Effect of oral administration of heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 on total and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E production through the improvement of Th1/Th2 balance

We examined the effect of 59 strains of heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis on interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma production from mouse Peyer's patch (PP) cells. L. brevis has a great variety of strains that induce the production of these cytokines. Some L. brevis strains, which were selected for their ability to induce a strong Th1 immune response, inhibited both total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and antigen specific IgE production, and improved the Th1/Th2 balance by enhancing IL-12 and IFN-gamma and inhibiting IL-4 production from ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mouse splenocytes. Based on the results of this screening, we selected L. brevis SBC8803 as a potent inhibitor of IgE production, and investigated the effect of oral administration of heat-killed SBC8803 on IgE production in OVA-sensitized mice. OVA-sensitized mice were fed SBC8803 0% (control), 0.05%, or 0.5% added diet for 4 weeks during the period of the experiment. Total and OVA-specific IgE in the serum of mice, which were fed the 0.5% added diet, was significantly lower than that of the control diet fed mice. The IFN-gamma/IL-4 value, which represents the Th1/Th2 balance, from the 0.5% added diet fed mice splenocytes was also significantly higher than that of the control diet fed mouse splenocytes. Histamine release from OVA-sensitized mice into sera that were induced by the intraperitoneal antigen challenge decreased following the oral administration of SBC8803. The inhibition of IgE production and histamine secretion by the oral administration of heat-killed SBC8803 was probably due to the improvement of the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1 dominance.     

醋酸菌对C57BL/6J小鼠的酒精性肝损伤的影响研究

该文针对摄入醋酸菌对于酒精性肝损伤的影响进行了评价。将C57BL/6J小鼠（8周龄,雄性,22～27 g）分为对照组（非乙醇给药组）、乙醇组（给予2.5 g/kg乙醇）、乙醇+醋酸菌组（给予2.5 g/kg乙醇+10 mg醋酸菌）,分别每天给药3次,连续经口给药14 d,测定了血清谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）及肝脏油脂浓度。结果表明,与对照组相比较,乙醇组小鼠的AST与ALT浓度,肝脏甘油三酯与胆固醇浓度显著增高（P＜0.05）;乙醇+醋酸菌组的数值则显著低于乙醇组（P＜0.05）。以上结果表明,摄入醋酸菌有可能会减轻酒精性肝损伤。     

植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0386对C57BL/6小鼠胆固醇代谢的影响

目的:本研究测定了植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0386对模拟胃肠液的耐受力,并通过构建高脂血症模型小鼠评价该菌株对小鼠体内胆固醇代谢的影响。方法:体外模拟胃液肠液,菌落计数法检测胃液肠液耐受性,并以健康C57BL/6雄性小鼠为对象,设置空白组、模型组、低剂量组、高剂量组、普伐他汀对照组,分别以生理盐水、KLDS 1.0386悬浊液和普伐他汀连续灌胃4周,检测小鼠肝脏胆固醇和甘油三酯,粪便胆汁酸和胆固醇水平。结果:在p H为3的模拟胃液环境中,该菌株3 h存活率可达92.62%,在模拟肠液环境中,3 h存活率为83.91%,说明植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0386能通过胃进入肠道并保持活性。植物乳杆菌KLDS 1.0386菌株可显著降低高脂小鼠肝脏甘油三酯和胆固醇水平(p<0.05),增加粪便胆汁酸和胆固醇的排出(p<0.05)。结论:该菌可以用做降胆固醇的潜在益生菌。      

维生素B族复合TRP肽和SOD对焦虑性抑郁症C57BL/6小鼠行为学改善的影响

研究了维生素B族复合TRP肽和SOD对焦虑性抑郁症C57BL/6小鼠行为学、血清炎症因子水平的改善作用以及对脑部组织抗氧化活性的影响。维生素B族复合TRP肽和SOD(V_B3V_B6TRP肽SOD=21034;VBPS)高、中、低灌胃剂量分别为260,195,130mg/(kg·d)。研究表明,VBPS能够逆转焦虑性抑郁症小鼠的焦虑样和抑郁样行为、改善其体重增加缓慢的症状,VBPS高剂量组效果显著。VBPS能够降低血清炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IFN-γ)水平和降低大脑组织丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量和SOD、CAT、NOS抗氧化酶的活性。此外,VBPS可诱导色氨酸—犬尿氨酸(TRP-KYN)代谢下调和犬尿氨酸—烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(KYN-NAD⁺)代谢上调。综上所述,与焦虑性抑郁症对照组小鼠相比,VBPS治疗的小鼠具有抗炎、抗氧化、逆转焦虑性抑郁症小鼠行为障碍和体重增加缓慢的作用,从而证明膳食补充VBPS具有显著的改善焦虑性抑郁症的作用。     

(-)-Secoisolariciresinol attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice

Flaxseed lignan, secoisolariciresinol has been reported to possess health benefits. We previously synthesized each stereoisomer of secoisolariciresinol and found that (-)-secoisolariciresinol reduces lipid accumulation and induces adiponectin production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Here we show the effects of (-)-secoisolariciresinol on high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 male mice. Oral administration of (-)-secoisolariciresinol for 28 consecutive days significantly suppressed the gain of body weight. Increased serum adiponectin level and decreased gene expression of fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c in liver, which are related to fatty acid synthesis, were observed in the mice orally administered with (-)-secoisolariciresinol. In addition, subcutaneous injection of (-)-secoisolariciresinol also significantly suppressed the gain of body weight. Serum leptin levels were significantly increased by treating with (-)-secoisolariciresinol or (-)-enterolactone. Subcutaneous injection of (-)-secoisolariciresinol, (-)-enterolactone, or (-)-enterodiol promoted gene expression of acyl-CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, which are related to β-oxidation. Overall results suggest that (-)-secoisolariciresinol exerts a suppressive effect on the gain of body weight of mice fed a high-fat diet by inducing gene expression of adiponectin, resulting in the altered expression of various genes related to the synthesis and β-oxidation of fatty acids.     

德氏乳杆菌KY20 胞外多糖对C57BL/6 小鼠肥胖的预防作用

为探究德氏乳杆菌（Lactobacillus delbrueckii）KY20及其胞外多糖（exopolysaccharide,EPS）对高脂饮食小鼠肥胖的预防作用,首先对KY20的生长速率、耐酸、耐胆盐活性进行测定,并对其EPS进行提取纯化;采用高脂饮食构建肥胖小鼠模型,设立正常组、模型组、KY20组及其EPS低、中、高剂量组,连续灌胃12周并定期记录小鼠体质量,测定葡萄糖耐量、胰岛素耐量、脏器指数,苏木精伊红染色观察肝脏和脂肪组织变化,试剂盒检测胰岛素、总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C）含量,气相色谱法检测小鼠盲肠内容物中短链脂肪酸（short chain fatty acids,SCFAs）的含量。结果显示,德氏乳杆菌KY20具有较强的耐酸、耐胆盐能力,并对青霉素、庆大霉素等有敏感性;KY20及其胞外多糖能够...     

虾过敏C57／BL6小鼠动物模型的建立

目的：建立C57／BL6小鼠虾过敏动物模型及其腹腔肥大细胞过敏模型。方法：运用虾蛋白粗提液免疫致敏C57／BL6小鼠,采用Western Blot鉴定致敏小鼠血清中特异性lgE和lgG1抗体;收集小鼠腹腔致敏肥大细胞（PMC）,运用虾不同的过敏原组分诱导PMC体外定向释放组胺,HPLC和荧光酶标仪法检测组胺释放水平。结果：Western Blot结果显示致敏小鼠血清IgE和IgGl与相对分子量为36ku的原肌球蛋白反应率分别为57．1％和74．1％,与80ku过敏原的反应率均为42．9％,与21ku过敏原的反应率分别为42．9％和28．6％。HPLC和荧光酶标仪法检测PMC定向释放组胺的结果无显著差异,36ku的原肌球蛋白定向诱导组胺的释放率最高,分别为18．52％和21．59％,80ku和21ku蛋白次之,表明36ku的原肌球蛋白是C57／BL6小鼠的主要虾过敏原,21ku和80ku蛋白是次要过敏原,这与人类虾过敏的状况相一致。结论：C57／BL6小鼠是一种有效的虾过敏动物模型,其腹腔肥大细胞是一种可行的检测和评价食物过敏原的细胞模型。     

Red pepper seed water extract suppresses high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice

Food Science and Biotechnology - In this study, the protective effect of red pepper seed water extract (RPS) against the obesity in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice was investigated (HFD control group,...     

An extreme bias in the germ line of XY C57BL/6<->XY FVB/N chimaeric mice

Chimaeric analysis is a powerful method to address questions about the cell-autonomous nature of defects in spermatogenesis. Symplastic spermatids (sys) mice have a recessive mutation that causes male sterility due to an arrest in germ-cell development during spermiogenesis. Chimaeric mice were generated by aggregation of eight-cell embryos from sys (FVB/N genetic background) and wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice to determine whether the male germ-cell defect is cell-autonomous. The resulting FVB/N<->B6 chimaeras (<-> denotes fusion of embryos) were mated with FVB/N mice and coat colour of offspring was used to identify transmission of FVB/N or B6 gametes. Regardless of the relative contribution of B6 to somatic tissues of the chimaeras, almost all (282 of 284; 99.3%) offspring of B6 XY<->XY FVB/N (+/+ or sys/+) males (n = 9) received a FVB/N-derived paternal gamete. After mating of female B6<->FVB/N chimaeras, 51 of 73 (69.9%) offspring received an FVB-derived maternal gamete. Southern blot analysis of different tissues from chimaeric males indicated that, despite the presence of balanced chimaerism in somatic tissues, the germ line in B6 XY<->XY FVB/N mice was essentially FVB/N in composition. Thus there is a strong selective advantage for FVB/N male germ cells over B6 male germ cells in B6<->FVB/N-aggregation chimaeras at some stage during development of the male germ line. Each of three male chimaeras that were either B6 XY<->XY FVB/N (sys/sys) or B6 XX<->XY FVB/N (sys/sys) in composition was sterile, and testis histology was essentially sysmutant. This finding indicates that the function of the gene(s) affected in the sys mutation may be required in the testis, although whether expression is required in germ cells, somatic cells or both remains unknown. The extreme bias in transmission of male gametes has implications for experimental design in studies that use chimaeric analysis to address questions regarding the cell-autonomous nature of germ-cell defects in mice.     

Prevention of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by fermented Curcuma longa L. in C57BL/6 mice

The protective effect of fermented Curcuma longa L. (FC) was investigated in male C57BL/6 mice under ethanol-induced oxidative stress. Ethanol markedly elevated levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in mice. However, mice receiving FC prior to ethanol treatment did not display hepatotoxicity as evidenced by the significant reductions of AST and ALT activities. When compared to the ethanol-alone treated group, FC group exhibited a significant decrease in cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity, an enzyme associated with oxidative stress. Indicators of the hepatic antioxidant defense system, such as levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione were also increased in FC-pretreated mice. The amelioration of malondialdehyde was indicative of the protective effect of FC against liver damage mediated by ethanol. These results suggest that FC could be a candidate used for the prevention against alcoholic liver diseases by the alleviation of oxidative stress via suppressing CYP2E1.     

Effects of fermented barley on lipid and carnitine profiles in C57BL/6J mice

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fermented barley supplementation on blood lipid profiles, carnitine concentrations, and hepatic mRNA levels of enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Thirty-two C57BL/6J male mice were divided into 4 groups; normal diet control group (ND), high fat diet control group (HD), high fat diet plus barley supplemented group (BR), and high fat diet plus fermented barley supplemented group (BR-F). BR-F supplementations decreased total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol in serum, triglyceride (TG) in liver. Serum total carnitine (TCNE) concentrations were significantly higher in the BR-F group than HD group. BR-F supplementations significantly increased hepatic lipolysis regulating gene expression such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), whereas significantly decreased lipogenic enzyme expression such as acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). These results suggest that the fermented barley has anti-obesity properties.     

Dietary influences on nonexercise physical activity and energy expenditure in C57BL/6J mice

It is well established that the lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain or obesity. However, there is limited information on influences of diet components on physical activity. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of major dietary components on energy expenditure by affecting nonexercise physical activity in C57BL/6J mice. All mice were assigned to 1 of the following 4 dietary groups based on their body weight and baseline physical activity; low fat/normal protein, high fat/normal protein, low fat/low protein, or low fat/high protein. After 3 mo, the highest weight gain was observed in animals fed with high-fat/normal-protein diet, and the caloric intake was significantly lower in low-fat/high-protein diet-fed mice compared to other groups. However, there were no significant changes in nonexercise physical activity during experimental periods in all groups. The respiratory quotient and energy expenditure were not significantly different among the dietary groups. These findings suggest that diet-induced obesity is not explainable by levels of physical activity and energy expenditure. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The understanding the link between diet and nonexercise physical activity would provide important knowledge that will potentially assist appropriate food choices to control obesity and its related health problems.     

Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits urate crystals‐induced peritoneal inflammation in C57BL/6 mice

Gouty arthritis is a type of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals‐induced inflammation in the articular tissue and shows the increased levels of neutrophil infiltration and IL‐1β secretion. MSU is capable of activating IL‐1β through a nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a bioactive polyphenol in green tea with potent antioxidant activity, is effective to prevent rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, it remains unclear whether EGCG improves gouty inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of EGCG on MSU‐induced inflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. C57BL/6 mice were received subcutaneous injection or oral gavage of EGCG before the intraperitoneal injection of MSU. The results demonstrated that EGCG inhibited MSU‐induced neutrophil infiltration and IL‐1β secretion. Furthermore, EGCG decreased MSU‐triggered neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 and NLRP3 protein expression, limiting pro‐inflammatory mediator secretion such as IL‐1β, IL‐6, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, and serum amyloid A. In addition, EGCG treatment suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in MSU‐challenged THP‐1 monocytes. These findings indicate that EGCG treatment ameliorates MSU‐induced inflammation, suggesting that EGCG exerts anti‐inflammatory effect against MSU‐induced acute gout attack.     

Whole grain cereal attenuates obesity-induced muscle atrophy by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway in obese C57BL/6N mice

Whole grain comprises starchy endosperm, germ, and bran tissues, which contain fibers, minerals, vitamins, and several phytochemicals. Whole grain cereal (WGC)-based food products supply beneficial nutrients (essential for health care) and macronutrients (essential for body maintenance and support). The present study investigated the inhibitory effect of WGC on obesity-induced muscle atrophy in obese C57BL/6N mice. WGC attenuated the body weight gain, fat pad mass, adipocyte size, food efficiency ratio, serum lipid profile, and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Furthermore, WGC increased muscle mass and muscle strength by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. Accordingly, WGC up-regulated the expression of factors that regulate muscle hypertrophy and myogenesis, whereas it down-regulated the atrophy-related factors. Overall, these results demonstrate that WGC effectively attenuates obesity-induced muscle atrophy as well as overall obesity, suggesting that WGC can be used as a functional food.     

苦丁茶粗多酚对DSS诱导C57BL/6J小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的预防作用

目的:通过DSS（葡聚糖硫酸钠）诱导溃疡性结肠炎（UC）动物模型对苦丁茶粗多酚（KTCP）的UC预防效果进行了研究。方法:使用试剂盒检测小鼠的血清指标,同时使用RT-PCR技术检测小鼠结肠组织的mRNA表达。结果:动物实验结果显示KTCP能控制UC造成的小鼠体重下降和疾病活动指数（Disease activity index,DAI）增高;同时,KTCP还可以使UC造成结肠长度缩短和结肠重量/结肠长度比值降低得到有效的控制。解剖小鼠后对小鼠的血清和组织进行实验,观察到KTCP可以提高血清中SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）含量、降低细胞因子IL-6（白介素-6）、IL-12（白介素-12）和TNF-α（肿瘤坏死因子-α）的水平;KTCP还可以降低结肠组织中MPO（髓过氧化物酶）、MDA（丙二醛）的含量、提高GSH（谷胱甘肽）的含量。RT-PCR实验结果显示,相对于对照组KTCP可以下调结肠组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和CXCR2的mRNA表达。同时,高浓度的KTCP使小鼠的实验指标更接近于正常组小鼠,显示出更好的效果。结论:KTCP具有较好的溃疡性结肠炎的预防作用。