魔芋/聚乙烯醇塑料薄膜的研究

以魔芋精粉和聚乙烯醇为原料,在交联剂甲醛存在的条件下,将魔芋凝胶与聚乙烯醇水溶液进行共混,共混时加入消泡剂和增塑剂。共混结束后将共混物流延成膜。在共混过程中,考察了魔芋凝胶与聚乙烯醇共混体系甲醛的用量、共混温度、共混时间、pH值、魔芋精粉与聚乙烯醇比例、甘油含量对薄膜各种性能的影响,发现当甲醛加入量为8ml、共混温度为80℃、共混时间为1 5h、甘油加入量为6ml、魔芋精粉与聚乙烯醇比例为1/2时,所制成的薄膜综合性能最优。     

交联魔芋-聚乙烯醇共混体系的性能研究

魔芋精粉糊化后与聚乙烯醇共混,同时加入增塑剂甘油、交联剂甲醛.考察了共混体系中魔芋精粉与聚乙烯醇质量比、甘油用量、甲醛用量、共混温度、共混时间对共混物黏度等性能的影响.考察了共混物在不同剪切速率、不同测试温度下的黏度变化.用傅立叶红外光谱、热重分析法、差示扫描量热法表征了共混物的结构和热性能.结果表明共混物流体呈假塑性,属于非牛顿流体,在所测的温度范围内,体系黏度与温度的关系较好地符合Arrhenius方程,共混物流变性能较好,易于用流延法铺膜;KGM与PVA分子间发生了多种交联作用,形成了相容性较好的共混体系.     

淀粉/聚乙烯醇全降解缓释塑料薄膜的制备与性能研究

聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶解后与淀粉(St)共混,同时加入增塑剂丙三醇、交联剂甲醛,反应结束后将包膜液流延成膜。考察了m(St)∶m(PVA)、反应温度、丙三醇用量、甲醛加入方式、甲醛用量、反应时间对薄膜性能的影响,并表征了薄膜的结构。结果表明:当m((St)∶m(PVA)=7∶3、反应温度为90℃、w(丙三醇)=3%(占St、PVA、纯水质量之和的质量分数)、甲醛一次性加入、w(甲醛)=2%、反应时间为1 h时,制得的塑料薄膜拉伸强度、断裂伸长率较大,吸水率和透NH4+率均较低,共混体系的相容性好。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖／丙烯酸接枝共聚膜性能研究

研究了以魔芋精粉的主要成分魔芋葡甘聚糖和丙烯酸为原料制备高强度接枝共聚膜的关键参数。结果表明,石蜡、甘油和过硫酸钾对薄膜拉伸强度和吸水率有显著影响。红外光谱表征表明,魔芋葡甘聚糖与丙烯酸发生了接枝共聚,显著地提高了薄膜的力学性能和耐水性能。当石蜡用量为4 mL、甘油用量为10 mL、过硫酸钾浓度为 1．5×10-3mol／L、反应时间为3．5 h、丙烯酸浓度为1．2mol／L时可得到综合性能优良的高强度薄膜。     

乙酰化淀粉/壳聚糖复合膜的制备及性能研究

首先对马铃薯淀粉进行乙酰化处理,然后采用共混法制备出乙酰化淀粉/壳聚糖复合膜,并分别考察了乙酸酐用量、壳聚糖用量、交联剂(乙二醛)用量、增塑剂(甘油)用量和反应温度等对复合膜性能的影响。研究结果表明:乙酰化淀粉可降低淀粉的结晶度,壳聚糖可改善复合膜的力学性能,甘油可改善复合膜的可塑性,乙二醛及PVA(聚乙烯醇)可提高复合膜的力学强度;当m(乙酸酐)=0.15 g、m(壳聚糖)=1.5 g、m(乙二醛)=0.3 g、V(甘油)=3 mL、V(PVA)=8 mL和反应温度为60℃时,复合膜的综合性能相对最好,其拉伸强度(8.55 MPa)相对最大。     

聚乙烯醇缩醛树脂中残留甲醛含量的影响因素

以尿素为甲醛捕捉剂,探讨了缩醛反应时间、反应温度、甲醛和聚乙烯醇的配比、盐酸、尿素、氢氧化钠等对聚乙烯醇缩甲醛溶液中残留甲醛含量的影响。结果表明,增加缩醛反应时间,利于降低产物游离甲醛含量。缩醛反应温度太低,产品中残留甲醛含量高。当反应温度由75℃增至88℃时,残留甲醛含量呈先快后慢的下降趋势变化。随投料中甲醛用量的提高,产物游离甲醛含量直线上升。当m（盐酸）：m（PVA）由0．12增至0．29时,甲醛残余量则由0．247％降至0．216％。增加尿素用量,甲醛残余量先快速下降,然后缓慢下降。增加氢氧化钠用量,残留甲醛含量先缓慢增加,后快速增加。     

溶液共混法制备高强度淀粉基完全生物降解塑料薄膜

利用一步溶液共混法，将预糊化的淀粉糊与PvA溶液共混，用乙二醛进行交联，制备淀粉／聚乙烯醇（PVA）完全生物降解塑料薄膜。研究不同乙二醛和甘油的用量对薄膜性能的影响。薄膜的力学性能、热性能和微观形态表征表明，淀粉／PvA体系具有较好的相容性和较高的力学性能，薄膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别可达到28．52MPa和307．5％。     

凹凸棒石/魔芋葡甘聚糖纳米复合材料的制备及性能

以江苏盱眙提纯凹凸棒石为原料,魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)为基体,采用共混法制备了凹凸棒石/魔芋葡甘聚糖纳米复合材料.利用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析(TG)手段对材料进行了表征.力学性能测试结果表明,改性凹凸棒石适量的引入,能提高复合材料的力学性能.纳米复合材料制备的较佳条件为:季铵盐用量为凹凸棒石用量的12％,改性时间为120 min,改性温度为85℃,改性凹凸棒石的填充量为魔芋质量的0.04％,增塑剂甘油的用量为魔芋质量的0.09％.FTIR表明:增塑剂甘油的加入,并未影响复合材料的结构.复合材料的热稳定性高于KGM薄膜.     

TPS/PVA共混物的热降解行为

以热塑性木薯淀粉(TPS)为研究对象,甘油或甲酰胺/尿素为增塑剂,通过熔融共混法制备TPS/聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混物,利用热重分析仪研究增塑剂种类、用量及PVA对TPS热降解行为的影响。结果表明:添加甘油的TPS热降解温度高于添加甲酰胺/尿素复配增塑剂;随着甘油用量的增加,TPS热降解温度降低;添加PVA后,TPS热降解温度降低,且随着PVA用量的增加而降低;TPS热降解过程分为3个阶段,TPS/PVA共混物的热降解分为4个阶段;随着升温速率的增加,TPS的热降解温度升高;采用Kissinger研究了TPS/PVA共混物的热降解动力学,PVA的加入降低了TPS的热降解活化能。     

超声波处理对凹凸棒石/魔芋葡甘聚糖复合材料性能的影响

以魔芋葡甘聚糖为基体,凹凸棒石为增强材料,采用共混法制备了凹凸棒石/魔芋葡甘聚糖复合材料.利用正交实验探讨了超声时间、超声功率、间歇时间和甘油用量对复合材料结构和力学性能的影响,并通过FT-IR、SEM对复合材料的结构进行了表征.试验结果表明通过超声波分散处理,凹凸棒石在魔芋基体中分散均匀,凹凸棒石与KGM的复合使KGM分子某些特征峰的波数发生了改变.当超声时间为15 min、超声功率为50 W、间歇时间为1 s和甘油用量为魔芋用量的9％时,复合材料的综合力学性能最好.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。