P-MIP: Paging Extensions for Mobile IP

As the number of Mobile IP users grows, so will the signalling overhead associated with Internet mobility management in the core IP network. This presents a significant challenge to Mobile IP as the number of mobile devices scale-up. In cellular networks, registration and paging techniques are used to minimize the signalling overhead and optimize the mobility management performance. Currently, Mobile IP supports registration but not paging. In this paper, we argue that Mobile IP should be extended to support paging to improve the scalability of the protocol to handle large populations of mobile devices. To address this, we introduce P-MIP, a set of simple paging extensions for Mobile IP, and discuss the construction of paging areas, movement detection, registration, paging and data handling. We present analysis and simulation results for Mobile IP with and without paging extensions, and show that P-MIP can scale well supporting large numbers of mobile devices with reduced signalling under a wide variety of system conditions.     

移动IP的寻呼扩展技术

介绍了一种简单易行的移动IP的扩展方案,它通过对基本的移动IP协议进行简单的扩展,使其支持寻呼功能,减少大量的信令开销,使MIP能够支持大量移动用户。     

User Independent Paging Scheme for Mobile IP

Multi-step paging has been widely proposed in personal communications services (PCS) systems to reduce the signaling overheads. Similar ideas can be applied to Mobile IP to provide IP paging services. However, current proposed multi-step paging schemes are user dependent under which the partition of paging areas and the selection of paging sequence are different for each user. The performance of a user dependent paging scheme for individual users may be affected by many factors. It is often difficult to achieve perfect performance for each user. In addition, when multiple users are paged at the same time, user dependent paging schemes may consume significant system resources. This paper introduces a user independent paging scheme where the paging criterion is not based on individual user information. The goal of user independent paging is to provide satisfactory overall performance of the whole system, when personalized optimal performance for each user is hard to obtain. The user independent paging scheme is proposed for IP mobility for its easy implementation and convenient combination with paging request aggregation. The paging criterion adopted is the mobility rate of each subnet determined by the aggregated movements of all mobile users. In order to implement the proposed scheme, a concept of “semi-idle state” is introduced and the detailed solution for obtaining mobility rate is presented. Analytical results show that when paging one user at a time, the performance of the proposed user independent paging scheme is comparable to that of the paging schemes based on perfect knowledge of user movement statistics. When paging multiple users simultaneously and when the knowledge on individual user behavior is not perfectly accurate, the proposed scheme has remarkable advantages in terms of reducing the overall paging cost. Jiang Xie received her B.E. degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 1997, M.Phil. degree from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in 1999, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Georgia Institute of Technology in 2002 and 2004, respectively, all in electrical engineering. She is currently an assistant professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of North Carolina-Charlotte. Her current research interests include resource and mobility management of wireless networks,QoS provisioning, and next-generation Internet. She is a member of IEEE and ACM.     

Mobility management for VoIP service: Mobile IP vs. SIP

Wireless Internet access has gained significant attention as wireless/mobile communications and networking become widespread. The voice over IP service is likely to play a key role in the convergence of IP-based Internet and mobile cellular networks. We explore different mobility management schemes from the perspective of VoIP services, with a focus on Mobile IP and session initiation protocol. After illustrating the signaling message flows in these two protocols for diverse cases of mobility management, we propose a shadow registration concept to reduce the interdomain handoff (macro-mobility) delay in the VoIP service in mobile environments. We also analytically compute and compare the delay and disruption time for exchanging signaling messages associated with the Mobile IP and SIP-based solutions.     

移动IP网络中基于遗传算法的多步寻呼策略及性能分析

在移动IP网络中,层次移动IP协议可降低移动IP位置管理的信令消耗。该文研究支持寻呼的HMIPv6,提出了时延限制下的多步寻呼策略以及基于遗传算法的多步寻呼方案——根据移动节点的位置概率分布,采用遗传算法对寻呼区域内的所有子网进行分组,每步寻呼一个组,使平均寻呼信令开销达到或接近最优。此外,对HMIPv6、单步寻呼的HMIPv6以及基于遗传算法的多步HMIPv6寻呼方案的信令开销进行了比较分析,得出寻呼节省信令开销的必要条件。最后,给出一组数值结果以说明所提出的寻呼策略的有效性。     

Integrated Mobility Management Methods for Mobile IP and SIP in IP based Wireless Data Networks

With developments in voice over IP (VoIP), IP-based wireless data networks and their application services have received increased attention. While multimedia applications of mobile nodes are served by Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) as a signaling protocol, the mobility of mobile nodes may be supported via Mobile IP protocol. For a mobile node that uses both Mobile IP and SIP, there is a severe redundant registration overhead because the mobile node has to make location registration separately to a home agent for Mobile IP and to a home registrar for SIP, respectively. Therefore, we propose two new schemes that integrate mobility management functionality in Mobile IP and SIP. We show performance comparisons among the previous method, which makes separate registration for Mobile IP and SIP without integration, and our two integrated methods. Numerical results show that the proposed methods efficiently reduce the amount of signaling messages and delay time related to the idle handoff and the active handoff.     

An Empirical Analysis of Handoff Performance for SIP,Mobile IP,and SCTP Protocols

Over the last decade, we have witnessed a growing interest in the design and deployment of various network architectures and protocols aimed at supporting mobile users as they move across different types of networks. One of the goals of these emerging network solutions is to provide uninterrupted, seamless connectivity to mobile users giving them the ability to access information anywhere, anytime. Handoff management, an important component of mobility management, is crucial in enabling such seamless mobility across heterogeneous network infrastructures. In this work, we investigate the handoff performance of three of the most widely used mobility protocols namely, Mobile IP, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). Our empirical handoff tests were executed on an actual heterogeneous network testbed consisting of wired, wireless local area, and cellular networks using performance metrics such as handoff delay and handoff signaling time. Our empirical results reveal that Mobile IP yields the highest handoff delay among the three mobility protocols. In addition, we also found that SIP and SCTP yield 33 and 55% lower handoff delays respectively compared to Mobile IP.     

Micro mobility in the IP networks

Wireless access to Internet services will become typical, rather than the exception as it is today. Such a vision presents great demands on mobile networks. Mobile IP represents a simple and scalable global mobility solution but lacks the support for fast handoff control and paging found in cellular telephony networks. In contrast, second- and third-generation cellular systems offer seamless mobility support but are built on complex and costly connection-oriented networking infrastructure that lacks the inherent flexibility, robustness, and scalability found in IP networks. This paper presents an overview and performance comparison of two of the main micro-mobility protocols, namely Cellular IP and Hierarchical Mobile IP with regards to the handoff process for UDP applications. The differences in the handoff quality of the two protocols are small and can be traced to design choices within the typical model. There are however significant differences regarding the processing requirement, routing efficiency and parameters relating to implementation and deployment.     

Effect of dormant registration on performance of mobility management based on IP paging in wireless data networks

Unlike traditional cellular networks, which provide mainly voice services, there is, at present, no method that enables the effective management of terminal mobility for both active and idle mobile terminals in data networks. Although IP paging has been introduced to reduce power consumption of dormant mobile terminals, there is no concern to design an effective IP paging method for real wireless environments. Therefore, we propose a new dormant registration based IP paging method and analyze the effect of the dormant registration threshold used in IP paging on the performance of mobility management. Moreover, we demonstrate the importance of selecting an appropriate value for the dormant registration threshold.     

SMS-MIPv6: An End-to-End Mechanism for IPv6 Mobility Management in Mobile Networks

As IP has been extended from core networks to access networks, a mobile network can be considered as an overlay of a traditional cellular network and an IP network. SMS-MIPv6 attempts to integrate mobility management of these two kinds of networks. The basic idea behind SMS-MIPv6 is to exploit existing mobility management in the cellular network (i.e. in the form of well-defined short messages) to locate a Mobile Terminal (MT) in the IPv6 network. We should emphasize that the motivation of SMS-MIPv6 is not to replace or optimize existing mature mobility management schemes. On the contrary, as an entirely end-to-end mechanism for IPv6 mobility management, it provides an alternative mechanism for free peer-to-peer applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP) without support from mobile network operators. We describe the implementation of SMS-MIPv6 in detail and analyze its performance. The evaluation results show that SMS-MIPv6 achieves acceptable performance so that it can be deployed in most current mobile networks. It performs best in terms of signaling cost, data traffic overhead compared with Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Proxy MIPv6 (PMIPv6). Moreover, SMS-MIPv6 can reduce the handover latency significantly, although it is considered as a mobility management scheme for global mobility. However, it increases the session initialization latency due to hybrid binding through the cellular network.     

A comparison of different paging mechanisms for mobile IP

This paper proposes two Individual paging schemes, then presents a comparative analysis on the signaling cost functions of Mobile IP (MIP) with different paging protocols and paging schemes and investigates constructing optimal paging areas using discrete system model as a mobility model. In wireless mobile Internet, mobile hosts often visit foreign networks that might be far away from their home networks and the occurrences of their inter-domain movement are relatively rare. In this scenario, our analytical results show that paging, particularly individual paging, can significantly improve the total signaling cost of MIP. We show that Domain paging can bring about considerable cost saving compared to FA (Foreign Agent) paging. Our results also demonstrate the significant advantages of Individual Paging over Static Aggregate Paging. The results show that specifying the optimal paging area size is critical in saving signaling cost of MIP with paging support. Hung Tuan Do received the B.E. degree in Electrical Engineeing and Computer Science from Hanoi University of Technology, Vietnam, and the M.E. and the Ph.D. both from Gunma University, Japan. His research interests include Mobility Management, Wireless Internet and Mobile Ad hoc Networks. Yoshikuni Onozato is a Professor with Gunma University. His research interests are in satellite systems, computer communication networks and distributed computing systems and span the entire spectrum from the design and performance evaluation of these systems to their implementation. He is a member of IEEE, ACM, IPSJ, ORSJ and IEICE.     

Seamless Support for Mobile Internet Protocol Based Cellular Environments

Cellular is the inevitable architecture for the Personal Communication Service system (PCS) in the coming future. Access to the Internet via cellular networks is expected to become an essential portion of future wireless service offerings. Providing seamless support for IP based packet switched services has become an important issue.The Internet Engineering Task Force's (IETF's) mobile IP protocol offers a standard solution for wide-area mobility at the IP layer. However, Mobile IP does not solve all of the problems involved in providing mobile Internet access to cellular users, especially during handoff period. Thus, IPv6 might be a good candidate to solve this problem.IPv6 is a new version of the Internet Protocol that was standardized by the IETF. It supports mobility and is presently being standardized by the IETF Mobile IP Working Group. At the same time, cellular is an inevitable architecture for the Personal Communication Service system (PCS).This paper introduces the current cellular support based on the Mobile Internet Protocol version 6. We will point out the short-falls using Mobile IP and try to emphasize protocols especially for mobile management schemes that can optimize a high speed mobile station moving among small wireless cells. A comparison between those schemes and future work will be presented.     

A Distributed and Adaptive Location Management Scheme for Hierarchical Mobility Management

1IntroductionThe IETF Mobile IPstandards[1~2]were proposedtosolve the general problemof host mobility in the inter-net.However,whenthe number of Mobile Node(MN)grows rapidly and the MNare far away fromhome andwith micro mobility,this basic mechanism will …     

移动IP的预测移动管理

移动IP使移动主机在移动中能够接入Internet而不中断正在的连接，但移动IP的切换时延较大，不能保证业务的平滑切换，本文提出了层次和预测移动管理的方法，结合无线域内的邻居单播，取得了移动IP的快速和平滑的切换，改善了业务的QOS，并减少了无线域内有线网络的负担。     

IP Paging Service for Mobile Hosts

In wireless networks, mobile hosts must update the network with their current location in order to get packets delivered. Paging facilitates efficient power management at the mobile host by allowing the host to update the network less frequently at the cost of providing the network with only approximate location information. The network determines the exact location of a mobile host through paging before delivering packets destined to the mobile host. In this paper, we propose the concept of paging as an IP service. IP paging enables a common infrastructure and protocol to support the different wireless interfaces such as CDMA, GPRS, wireless LAN, avoiding the duplication of several application layer paging implementations and the inter-operability issues that exist today. We present the design, implementation, and detailed qualitative and quantitative evaluation, using measurements and simulation, of three IP-based paging protocols for mobile hosts.     

Investigation of multicast‐based mobility support in all‐IP cellular networks

To solve the IP mobility problem, the use of multicast has been proposed in a number of different approaches, applying multicast in different characteristic ways. We provide a systematic discussion of fundamental options for multicast‐based mobility support and the definition and experimental performance evaluation of selected schemes. The discussion is based on an analysis of the architectural, performance‐related, and functional requirements. By using these requirements and selecting options regarding network architecture and multicast protocols, we identify promising combinations and derive four case studies for multicast‐based mobility in IP‐based cellular networks. These case studies include both the standard any‐source IP multicast model as well as non‐standard multicast models, which optimally utilize the underlying multicast. We describe network architecture and protocols as well as a flexible software environment that allows to easily implement these and other classes of mobility‐supporting multicast protocols. Multicast schemes enable a high degree of flexibility for mobility mechanisms in order to meet the service quality required by the applications with minimal protocol overhead. We evaluate this overhead using our software environment by implementing prototypes and quantifying handoff‐specific metrics, namely, handoff and paging latency, packet loss and duplication rates, as well as TCP goodput. The measurement results show that these multicast‐based schemes improve handoff performance for high mobility in comparison to the reference cases: basic and hierarchical Mobile IP. Comparing the multicast‐schemes among each other the performance for the evaluated metrics is very similar. As a result of the conceptual framework classification and our performance evaluations, we justify specific protocol mechanisms that utilize specific features of the multicast. Based on this justification, we advocate the usage of a source‐specific multicast service model for multicast‐based mobility support that adverts the weaknesses of the classical Internet any‐source multicast service model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Home agent placement and IP address management for integrating WLANs with cellular networks

Seamless roaming between cellular networks (3G or upcoming 4G) and wireless local area networks can be provided using Mobile IP. However, GPRS/UMTS and 802.11-based WLAN networks have no native support for mobile IP. Mobile IP requires the deployment of home agents and a protocol between the mobile nodes, home agent, and corresponding nodes. We address the home agent placement and home address assignment issues for supporting mobile IP for heterogeneous roaming. Placement techniques for mobile IP home agents are presented including dynamic HA assignment in either WLAN or cellular network domains using the diameter mobile IP application. Next, we present several IPv4 home address assignment schemes for mobile nodes visiting in the WLAN domain such as NAT/NAPT traversal, reverse tunneling, and mobile VPNs. It is shown that HA placement and address management are orthogonal, and any combination is possible. Various architectures for both issues are evaluated against the optimal solutions     

Mobile IP中的切换技术

介绍了MobileIP的基本概念和其中的切换问题,分析了影响切换时通信性能的3个因素:移动检测、重新注册以及与上层协议的相互作用,提出了新的切换方案:将链路标识嵌入到FA的代理广播消息中,使得MH可以据此进行快速的移动检测;MH为发送端时,切换后主动发送未应答的TCP包;MH为接收端时,切换后通过主动发送多个TCPSACK包来请求发送端发送已丢失的TCP包。计算机仿真结果表明新的方案具有良好的性能。     

Mobile and Multicast IP Services in PACS: System Architecture, Prototype, and Performance

Traditionally, wireless cellular communication systems have been engineered for voice. With the explosive growth of Internet applications and users, there is an increasing demand on providing Internet services to mobile users based on the voice-oriented cellular networks. However, Internet services add a set of radically different requirements on to the cellular wireless networks, because the nature of communication is very different from voice. It is a challenge to develop an adequate network architecture and necessary systems components to meet those requirements.This paper describes our experience on developing Internet services, in particular, mobile and multicast IP services, in PACS (Personal Access Communication Systems). Our major contributions are five-fold: (i) PACS system architecture that provides wireless Internet and Intranet access by augmenting the voice network with IP routers and backbone links to connect to the Internet; (ii) simplified design of RPCU (Radio Port Controller Unit) for easy service maintenance and migration to future IP standards such as IPv6; (iii) native PACS multicast to efficiently support dynamic IP multicast and MBone connectivity; (iv) optimization and incorporation of Mobile IP into PACS handoff mechanism to efficiently support roaming within a PACS network as well as global mobility between PACS networks and the Internet; (v) successful prototype design of the new architecture and services verified by extensive performance measurements of IP applications. Our design experience and measurement results demonstrate that it is highly feasible to seamlessly integrate the PACS networks into the Internet with global IP mobility and IP multicast services.