Effects of Various Sucrose Fatty Acid Ester Emulsifiers on High-Ratio White Layer Cakes

Sucrose fatty acid esters of various hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values were found to improve cake volume and softness as HLB increased. When present in high concentrations (1.0-2.0% total flour wt basis), however, the sucrose ester emulsifiers caused drastic changes in surface appearance and in cake symmetry. Visual observations, amylograph data, and microscopic studies indicated that the sucrose esters delayed the pasting and gelatinization of the starch granules. There did not appear to be any synergistic effects of the sucrose esters when blended with a commercial alpha-mono/diglyceride emulsifier.     

Antimicrobial Activity of Sucrose Fatty Acid Ester Emulsifiers

Six sucrose esters substituted to different degrees with a mixture of fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) were examined for antimicrobial properties. Growth and acid production of several lactic acid bacteria and growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were not inhibited by 0.2% of the sucrose esters in the test medium. Antimycotic activity was detected against several mold species from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Alternaria. The least substituted sucrose ester was the most active in reducing mold growth. Reduction of mold growth ranged from 37 to 91% with this ester at a 1% concentration. Inhibitory activity did not appear to be influenced by changes in pH. Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus was not affected by presence of 0.1% sucrose ester.     

蔗糖酯对酪蛋白乳浊液稳定性的影响

研究蔗糖酯用量对酪蛋白乳浊液的粒度分布、液相蛋白浓度、界面蔗糖酯浓度、脂肪部分聚结率及乳析率等指标的影响,探讨蔗糖酯对酪蛋白乳浊液稳定性影响的机理。实验表明:随着蔗糖酯用量增加,液相蛋白浓度与界面蔗糖酯浓度逐渐增加,脂肪部分聚结率呈下降趋势,乳浊液的粒径和乳析率逐渐减小,乳浊液稳定性逐渐提高。当蔗糖酯用量超过0.60%时,脂肪部分聚结率缓慢下降,而乳析率缓慢上升最后达到动态平衡。综合考虑,当蔗糖酯用量为0.60%时,乳浊液的稳定性最佳。     

Hot-stage Microscopy of Cake Batter Bubbles during Simulated Baking: Sucrose Replacement by Polydextrose

A hot-stage video microscopical technique was developed to study the effects of sucrose replacement by polydextrose (weight for weight basis) on the foam characteristics of cake batters, before and during heating. Polydextrose substitution increased the mean size of air-bubbles in the cake batter and introduced a larger variation in bubble size distribution than the sucrose batter. The differences between sucrose and polydextrose batters on initial bubble size distribution were reflected in expansion rates of bubble populations during heating. The lack of uniformity in the bubble distribution of batters containing polydextrose increased the rate of gas diffusion from small bubbles to larger ones. On heating, the bubble population of sucrose batters expanded more than that of polydextrose substituted batters.     

新型乳化剂-蓖麻醇酸蔗糖酯的合成与应用研究

本文采用新的微乳化法,以蔗糖和精制蓖麻油为主要原料,选择合适的催化剂,在短时间内完成蓖麻醇酸蔗糖酯（简称蔗糖酯或SE）的合成,该产品具有品质优良,成本较低,工艺先进等优点.利用该蔗糖酯及其复配制剂在防止面包老化的研究中效果显著.     

不同藜麦粉添加量对海绵蛋糕面糊特性及烘焙特性的影响

为提高无麸质蛋糕的品质,通过测定不同藜麦粉添加量的面糊的流变特性和密度;蛋糕的比容、烘焙损失率、色差、感官评分以及贮藏7 d后蛋糕的质构特性、水分分布和老化焓值等指标,探究藜麦粉对无麸质面糊特性及蛋糕品质的影响。结果表明,面糊的弹性模量（G′）、黏性模量（G″）和密度与藜麦粉添加量呈正相关,进而增大了蛋糕比容并降低烘焙损失率,蛋糕气孔分布更加均匀。高比例的藜麦粉（30%～50%）能有效延缓蛋糕的老化。在贮藏7 d后,对照组和50%藜麦粉老化焓值分别增加至1.42 J/g和0.92 J/g。综上,添加藜麦粉能够显著提高面糊的流变特性和蛋糕的烘焙特性,延缓蛋糕老化。综合蛋糕感官评分和老化特性,藜麦粉添加量为30%时较为适宜,可以赋予无麸质海绵蛋糕更好的品质。     

复配大豆磷脂和蔗糖酯对面包酵母冷冻保护作用

以质量比为2∶1的大豆磷脂和蔗糖酯复配处理面包酵母,研究了其对酵母抗冻性的影响。结果表明,与未添加乳化剂组相比,酵母在-30℃含复配乳化剂质量分数为4 g/dL的YPD培养液中冷冻贮藏5 d,解冻并于30℃平板培养48 h,存活率提高了60%,酵母生长适应期缩短了10 h左右。将乳化剂处理酵母应用于冷冻面团体系,面团经-30℃冷冻贮藏60 d后醒发时间缩短,醒发体积增大。扫描电镜观察表明酵母与乳化剂呈聚集状,存在一定的交互作用。     

米粉品种和粒度对蛋糕糊力学特性及成品品质的影响

为探究米粉品种和粒度对蛋糕糊力学特性及成品品质的影响,以粳米、籼米和糯米为研究对象,分别制备80,100,120,140目的米粉,分析蛋糕糊的质构、基础流变学特性以及蛋糕成品的质构特性、感官品质。结果表明,随粒度减小,损伤淀粉含量呈增加趋势,其中140目的糯米粉中损伤淀粉含量最大为23.1%。蛋糕糊的动态流变学结果表明,所有蛋糕糊的弹性均大于黏性,均表现出类似半固体的行为,初步判定为黏弹性流体。籼米粉和粳米粉蛋糕糊的G’值均高于糯米粉,G″值均低于糯米粉;随米粉颗粒粒度减小（80～140目）,籼米粉和粳米粉,蛋糕糊的G’增加,G″减小,而糯米粉相反。蛋糕糊的大形变质构特性结果表明,粳米粉、籼米粉、小麦粉蛋糕糊的弹性及回复性随粒度的减小而增大,黏聚性随粒度的减小而减小,而糯米粉蛋糕糊与之相反。蛋糕的质构结果表明,米粉粒度减小,蛋糕的硬度增大;米粉蛋糕的硬度与小麦粉蛋糕相比,整体上偏高,其中籼米粉蛋糕的硬度显著高于小麦粉和其它品种。感官分析粒度为120目的粳米粉评分最高。弹性模量与蛋白质和直链淀粉含量分别呈显著正相关和极显著正相关,与损伤淀粉含量呈显著负相关,黏性模量与直链淀粉含量呈极显著...     

几种乳化剂对小麦粉品质特性影响的研究

通过对乳化剂添加前后面团中蛋白质、淀粉性质、质构特性、微观结构等性质的比较,研究了乳化剂对小麦粉品质特性的影响.结果表明:乳化剂使得淀粉溶液碘蓝值、淀粉的溶解度和膨润力、静态提取麦胶蛋白和酸溶性麦谷蛋白含量、面皮的硬度和回复性降低,除单甘酯外,咀嚼性和凝胶性也降低,面筋交联度、弹性和黏着力增加;通过微观结构可以看出,乳化剂可与蛋白质相互结合形成大分子基团,使蛋白质的网络结构变得较为致密,并具有较好的立体感.     

青稞粉粒径及其高添加量对戚风蛋糕面糊特性和品质的影响

针对蛋糕制备中增加高纤原料含量容易带来的结构塌陷等品质不稳定问题,该研究选择高膳食纤维含量的青稞粉为主要粉料,探究青稞粉粒径及其高添加量对戚风蛋糕面糊特性和蛋糕品质的影响。以小麦粉基戚风蛋糕为对照,研究了不同粒径青稞粉（QKF80、QKF100、QKF120）在不同添加量（50%、75%、100%）下,面糊的比重、气泡分布、黏度以及蛋糕的比容、气孔结构、质构、感官品质的变化。结果表明,青稞粉粒径越大,膳食纤维含量越高,青稞粉的吸水吸油能力越强。随着青稞粉添加量的增多,面糊稳定性降低、比重及黏度增加,蛋糕比容减小、硬度增加、内部气孔变大,塌陷程度增加,感官品质下降。小粒径青稞粉可赋予面糊适当黏度,使之在缺乏面筋蛋白的情况下也能稳定。QKF120三种添加量下,面糊比重范围0.33~0.36,糊中气泡分布均匀,成品蛋糕比容4.8~5.2 mL/g,内部气孔结构致密均匀,质构特性及感官评分与小麦粉基蛋糕无显著性差异。该研究可为开发高含量青稞粉戚风蛋糕提供理论依据和实践参考。     

发酵时间和蒸制强度对预拌粉马拉糕面糊特性及品质的影响

马拉糕的传统制作步骤复杂耗时,产量低且品质不稳定,而采用预拌粉制备马拉糕能有效缩短生产周期,稳定产品品质。本研究以常见马拉糕预拌粉配方为基础,重点探究了发酵时间（0～70 min）对面糊pH、体积增长量、气泡分布、黏度的影响,以及不同蒸制强度（5～25 mL/min）对成品中心温度、比容、含水量、质构、内部气孔分布及感官品质等指标的影响。结果表明,发酵阶段,随着发酵时间的延长,20%、25%和30%含水量的面糊黏度先升高再降低,达到黏度最大值的时间分别为60、40和30 min;20%和25%含水量面糊的pH降低和体积增加趋势无显著差异（P>0.05）,30%含水量面糊的p H降低速率变缓,发酵70 min后的体积增量（70.4 mL）只达到前两者各自增量（123.9 mL）的57%。面糊内部气泡直径总体增加,但单位面积内气泡数目下降15%～20%,气泡表面占有率没有明显变化,25%含水量面糊气泡大小分布范围最广。蒸制阶段,蒸制强度10 mL/min下马拉糕比容最大,20 mL/min下水分含量最高;蒸制强度低于15 mL/min,硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、回复性显著增加（P<0...     

乳化剂对戚风蛋糕品质的影响研究

戚风蛋糕属于海绵蛋糕属,有着绵软而有弹性的结构,细密而紧韧的组织,滋润而嫩爽的口感。该文采用分蛋搅拌法制作戚风蛋糕,与传统法不同的是在蛋黄糊中运用了乳化剂,旨在研究不同乳化剂对戚风蛋糕品质的影响。以蛋黄糊的比容、成品回缩率、感官评分、水分活度等作为评判指标,获得采用分蛋搅拌法制作戚风蛋糕的复配乳化剂用量、组合及配比。     

The Effect of Fat Replacers on Batter and Cake Properties

Fat was replaced at 35% to 100% in cakes by maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent = 3), inulin (high performance and granulated), oligofructose, citrus pectin, and microparticulated protein. Fat replacement by 35% did not induce significant differences in general. Above 65% fat replacement resulted in statistically significant (P < 0.05) decreased viscosity (except for pectin) that was followed by statistically significant decrease in air incorporation and broader bubble size distribution. The starch gelatinization temperature showed a statistically significant increase when fat was replaced by fructose oligosaccharides. The cakes presented statistically significant increase of hardness, elasticity, and decrease of volume development as fat replacement increased above 65%. Also cakes with increased fat replacement received lower scores on taste and flavor, whereas at total fat replacement they were evaluated as not acceptable. Nevertheless, at 65% fat replacement, the samples presented acceptable textural, physical, and sensorial attributes.     

蔗糖混合脂肪酸酯制备工艺研究

以KOH与混合脂肪酸甲酯首先皂化反应生成部分中性皂作为乳化分散剂,蔗糖和脂肪酸甲酯在碳酸钾催化下发生酯交换反应合成蔗糖酯。正交试验得到最佳反应工艺条件：蔗糖0.3mol（102g）、脂肪酸甲酯／蔗糖摩尔比2、皂化剂KOH8.2％（蔗糖质量）、甲醇用量40％（蔗糖质量）、碳酸钾催化剂2％（蔗糖质量）、反应温度135℃、-0.03MPa负压下反应3h,蔗糖酯产品的最高得率为64.2％,并对蔗糖酯产品进行红外表征。     

蔗糖脂肪酸酯的合成

本文对蔗糖脂肪酸酯的物理、化学性质及合成反应机理进行了详细地介绍，并用乙醇为原料代替有毒的甲醇与硬脂酸反应，合成硬脂酸乙酯，由硬脂酸乙酯与蔗糖在无毒溶剂丙二醇存在下进行酯交换反应，合成了硬脂酸蔗糖酯。通过大量的实验确定了合成反应的最佳工艺条件，取得了较好的效果。     

Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Chiffon Cake Prepared with Erythritol as Replacement for Sucrose

ABSTRACT: The effects of erythritol on physical and sensory characteristics of chiffon cakes were studied. The results showed that chiffon cakes prepared with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% replacement of sucrose with erythritol were lighter in crust and crumb and less sweet in crumbs than those with sucrose. There were no differences in the specific gravity of cake batter, volume, and moisture content between cakes prepared with sucrose or erythritol. Results from sensory evaluation also showed no significant differences in crumb color, moistness, and tenderness for any cakes.     

探索不同乳化剂对含谷物调制乳饮料乳化稳定性的影响

通过单因素实验及感官品质评价方法,以稳定性及感官评价为指标,研究了蔗糖脂肪酸酯、单硬脂酸甘油酯、双乙酰酒石酸单双甘油酯、硬脂酰乳酸钠、聚甘油脂肪酸酯(三聚)、聚甘油脂肪酸酯(六聚)六种常用乳化剂单一和复配添加对含谷物调制乳饮料乳化稳定性的影响。结果表明,0.08%单硬脂酸甘油酯和0.03%双乙酰酒石酸单双甘油酯复配添加时,含谷物调制乳饮料的乳化稳定效果最好,常温贮存6个月观察,产品无沉淀,无明显脂肪上浮,理化指标均正常。     

蛋清糊物理特性及其对油炸猪肉片品质的影响

研究蛋清糊在3种分散剂中物理特性的变化规律及不同配比的蛋清糊对油炸猪肉片品质的影响。猪肉片挂糊后放入200℃的玉米胚芽油中油炸100s,捞出后将油升至220℃,再次油炸30s,冷却后进行感官评价。结果表明:随着蛋清液与淀粉质量比的增加,流变学黏度增加、析水率增加、凝沉性降低,不同分散介质之间差异显著;当蛋清液、淀粉、水的添加量分别为33.33%、50%、16.67%时,油炸猪肉片的品质最佳。