，形成了非晶态镀层，其在Tyrode's人工体液中的耐蚀性显著提高；这是由于改性表面形成均匀、稳定的阻碍性镀层，有效地将基体金属和外界腐蚀介质隔绝而达到防护作用. 镀镍磷      

High-speed anode dissolution of heat-resistant chrome-nickel alloys containing tungsten and rhenium: I. Chloride solutions

The results of a study on the anode dissolution of two heat-resistant chrome-nickel alloys containing tungsten (12 wt %) as well as tungsten and rhenium (8 wt % of W and 6 wt % of Re) are described. The experiments took place in 2 M NaCl at a current density of up to 40 μ/cm² using a rotating disk electrode. It is shown that the alloy with the greater tungsten content dissolves at a lower rate (due to the formation and accumulation of insoluble oxides layers on the surface) and at a current density lower than the maximum anode current density for the basic component (nickel, and, probably, cobalt) of the anodic dissolution. Transpassive dissolution takes place under conditions of thermokinetic instability of the electrode process. In this case, a decreasing dependence of the current efficiency on the current density is observed, and the dissolution rate is independent of the tungsten concentration in the alloy. In the region of the maximum anode currents and the transition from one area of dissolution to another, abnormal anode dissolution takes place due to chemical oxidation of intermediate products by oxidizers—anode-dissolution products or solution components. The results of varying the chemical composition on surfaces depending on the treatment mode are presented.     

钕电解阳极产物的研究

用Orsat气体分析器和色谱－质谱联用仪研究了正常电解和发生阳极效应时钕电解的阳极气体成分,探讨了温度,阳极电流密度等对阳极气体组成的影响,计算了钕电解的总反应方程式,结果表明,正常电解时钕电解的阳极气体主要成分为CO,另有少量CO2,气体组成与铝电解有所不同,电解温度升高,CO的相对含量增多,电流密度增加,CO的相对含量减少,发生阳极效应时,利用色谱－质谱联用仪首次检测出阳极气体中所含氟碳化合物为CF4。