折流式超重力旋转床的液泛

在Wallis提出的气液两相逆流液泛关联式的基础上,建立了折流式超重力旋转床的液泛关联式. 以空气-水为物系,对转子直径288 mm、高55 mm的折流式旋转床进行了液泛实验. 旋转床转子采用动圈开单排孔和动圈开多排孔2种结构,用实验数据拟合出这2种结构的液泛关联式参数. 结果表明,随着气液流动参数的增加,折流式旋转床的液泛能力因子减小. 转速每增加100 r/min,液泛能力因子平均减小0.007 m/s. 在相同条件下,多排孔转子液泛能力因子比单排孔高8.5%.     

高炉下部的液泛和流态化

为了阐明高炉下部是否会发生液泛,模拟高炉滴落带的流动条件进行了气液两相逆流的流体力学实验.将Sherwood液泛图纵坐标的液泛因子乘以密度校正系数解决了密度对液泛速度的影响,并提出了新的液泛图和关联式.新关联方法与实验数据吻合很好.通过比较流化速度和液泛速度大小,提出了在一定流动条件下用来区分液泛和流态化的简图.结果表明,高炉滴落区发生渣的液泛,而不是焦炭床的流态化.     

填料萃取塔液泛速度和特性速度的研究

本文在填料萃取塔中,采用了三种不同物系(26.1％甘油水-煤油、水-煤油、水-异辛醇)对三种填料(θ环、拉西环、矩鞍形)进行液泛速度和特性速度的研究。研究结果指出:系统的物性和填料的特性对液泛速度、特性速度都有影响。作者对实验数据进行回归分析,得到估算这两个速度的关联式。使用这些关联式估算结果与实测值相比,偏差约在±15％以内。     

填料因子的确定方法和物理意义

本文提出了确定填料因子的简便方法，探讨了填料因子的物理意义。认为引入湿填料因子和液泛填料因子是不恰当的，推荐按Ｋｉｓｔｅｒ－Ｇｉｌｌ经验关联式计算国产填料的泛点压降。     

倾斜式回流冷凝器中液泛速度的研究

本文研究了在各种倾斜角度下回流冷凝器中的液泛速度。在这样的冷凝器中液泛现象和两相流流型已经进行了观察。倾斜式回流冷凝器中溢流速度随倾斜角度而变化,当倾斜角在３０至５０之间时,液泛速度达到最大值     

折流板脉冲萃取柱水力学性能研究

以体积分数30%三烷基氧膦(TRPO)煤油溶液和1 mol/L硝酸溶液为体系,在100 mm折流板脉冲萃取柱中考察了折流板脉冲萃取柱的操作参数(脉冲振幅、脉冲频率、流速和流比)和结构参数(板间距)对其水力学性能(液泛通量、液泛存留分数和正常操作时分散相存留分数)的影响。实验研究表明:液泛通量随着脉冲强度的减小而增大,与流比和板间距无关,并给出其关联式;操作参数和柱结构参数对液泛存留分数的影响均可忽略;正常操作时分散相存留分数与连续相的流速、流比成正比关系,而与脉冲频率无关,并随板间距和脉冲振幅的增大而增大,并给出了分散相存留分数的经验关联式。     

计算散装填料层泛点的新方法

在半理论分析的基础上，导出了散装填料层泛点气体速度的关联式，由实验数据计算了常用填料本文关联式的液泛填料因子。本文泛点关联式对8种填料泛点气速的计算值与实验数据的总平均计算误差为3.52%，新关联方法与实验数据吻合很好，计算准确性优于文献公式，且比文献公式计算简便。     

小直径管道气液逆流的流体力学

文章提出了一种新反应器形式——小通道逆流反应器,考察了模型中单管道的进出口和管长对流体力学性能的影响。设计了管道的不同进出口结构,对比研究其液泛特性。结果显示:小直径管道的进出口结构对液泛特性有明显的影响,增加管子的进出口结构使液泛气速得到极大的提高。I管的进出口形式最圆滑,可以有效避免气、液在进出口处发生冲突。其液泛气速最高可达7.6 m/s,远远高于平切口管道内的操作气速,说明进出口越圆滑液泛气速越大。使用圆滑进出口的管道,考察了管长对液泛特性的影响。发现长度增大后,管道的液泛气速相差不大,但压降有所增大。小直径管子的压降很小(100 Pa/m左右),且变化平稳。     

散装填料层泛点和压降的新关联

在理论分析的基础上 ,导出了散装填料层泛点气体速度和压降的新关联式 ,由实验数据计算了常用填料新关联式的液泛填料因子和压降常数。新泛点关联式对 8种填料泛点气速的计算值与实验数据的总平均计算误差为 3.5 2 % ;新压降关联式对各种填料的压降平均计算误差一般在 10 %以下。关联值与实验数据吻合很好 ,计算准确性优于文献公式 ,且比文献公式计算简便。     

关联填料层泛点的新方法

将用于直管两相流动的Ｗａｌｌｉｓ′方程根据规整填料的结构特征加以改进, 用来关联规整填料的泛点数据, 计算结果与板网填料的泛点实验数据相差很小。将该方程重新整理可以反映规整填料泛点能力参数和流动参数的关系, 计算结果与实验值相当接近。因此用该方程来关联规整填料泛点比常用的Ｂｉａｎ Ｈｏａｇｅｎ 关联式更好     

Computational fluid dynamic simulations on liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe☆

The complex liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe were investigated with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approaches. The liquid film behaviors included the dynamic wave characteristics before flooding and the transition of flow pattern when flooding happened. The influences of the surface tension and liquid viscosity were specially analyzed. Comparisons of the calculated velocity at the onset of flooding with the available experimental results showed a good agreement. The calculations verify that the fluctuation frequency and the liquid film thickness are almost unaffected by the superficial gas velocity until the flooding is triggered due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. When flooding triggered at the superficial liquid velocity larger than 0.15 m·s?1, the interfacial wave developed to slug flow, while it developed to entrainment flow when it was smaller than 0.08 m·s?1. The interfacial waves were more easily torn into tiny droplets with smaller surface tension, eventual y evolving into the mist flow. When the liquid viscosity increases, the liquid film has a thicker holdup with more intensive fluctuations, and more likely developed to the slug flow.     

Falling film and flooding phenomena in small diameter vertical tubes: The influence of liquid properties

The effect of liquid properties on flooding in small diameter vertical tubes is studied for various liquids with the aim to contribute to the interpretation of flooding mechanisms in such geometries. Data on free falling film characteristics for the various liquids used are acquired using a photographic technique from which mean layer thickness and its statistical quantities are calculated. The experimental data confirm previous observations that in almost all cases the dominant mechanism is wave growth and upward dragging by the gas and that consequently the onset of flooding is strongly affected by the liquid film structure. The results also confirm the influence of the liquid properties on the interfacial wave evolution and film characteristics. New correlations based on dimensionless groups for the prediction of flooding in narrow passages are proposed and found to be in good agreement with available data.     

滴流床反应器内脉冲流流体力学特性参数的模型预测

通过对气流两相在填料床反应器并流向下流动情况的分析,提出了计算如气、液两流体在富液和富气脉冲柱内的速度、持流量及脉冲柱长度等流体力学参数的数学模型方程,为使模型方程封闭,根据实验数据提出三个经验关联式关联表观脉冲速度、脉冲频率和平均持流量三个宏观平均参数,模型计算结果与分析结论吻合良好。     

Counter-current gas-liquid flow and incipient flooding in inclined small diameter tubes

Free flowing liquid layer characteristics, counter-current gas-liquid two-phase flow and incipient flooding were studied in small diameter inclined tubes (7 and 9 mm). Experiments were carried out at various inclination angles from the horizontal (30°, 45°, 60° and 75°), while several liquids covering a wide range of physical properties were employed. Fast video recordings and conductivity probes were used for liquid layer thickness measurements, from which mean layer thickness and its statistical quantities were calculated. The wall shear stress at the tube bottom was also measured using an electrodiffusion technique.The new experimental data confirm previous interpretation that in almost all cases the dominant flooding mechanism is wave growth and upward dragging by the gas phase. Consequently, incipient flooding is strongly affected by the liquid layer characteristics, which in turn are influenced by the liquid properties. New correlations based on dimensionless groups for the prediction of flooding in inclined small diameter tubes are proposed.     

垂直上升气液两相弹状流模型

基于等效弹单元思想,改进了预测垂直上升管中充分发展气液弹状流流动特性的模型。 模型中考虑了界面切应力对液膜运动的影响;并在液弹空隙度预测中引入临界气体夹带速度的概念,以此来描述弹状流中大气泡尾部的混合特性。本文提出的模型还考虑了管径对液弹空隙度的影响。弹状流模型的计算结果得到本文及其他作者实验数据的验证。     

水平管段塞流持液率的波动特性

气液两相段塞流是液塞和长气泡在空间和时间上的交替,在流动过程中表现出间歇性和不稳定性.今对水平管中段塞流持液率的波动特性进行了分析.结果表明:在同一折算液速下,随着折算气速的增加,段塞单元的平均持液率和液膜持液率先快速下降再缓慢下降,而液塞持液率先缓慢下降再快速下降.段塞流持液率的概率密度分布为双峰分布,高持液率峰对应于液塞区,低持液率峰对应于液膜区;概率密度函数中较完好的峰所对应的持液率与光滑分层液膜区和液塞区的平均持液率相一致.     

IMPROVED HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL OF TWO-PHASE SLUG FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

Merits of the Fernandes model(Fernandes et al.1983)for two-phase slug flow in verticaltubes are reviewed in this paper.While predicting many macroscopic parameters of slug flow in verti-cal tubes,it fails to present correctly the trend that the average voidage in liquid slugs increases asthe rising velocity of Taylor bubbles is increased.It is also desirable to extend its application toelectrolyte systems, and to churn flow conditions.Based on the diagnostic analysis,the model equa-tion for gas entrainment by falling liquid film is reformulated and the influence of surface tension isalso accounted for.Development of the falling liquid film is recognized in the revised model in or-der to suit the case of short Taylor bubbles as well.The modified model predicts the variation of av-erage voidage in liquid slugs in good agreement with available experimental data.     

垂直及倾斜上升管内气液两相弹状流壁面切应力的模拟

用VOF模型对垂直及倾斜上升管内弹状流壁面切应力进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,垂直上升流动时,液膜厚度始终小于对应位置倾斜上升弹状流的液膜厚度,壁面切应力从气弹头部至尾部逐渐增大至恒定不变,在尾流区呈杂乱无章状态。倾斜上升流动时,气泡头部顶点偏向管中心线上方,倾角越小,相同轴向位置处测得的液膜厚度越大。当FrTB较小时,倾斜管内弹状流上管壁面的切应力曲线在液膜区有明显波动,而下管壁面在对应区域的切应力分布则比较光滑。随着FrTB的增大,上下壁面切应力分布曲线越来越靠近。     

矩形截面螺旋通道内弹状流的流动特性

对水平放置矩形截面螺旋通道内弹状流的流动特性进行了实验研究.通过实验获得了不同周角下的气弹演变过程和局部流动特征,结果表明,其流动特性会随着螺旋周角位置的变化而变化.根据实验数据分析发现,同一工况下,不同转角气弹的运动速度、频率和长度分布不尽相同.重力和离心力的相对大小决定着内外壁面液膜的厚度,给出了同一条件下,不同时刻的液膜厚度的演变过程.最后对下降液膜的运动速度展开了分析研究,在螺旋上升过程中,液膜下降速度逐渐减小,在螺旋下降段,液膜速度明显增大.     

Bubble formation in cocurrently upward flowing liquid

The effects of liquid velocity, nozzle diameter, gas chamber volume and gas flow rate on volumes, shapes and growth curves of bubbles formed at a nozzle submerged in a cocurrently upward flowing liquid in a bubble column were experimentally investigated. The bubble volume decreases with increasing liquid flow velocity. The effect of liquid flow velocity on the volume of bubble increases with an increase in the gas flow rate. To simulate bubble formation at a nozzle submerged in cocurrently upward flowing liquid, a revised non-spherical bubble formation model was proposed. Bubble volumes, bubble growth curves and shapes experimentally obtained in this study, as well as in previous experimental studies, are well predicted by the present model.