The inception cavitating flows over an axisymmetric body with a blunt head-form

The inception cavitating flows around a blunt body are studied based on flow visualizations and velocity field measurements. The main purpose of the present work is to study the incipient cavity evolution and the interplay between the inception cavitation and the local turbulent flows. A high-speed video camera is used to visualize the cavitating flow structures, and the particle image velocimetry(PIV) technique is used to measure the velocity field, the vorticity, and the Reynolds stresses under non-cavitating and inception cavitating flow conditions. It is found that the appearance of visible cavities is preceded by the formation of a cluster of micro-bubbles not attached to the body surface and in a hairpin-shaped vortex structure. During its evolution, the cavity moves downstream with a lower speed. The effect of the incipient cavity is significant on the local vortical structures but slight on the timeaveraged velocity distribution. The mean Reynolds stress distributions in the turbulent shear flow can be substantially altered by the incipient cavities. The presence of the incipient cavities can lead to the production of turbulent fluctuations.     

应用PIV进行二维后向台阶流流动特性的研究(1)二维后向台阶流的旋涡结构的研究

利用PIV技术，对二维后向台阶定常流的瞬态速度场进行了测量，得到层流至湍流情况下定常流流场中旋涡的生成、发展和演化的现象和规律。本文分析了各种情况下旋涡结构特点、讨论了与时均流场和自由剪切层的区别，还给出了二维后向台阶流的拓扑结构。     

旋流排螺装置内水流特性数值模拟

旋流排螺装置借鉴旋流排沙的原理,通过装置内产生的螺旋流使水和钉螺分离。为了探明装置内水螺分离机理,必须研究其流场全面图景。采用雷诺应力模型(RSM),结合流体体积函数(VOF)方法对旋流排螺装置的水气两相流进行三维数值模拟研究,并分析研究二次流分布特性。计算的自由水面和三维流速分布均与试验结果吻合较好。计算结果表明:切向流速分布呈现强迫涡特征,流速随半径的减小而减小;隔板能够抑制边壁处向上运动的水流、减弱携钉螺溢出的二次环流,对钉螺的有效排除有着关键作用。研究成果可为控制涵闸渠道钉螺扩散,改进旋流排螺装置提供技术技撑。     

调距桨梢涡精细流场的数值模拟

为验证湍流粘度取为mk/的修正剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型在螺旋桨梢涡精细流场粘性模拟中的适用性,对驱逐舰母型桨DTMB5168调距桨的梢涡流动进行了模拟与校验。结果显示:0.9R以上径向区域周向平均的轴向、周向和径向速度分量均与试验值吻合很好,但0.9R以下区域的径向速度分量存在一定偏差;0.7R和0.92R处沿周向变化的三个速度分量变化形态均与试验值一致,故可由此来确定梢涡涡核区,但周向和径向速度分量峰值比试验值略小;轴向0.3R距离内梢涡涡核运动轨迹的模拟结果与试验值吻合较好。由此证明了修正的SST湍流模型在螺旋桨梢涡流动模拟中的适用性,还表明由叶梢区的径向、周向和轴向方向以及桨叶近壁面法向、叶截面弦长方向和尾流轴向方向的网格节点密度来局部控制叶梢区流动的模拟效果的可行性。     

三维涡环与自由表面的粘性相互作用

本文用ＶＯＦ方法数值模拟了三维涡环与自由表面的粘性相互作用。重点考察了Ｆｒｏｕｄｅ数、Ｗｅｂｅｒ数、初始扰动及密度分层对涡环与自由表面相互作用的影响。结果表明：由于粘性的存在，使得涡环与自由表面的相互作用与无粘情形相比有许多不同。粘性的作用主要体现在涡量的耗散和新的二次涡环的产生；对自由表面变形而言，Ｆｒｏｕｄｅ数是主要的控制参数，Ｆｒｏｕｄｅ数越大，自由表面变形越显著，而Ｗｅｂｅｒ数的影响作用则     

排沙漏斗流场特性与排沙机理研究

排沙漏斗是一种截沙率高、耗水率小的二级泥沙处理设施。为了进一步探明排沙漏斗的流场特性和排沙机理,该文采用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)对排沙漏斗立轴螺旋流进行了三维流场测试,采用雷诺应力模型(RSM)和VOF方法数值模拟了排沙漏斗内清水流场,计算的水流时均流速分布与实测结果吻合良好。通过数值模拟方法得到了全面详细的排沙漏斗流场结构信息,并据此分析了排沙漏斗的排沙机理,提出二次流是排沙漏斗能够顺畅高效排沙的关键。     

STUDY OF INTERACTION BETWEEN VORTICES AND A FREE SURFACE PART Ⅱ：INTERACTION OF DOUBLE VISCOUS VORTEX DIPOLES WITH A FREE SURFACE

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水平管内螺旋流涡特性数值模拟

螺旋流是工程上常见的流动现象,具有增强湍流度、促进传热传质和提高对颗粒的携带能力等特性。该文采用雷诺应力湍流模型(RSM)对水平管内由短螺旋扭带起旋的螺旋流流动特性进行了数值模拟研究,通过激光多普勒测速仪(LDV)测速实验验证了数学模型的准确性和可靠性。结果表明,水平管内螺旋涡首先在扭带吸力面形成,且形成初期,涡量的大小受主涡影响较大,二次涡形成后,涡量大小主要受二次涡影响。在形成过程中二次涡增强了壁面附近的速度脉动,能够有效地增加介质的掺混。此外,由于二次螺旋涡的存在,使水平径向压力梯度增加,靠近壁面处的轴向速度减小,近壁处切向速度值增大1倍,且径向速度在螺旋流中不可忽略。     

ANALYSIS OF HYDRODYNAMICS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW AROUND WAVING PLATES

Hydrodynamic characteristics for two-dimensional flow around a waving plate are investigated. Under large Reynolds number approximation, the flow is assumed to be a combination of the outer potential flow and a thin vortex layer, which consists of a boundary layer and a shed free shear layer. A nonlinear mathematical formulation for describing the outer unsteady potential flow coupled with an unsteady boundary layer equation for the inner viscous flow adjacent to the waving plate is developed. A semi-analytical method with a nonlinear Kutta condition imposed at the trailing edge is used to solve the velocity field of the outer flow and the evolution of wake vortex induced by a large-amplitude waving plate. The unsteady boundary layer equation is solved by extending Pohlhausen’s method to its unsteady counterpart. The thrust and viscous drag coefficients, propulsive efficiency, and the pattern of wake vortex sheet are discussed.     

A 3D analytical model for vortex velocity field based on spiral streamline pattern

Vortices that develop over intakes are a hazardous hydraulic phenomenon. In this study, a 3D model was developed to study the flow field in air-core vortices. This model is based on the spiral pattern of streamlines and the analytical solution of the momentum and continuity equations for deriving the three components of velocity. The model provides equations for free surface profiles and 3D patterns of the streamlines. Moreover, a new relationship was suggested for calculating effective viscosity and its distribution across the vortex flow field. The performance of the proposed analytical model was compared with existing experimental data and the results of previous analytical models. The outcomes indicated that the proposed model could predict characteristics of the vortex flow with good accuracy.     

FORMATION AND INFLUENCING FACTORS OF FREE SURFACE VORTEX IN A BARREL WITH A CENTRAL ORIFICE AT BOTTOM

Based on the Navier-Stokes equations with considering the effect of the Coriolis force, the finite volume method was employed to discretize the governing equations, the SIMPLE method was adopted to solve the discretized equations, and the flow field in a barrel with an outlet at the center of the bottom was simulated. The numerical results agree well with the experimental data. From the Lagrangian, the relations among the acceleration, the Coriolis force and the viscosity force were analyzed. The results show that the Coriolis force is the major factor that causes the formation of the vortex. The flow fields in the flume under different incoming flow conditions were numerically simulated using the software Fluent. The numerical simulations show good agreement with the experiments for the shape and position of the vortex.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON VORTEX RINGS WITH SWIRL

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Physical and numerical modeling of swirling flow in a scroll vortex intake

Scroll vortex intakes are hydraulic structures commonly used in water supply, drainage and sewerage systems. Water flows into the intake via an eccentric approach channel and a vortex chamber imparts swirl to the flow, leading to a stable air core vortex along the dropshaft. Although much effort has been devoted to investigate the scroll vortex flow, yet the understanding on its hydraulic characteristics is still far from complete due to a lack of detailed velocity field measurements. This paper presents the first comprehensive measurement of the three-dimensional (3D) flow field of a scroll vortex intake using non-intrusive Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA). A validated 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model with the Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) method is developed for interpreting the measurement. It is found that the vortex flow in the scroll chamber resembles a free vortex and the circulation is approximately equal to that at the chamber inlet, with a thin bottom boundary layer. The vortex flow at the bellmouth outlet possesses a circulation constant smaller than that in the chamber, and its vertical velocity component is approximately constant across the flow thickness.     

Detached-eddy simulation of wing-tip vortex in the near field of NACA 0015 airfoil

In the present study, the formation of the wing-tip vortex from a rectangular NACA0015 wing with a square tip at the Reynolds number of 1.8×105 and the angles of attack(AOA) α= 8o and 10o were simulated with an incompressible detached eddy simulation(DES) method and the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations with the SA model respectively. Numerical results were compared with experimental results to validate the capability of the employed methods in resolving tip vortex flows. The results show that DES model could capture the complicated three-dimensional structures in the vortex, and the streamwise vorticity and the cross-flow velocity agree with the experiment results quite well, but RANS-SA model with the same grid as that of DES failed to capture the correct structures and under-predicted the streamwise vorticity in the vortex by 40%. The present study suggests that under the same calculation cost, DES but not RANS-SA could be used to effectively predict the flow characteristics in tip vortex.     

圆管湍流近壁结构的DPIV实验研究

采用粒子数字图像测速(DPIV)对充分发展的圆管湍流进行了研究，测量结果和直接数值模拟结果的比较，表明作者开发的DPIV技术可取得满意的精度。在此基础上通过瞬时脉动速度场对圆管湍流的近壁结构进行了研究，并在近壁结构中检测出涡诱导的喷发和扫掠、低速条带和流向涡结构等拟序结构，而且发现低速条带和涡的诱导是低速流体喷发的必要条件。     

浅尾水深水平底板上表面射流水力特性的数值模拟研究

采用VOF(volume of fluid)方法追踪自由液面,辅以Realizable(可实现化)湍流模型封闭两相流时均方程,对浅尾水深水平底板上的表面射流水力特性进行了数值模拟。微分方程的离散采用有限体积法,速度与压力耦合求解使用了压力隐式算子分裂PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法。研究并分析了入射速度、尾水深和进口宽度等对流场流线分布、速度场及横断面最大流速沿程衰减规律等水力特性的影响。研究发现:流场内存在一个大的漩涡,入射流速越大,漩涡长度越长;横断面上水平流速和纵向流速在漩涡区和明渠流区分布规律不同;横断面最大流速沿程衰减主要受进口流速大小的影响。     

THE BUBMAC METHOD-A NUMERICAL METHOD BUBBLE DYNAMICS IN VORTEX CORE

This paper presents a numerical method called BUBMAC method,whichis based on the Marker And Cell(MAC) technique,to numerically simulate the problemof bubble dynamics in vortex core. With the incorporation of the azimuthal velocity intothe momentum equation, the model takes into account the complete interaction betweenthe bubble dynamics and the vortex flow field.The three momentum equations (N-Seqs.) are solved numerically by the finite-difference methed, and the motion of bubblesurface is described by tracing massless marker particles distributed only on the surface ofthe bubble. With some important medifications to the original MAC method, the numeri-cal accuracy of the method is conisderably increased. The validation of the proposed BUB-MAC method is checked by comparing the numerical results with some available analyticalsolutions in the cases of spherical bubble evolution and with numerical results in the casesof nonspherical collapse of bubble and bubble evolution in tip-vortex core. The compar-iso     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE VORTEX FORMATION AND ENTRAINMENT CHARACTERISTICS FOR A ROUND TRANSVERSE JET IN SHALLOW WATER

The vortex formation and entrainment characteristics for a round transverse jet in shallow water were experimentally investigated by means of a combination of LIF flow visualization and PIV measurement. A scarf vortex wrapped around the main body of the jet is formed in the near-wall region due to the interaction between the resulting wall jet and sufficiently shallow crossflow, with some more or less unsteady flow properties and with spreading ranges as functions of both the velocity ratio and the water depth within the near field. The entrainment of the ambient crossflow fluid into the jet main body is closely associated with the time-evolving features of the shear layer between the jet and surrounding fluid as well as the induced vortical structures near the wall. In the case of slight impingement upon the wall, the interaction between the jet shear layer and the weak, unstable scarf vortex gives rise to an appreciable local entrainment enhancement, confined in the near-wall region in the vicinity of the stagnation point. While in the case of intense impingement upon the wall, the well-organized and stable scarf vortex gives rise to a greatly enhanced entrainment and a greatly increased lateral spreading rate nearly throughout the overall near field as compared to the conventional wall jet. In addition, the entrainment of the ambient crossflow fluid by the scarf vortex in this case occurs largely on the surface of the unique spiral roller structure by itself due to the presence of smaller and unorganized eddies, and accordingly the scarf vortex is likely to keep its spiral roller structure steadily to a relatively great downstream distance within the near field.     

超高水头竖井旋流泄洪洞不同湍流模型数值模拟

基于VOF法,分别选取标准k-ε紊流模型、RNG k-ε紊流模型和Realizable k-ε紊流模型,对某一超高水头、大泄量竖井旋流泄洪洞的水力特性进行数值模拟,并将紊流模型计算结果与模型实验数据进行了对比分析。结果表明:3种紊流模型模拟计算所得的空腔直径、竖井壁面压强、旋流角等参数变化趋势与模型试验测试结果基本相同,但量值有所差别。相比较而言,Realizable k-ε紊流模型计算所得旋转水流的空腔直径、压坡底板与部分竖井壁面压强、旋流角在量值上更接近试验测量值。因此,Realizable k-ε紊流模型能够更好地模拟这种具有超高水头、大泄量、强旋转并带有自由液面旋转水流的水力特性。     

高水头大泄量旋涡竖井式泄洪洞的设计研究

通过几座水电站的导流洞改建旋涡竖井式泄洪洞的试验研究，优化结构体型，改善流态，降低流速防止结空蚀，避免出口冲刷和雾化现象。使研究成果能满足高水头、大泄量泄洪洞的设计要求。文中主要对此型式泄洪洞提出设计原理和系统的设计方法，并根据自由旋涡理论和能量方程导出旋涡竖井泄流能力、合成速度以及壁面压力等水力学计算公式。