磁控溅射和多弧离子镀制备Cr涂层Zr-4合金的微观结构和抗高温氧化性能

为了对比研究磁控溅射和多弧离子镀两种工艺制备的Cr涂层Zr-4合金微观结构和抗高温氧化性能,分别采用直流磁控溅射和多弧离子镀制备了Cr涂层Zr-4合金样品,在空气气氛中开展高温氧化试验研究。结果表明,磁控溅射制备的Cr涂层Zr-4合金样品表面光滑,Cr涂层沿着(211)晶面择优生长,而多弧离子镀制备的Cr涂层Zr-4合金样品表面存在大量的滴液,Cr涂层沿着(110)晶面择优生长。高温氧化试验结果显示,磁控溅射制备的Cr涂层Zr-4合金样品的氧化质量增加约为多弧离子镀的一半,氧化后的微观结构显示磁控溅射制备的样品还有约4 μm厚的残留Cr涂层,且O原子仅仅大量扩散到距表面约8 μm处,而多弧离子镀制备的样品表面Cr涂层全部被氧化,且O原子大量扩散到距样品表面约1 mm深处的Zr-4合金基体中。因此,磁控溅射制备的Cr涂层Zr-4合金具有更好的抗高温氧化性能。     

空心阴极电弧镀NiCrAlY涂层的抗氧化性能

采用空心阴极电弧离子镀技术制备NiCrAlY涂层,研究涂层的高温抗氧化性能。结果表明涂层组织致密,与合金结合状态良好。电弧离子镀NiCrAlY涂层在1 100℃恒温氧化100h后增重只有2.22mg/cm2,在100次循环氧化后仍没有失重现象,其抗恒温氧化和抗循环氧化性能远优于成分相近的超音速火焰喷涂、爆炸喷涂和大气等离子喷涂的NiCrAlY涂层。电弧离子镀NiCrAlY涂层在恒温氧化和循环氧化过程中表面均形成了连续致密、粘附性的氧化铝保护膜。氧化膜没有翘起和剥落现象,涂层组织在氧化后仍然完整致密。热喷涂NiCrAlY涂层在上述氧化过程中则生成了保护性较差的Ni、Cr和Al混合氧化物,并发生了氧化膜剥落,同时有严重的内氧化现象。     

锆合金表面涂层耐高温高压动水腐蚀性能的研究

目的 提高锆合金在高温高压环境中耐动水腐蚀性能。方法 利用多弧离子镀技术（MAIP）在Zr-4合金表面分别制备了Al2O3涂层和Cr/TiAlN复合涂层,利用磁控溅射技术（MS）在Zr-4合金表面制备了TiN涂层。通过堆外高压釜实验,对比研究了三种不同涂层的耐高温高压动水腐蚀性能,利用自动划痕仪检测膜基结合力,利用XRD分析涂层的物相成分,利用SEM观察涂层腐蚀前后的微观形貌,利用EDS对涂层元素种类与含量进行分析。结果 多弧离子镀技术制备的Al2O3涂层和Cr/TiAlN涂层致密度较高,但表面存在少量大颗粒与微孔洞;磁控溅射技术制备的TiN涂层均匀平整,表面大颗粒较少。Al2O3涂层、TiN涂层和Cr/TiAlN涂层可承受的临界载荷分别为26、16、26.5 N。在实验条件下,Cr/TiAlN涂层和TiN涂层表面均发生了剥落或腐蚀现象,且这两种试样表面均检测出大量的ZrO2,而Al2O3涂层几乎未被破坏,基体得到了充分防护。结论 利用多弧离子镀技术在Zr-4合金表面制备的Al2O3涂层和Cr/TiAlN涂层的膜基结合力较高,利用磁控溅射技术制备的TiN涂层的膜基结合性能较差,其中Al2O3涂层具备良好的耐腐蚀性能,在高温高压动水腐蚀环境中能够有效地保护锆合金基体。     

锆合金表面CrAl涂层的高温氧化与拉伸行为

为研究CrAl涂层的高温氧化和拉伸行为,提高锆合金的抗高温氧化性能,采用多弧离子镀技术在锆合金表面制备CrAl涂层。利用高温热处理炉在360~1160℃和860~1160℃下分别对原始锆合金和带CrAl涂层锆合金进行氧化测试,研究二者的氧化增重行为。采用扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）对氧化前后样品的微观形貌、成分与相结构进行系统表征分析。通过原位拉伸测试对原始锆合金和带CrAl涂层试样的力学性能进行研究。结果表明：CrAl涂层氧化时通过形成致密的Al₂O₃和Cr₂O₃氧化层,显著降低了氧化增重,在1060℃高温下基体未被明显氧化。原位拉伸时CrAl涂层直到4%应变时才出现少量微裂纹,显示出较好的塑性变形能力,样品断裂前未见涂层剥落。多弧离子镀制备的CrAl涂层表现出优异的抗氧化性能,涂层与锆合金具有较好的力学相容性,该涂层具有发展成为事故容错燃料（ATF）包壳涂层的潜力。     

锆合金表面CrAl基耐高温涂层及氧化行为研究

目的了解锆合金和涂层的高温氧化行为,通过表面涂层提升锆合金的耐高温氧化性能。方法采用多弧离子镀技术在锆合金基体上制备了CrAlN、CrTiAlN涂层,模拟反应堆失水(LOCA)事故时的高温氧化行为,在360～1160℃下进行1 h氧化测试,对原始锆合金和带涂层样品的氧化增重行为进行了研究。通过X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对氧化前后样品的物相结构和形貌进行系统表征分析。结果锆合金在760℃及以下形成深色的混合型锆氧化膜,在860℃以上呈现龟裂和局部剥落。两种涂层氧化时,通过形成致密的Cr_2O_3和Al_2O_3混合氧化层,显著降低了氧化增重。CrAlN涂层在760℃时具有较好的抗氧化性,1060℃时开裂而失去保护作用。CrTiAlN涂层在860℃时能保护基体不受氧化,1060℃时局部开裂,基体开始出现氧化层。结论利用多弧离子镀技术制备的锆合金表面CrAlN和CrTiAlN涂层,在模拟反应堆LOCA事故下具有良好的耐高温氧化性,显示出这两种涂层有潜力发展成为核用事故容错燃料(ATF)包壳涂层。     

电镀Cr涂层锆合金的腐蚀行为

在360℃、18.5 MPa的超纯水溶液中和高温(1000和1200℃)水蒸气环境中对采用电镀技术制备的Cr涂层锆合金和没有涂层的锆合金进行了腐蚀行为对比研究。结果表明：在上述腐蚀条件下，Cr涂层显著提升了锆合金的耐腐蚀性能，氧化增重显著降低。与没有涂层的锆合金相比，在高温水蒸气环境中腐蚀54 min后，Cr涂层锆合金的氧化增重下降了一个数量级，在高温高压水环境中腐蚀48 h后，其氧化增重下降了75%。腐蚀后，在Cr涂层锆合金表面形成了细长絮状结构；氧化层越靠近样品表面，结构疏松、空洞数量多且尺寸大；而在靠近Cr涂层与氧化层的界面处，结构致密、无明显尺寸空洞。     

钛合金微弧氧化/有机硅转化复合涂层的制备与高温性能

为提高钛合金的高温抗氧化性能,采用微弧氧化法和有机硅转化法在TA15合金表面制备出微弧氧化/有机硅转化复合涂层。采用XRD、SEM、EDS等方法分析涂层的组织结构,并评价涂层在700℃时的高温氧化行为。结果表明:微弧氧化涂层主要由锐钛矿相和金红石相Ti O2组成,涂层表面存在直径约5μm的微孔,但涂层内层致密。微弧氧化涂层表面的有机硅转化层主要由Ce O2、Si C、Al和Al_2O_3相组成,厚度约为20μm;微弧氧化涂层与有机硅转化涂层之间无明显界线,界面结合良好。在700℃长时间高温氧化20 h后,TA15合金的氧化增重为0.5875 mg/cm2,微弧氧化涂层的增重为0.2513 mg/cm2,而复合涂层显著改善抗氧化性能,增重仅为0.0506 mg/cm2。700℃至室温热冲击50循环后,复合涂层没有发现剥落,显示出良好的抗热震性能。     

Al涂层对γ-TiAl合金高温抗氧化能力的影响

研究了多弧离子镀铝对γ-TiAl合金850℃、950℃恒温氧化性能的影响,同时分析讨论了镀铝层的氧化机制.结果表明:多弧离子镀铝后,形成的纯铝涂层均匀致密,无裂纹、孔洞,与基体结合良好.静态空气中,850℃氧化100 h后,形成了连续致密的Al2O3膜层及扩散层TiAl3相;950℃氧化100 h后,表面氧化膜由Al2O3及少量的TiO2组成,膜层中TiAl2为主要成膜相.多弧离子镀铝有效地提高了γ-TiAl合金高温抗氧化性能.     

真空热处理对多弧离子镀NiCoCrAlY涂层高温氧化行为的影响

采用多弧离子镀技术在镍基高温合金上沉积NiCoCrAlY涂层,通过真空热处理消除涂层内部孔洞。研究了950、1000和1050℃热处理后的涂层在1000℃下的氧化实验,以探究最优的热处理温度。采用XRD、SEM和EDS观察分析涂层的物相组成和表截面形貌。结果表明,真空热处理后,基体与涂层结合紧密,氧化增重相对缓慢,涂层表面能形成均匀致密的氧化膜。其中,1000℃下真空热处理的涂层表现出了良好的抗氧化和防剥落性能。     

锆表面磁过滤阴极真空弧离子镀Cr涂层高温蒸汽氧化行为研究

采用磁过滤阴极真空弧离子镀(FCVAD)技术在纯锆表面制备了厚度约为4μm的Cr金属层,对比研究了它们在不同温度水蒸汽环境中的氧化行为,并利用XRD、XPS、SEM及EDS分析了Cr涂层及氧化膜的物相组成、微观结构及成分分布。结果表明,在900、1000和1100℃水蒸汽环境中,镀Cr涂层大幅度降低了锆的氧化速率,其单位面积氧化增重仅为同一温度下锆基体的1/4、1/6和4/9。氧化初期,Cr涂层表面生成一层均匀致密的Cr_2O_3膜,当Cr层被消耗完后,Cr_2O_3/Zr界面上部分Cr_2O_3被Zr还原成金属Cr,锆基体氧化生成ZrO_2。镀Cr涂层样品的氧化激活能达293.17 kJ/mol。     

Influence of metal ions on the formation of artificial zinc rusts

The artificial rust particles were prepared from ZnCl₂ solutions dissolving Al(III), Fe(III), Fe(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Mg(II) at different atomic ratios from 0 to 0.3 in metal/Zn. With increasing metal/Zn the crystal phases of the products turned following as ZnO → a mixture of ZnO and Zn₅(OH)₈Cl₂ · H₂O (ZHC) → ZHC. Al(III) most facilitated the formation of ZHC but Mg(II) and Fe(III) produced no ZHC. The morphology of the formed particles varied following as agglomerate → fine → rod → sheet → irregular with the increase of metal/Zn. The sheet and irregularly shaped particles were identified as ZHC and the other particles as ZnO.     

Effect of dislocation density on the low temperature aging behavior of an ultra low carbon bake hardening steel

Strain aging was studied in an ultra low carbon (ULC) steel with a total carbon content of 20 ppm (wt.%) in order to identify the process stages and mechanism of bake hardening in this type of steel. The effects of dislocation density, varied by means of uniaxial tensile prestraining (1–10%) on the aging kinetics were investigated within an aging temperature range of 50–170°C. The aging was evaluated by means of strength measurements and the determination of interstitial carbon content after aging using a piezoelectric composite oscillator operating at 40 kHz. The interaction between interstitial carbon and dislocations was examined through amplitude dependent internal friction measurements. The influence of dislocation density on the aging behavior have been discussed with reference to the kinetics and mechanism of the aging process.     

A corrosion study of the main constituent phases of AZ91 magnesium alloys

The different constituents of an AZ91 alloy (α,β, and MnAl phases) were synthesized and their corrosion resistance was studied by electrochemistry in ASTM D1384 water, pH 8.3. The pure phases were characterised through the corrosion potential, the polarisation resistance, and polarisation curves, then systematically coupled to assess the galvanic corrosion occurring in the AZ91 alloy. The aluminium content of the oxide film was obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The corrosion rate of the α solid solution alloys depends closely on their Al content. Aluminium enhances the corrosion resistance of the α-phase through the formation of an Al enriched superficial layer. The β-phase is 150 mV nobler than the α-phase, but their corrosion rates are similar. The galvanic currents are low (below 20 μA cm⁻²) whatever the implemented couples and close to the corrosion current previously measured for the AZ91 alloys.     

Effect of solution heat treatment on galvanic coupling between intermetallics and matrix in AA7075-T6

Susceptibility to localised corrosion is strongly affected by heat treatments performed on Al-Zn-Cu-Mg alloys. In order to study how galvanic coupling between intermetallics and matrix is affected by solution heat treatment, AA7075-T6 and solution heat treated AA7075 have been characterised by means of scanning electron microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy. Solution heat treatment strongly increased the Volta potential difference between the intermetallics and the surrounding matrix showing a strong increase in galvanic coupling. This is explained by Zn and Mg enrichment of the matrix caused by dissolution of strengthening particles during solution heat treatment.     

硬质合金Hc、Com、D、HV_3的初步探讨

通过研究硬质合金的矫顽磁力、钴磁、密度和硬度,阐述了这些性能之间的相互关系,以及影响这些性能的主要原因,说明了其对生产实践中质量控制的重要意义。     

Characterizing corrosion behavior under atmospheric conditions using electrochemical techniques

AC and DC electrochemical experiments were performed as a function of humidity and contaminant concentration in an effort to identify the range of atmospheric environments where corrosion processes could be detected and possibly quantified. AC measurements exhibited two time constants at 25% relative humidity (RH), possibly indicating the ability to resolve both electrolyte resistance and interfacial impedance. Galvanic current measurements were sensitive to the presence of Cl_2(g) at 30% RH and electrochemical transients were detected at both 30% and 50% RH levels, also indicating sensitivity to interfacial processes. Higher humidity levels allowed better quantification due to decreasing electrolyte and interfacial impedances.     

A study on the deactivation of an IrO2–Ta2O5 coated titanium anode

The deactivation of an IrO₂–Ta₂O₅ coated titanium anode was studied during an accelerated life test at 2 A cm⁻² in 1 mol dm⁻³ H₂SO₄ solution using CV, EIS, SEM and EDX. The changes of voltammetric charge, double layer capacitance, oxide film resistance and charge transfer resistance of oxygen evolution with time during the electrolysis were monitored. The morphology and surface composition of the oxide anode before and after electrolysis test were analysed. A comprehensive process of deactivation of the oxide anode was proposed based on the test results and analysis.     

Electrochemical behaviour of amorphous and nanoquasicrystalline Zr-Pd and Zr-Pt alloys in different environments

The corrosion behaviour of melt spun amorphous and nanoquasicrystalline Zr₇₀Pd₃₀ and Zr₈₀Pt₂₀ alloy ribbons has been investigated using potentiodynamic polarization study in NaCl, H₂SO₄ and NaOH solutions at different concentrations. The amorphous and nanoquasicrystalline alloys show better corrosion resistance than Zr in all the solutions studied. Both the alloys are susceptible to chloride attack and pitting has been observed. Complete passivation has been observed in H₂SO₄, while gradual break down of passivating layer occurs in NaOH. In general, nanoquasicrystalline state in both the alloys shows better corrosion resistance than amorphous state in all the solutions studied.     

加速发展我国的快速成形技术

介绍了第二届北京国际快速成形及制造会议概况，分析了快速成形（RP）技术的发展趋势，指出RP技术研究领域的重大进展及学科发展的主攻方向是：由RP向快速制造（RM）发展，由RP向快速模具（RT）发展，RP技术在生物医学领域的应用。     

Corrosion behaviour of powder metallurgical and cast Al-Zn-Mg base alloys

The behaviour of Al-Zn-Mg base alloys produced by powder metallurgy and casting has been studied using potentiodynamic polarisation in 0.3% and 3% NaCl solutions. The influence of alloy production route on microstructure has been examined by scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. An improvement in performance of powder metallurgy (PM) materials, compared with the cast alloy, was evident in solutions of low chloride concentration; less striking differences were revealed in high chloride concentration. Both powder metallurgy and cast alloys show two main types of precipitates, which were identified as Zn-Mg and Zr-Sc base intermetallic phases. The microstructure of the PM alloys is refined compared with the cast material, which assists understanding of the corrosion performance. The corrosion process commences with dissolution of the Zn-Mg base phases, with the relatively coarse phases present in the cast alloy showing ready development of corrosion.