PVDF/SiO_2杂化内支撑型中空纤维膜的制备及性能研究

利用涤纶纤维丝(PET)编织管作为内支撑层,将纳米SiO_2添加到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)铸膜液中,通过涂覆-浸没沉淀相转化法制得PVDF/SiO_2杂化内支撑型中空纤维膜,考察了铸膜液中不同SiO_2含量对膜性能的影响。结果表明,PET编织管的加入,使中空纤维膜的拉伸强度超过50 MPa。随着纳米SiO_2含量增加,膜的接触角从78.5°降至60.6°,杂化膜的纯水通量增大、孔隙率提高。X射线衍射仪图谱表明,SiO_2的加入未改变PVDF的主要晶型构成。当SiO_2的质量分数为1.5%时,杂化膜的纯水通量达到192.6 L/(m~2·h),孔隙率为68%,拥有了优异的过滤性能。     

PVP含量对聚偏氟乙烯制备的编织管增强型中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)树脂为原料,选择聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为成孔剂,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)为溶剂,制备PVDF编织管增强型中空纤维膜。研究了PVP的含量对制备膜丝的结构与性能的影响。结果表明,当PVP质量分数在10%时,所得膜丝的剥离强度和纯水通量性能最佳。     

聚偏氟乙烯复合膜的抗污染改性探究

为改善制约膜技术发展的因素之一的膜污染问题,对一种聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)复合膜进行了抗污染改性研究,通过对改性膜的微观结构、机械强度、水接触角、水通量等进行分析,探讨了铸膜液溶剂、致孔剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)及氧化石墨烯(GO)对共混膜的性能影响。结果表明,添加质量分数1.5%的PVP及质量分数0.15%的GO的PVDF复合膜的水接触角从68.8°减小为54.5°,水通量高达10.55 m3/(m2·h·MPa),而且改性膜对污染物的截留率和通量恢复率都获得了提升,其抗污染能力增强。     

添加剂对聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜结构及性能的影响

在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)铸膜液中添加聚乙烯砒咯烷酮(PVP)、LiCl和苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA),采用相转化法制备了PVDF中空纤维共混超滤膜,并通过扫描电镜表征、膜通量和截留率测试等手段,研究了聚合物含量和不同添加剂对PVDF中空纤维膜的结构和性能的影响.结果显示,随着聚合物PVDF含量的增加,膜通量减小、截留率增加、拉伸强度增加;添加剂SMA对膜性能影响较大,PVP和LiC1含量对膜的结构及性能影响较小,随其含量的增加,膜截留率增加.     

半互穿网络法制备聚偏氟乙烯复合超滤膜

利用半互穿网络法制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)复合超滤膜,根据膜性能参数及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结构分析确定,聚乙烯醇(PVA)与戊二醛(GD)发生缩醛化反应构建PVA/PVDF半互穿网络结构的最佳条件为,铸膜液中聚乙烯醇的添加量为4.0%(质量分数)、戊二醛与聚乙烯醇加入量的比率为0.5,筛选出的PVDF/PVA/PVP/GD/NMP=16/4/3/2/75配方制备的半互穿网络结构复合膜性能最佳,纯水通量为612.3L/(m~2.h),接触角48.3°,BSA截留率98.7%,爆破压力1.0MPa,BSA吸附量45.3μg/cm~2,使用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、红外分析测试仪(FTIR)等对制备的膜组成及结构进行了表征,用于处理实际石化废水运行一个月后,水通量为144.4L/(m~2·h),COD去除率为80.4%,浊度去除率为97.2%,与未含这种结构的配方制备的PVDF膜性能参数相比,PVA/PVDF半互穿网络复合膜的水通量增大,亲水性能增强,抗污染、抗反洗能力加强,膜的综合性能明显提高。     

凝固浴体系对PVDF超滤膜性能与结构的影响

利用非溶剂相转化法(NIPS),以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)为铸膜液,水、二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)、PVP体系为凝固浴,制备外压中空纤维超滤膜。研究了凝固浴中DMAC和PVP含量以及凝固浴温度对膜性能和结构的影响。结果表明,凝固浴中DMAC含量的增加可以提高超滤膜的通量、断裂伸长率和表面的孔径,降低膜丝拉力;PVP含量对膜通量、拉力与断裂伸长率有非线性影响,当着PVP的质量分数大于12%时,支撑层孔径明显增加;凝固浴温度升高可以增加膜的通量,而对孔隙率、拉力和断裂伸长率则影响不大。当凝固浴中DMAC和PVP的质量分数分别为35%和12%、凝固浴温度为70℃时,可以得到性能较好得超滤膜。     

聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺平板膜的制备及其性能研究

以聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺（PMIA）为制膜原料,氯化锂（LiCl）、聚乙二醇（PEG-400）和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为添加剂,通过非溶剂诱导相转化法制备了PMIA平板膜,系统考察了聚合物浓度、添加剂种类和含量对PMIA膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明,聚合物浓度和LiCl含量增加,铸膜液黏度增大,导致膜孔径减小,纯水通量降低。而PEG含量的增加,使得聚合物链呈现舒展状态,膜孔径增大,纯水通量升高,亲水性增强。随着PVP含量的增加,膜的纯水通量先升高后降低,膜的亲水性变差。当PMIA的质量分数为9%,LiCl的质量分数为2.8%,PVP的质量分数为1.2%时,膜的纯水通量高达1421.55 L·m^-2·h^-1·bar^-1,对牛血清蛋白（BSA）的截留率为80%,展现出较高的渗透性,为制备高性能膜材料提供了新的思路。     

聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺平板膜的制备及其性能研究

以聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺（PMIA）为制膜原料,氯化锂（LiCl）、聚乙二醇（PEG-400）和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为添加剂,通过非溶剂诱导相转化法制备了PMIA平板膜,系统考察了聚合物浓度、添加剂种类和含量对PMIA膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明,聚合物浓度和LiCl含量增加,铸膜液黏度增大,导致膜孔径减小,纯水通量降低。而PEG含量的增加,使得聚合物链呈现舒展状态,膜孔径增大,纯水通量升高,亲水性增强。随着PVP含量的增加,膜的纯水通量先升高后降低,膜的亲水性变差。当PMIA的质量分数为9%,LiCl的质量分数为2.8%,PVP的质量分数为1.2%时,膜的纯水通量高达1421.55 L·m^-2·h^-1·bar^-1,对牛血清蛋白（BSA）的截留率为80%,展现出较高的渗透性,为制备高性能膜材料提供了新的思路。     

纺丝条件对PVDF/PVP共混中空纤维膜性能的影响

采用干-湿法纺丝工艺制备PVDF/PVP共混中空纤维膜,利用红外分析技术和广角粉末衍射表征了膜组成和结晶性质,考察了液膜空气蒸发时间、铸膜液脱泡时间、拉伸速度、芯液温度等纺丝条件对膜的纯水通量、截留率、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率等性能的影响.结果表明,随芯液温度提高,膜纯水通量和截留率变化不大,但能显著提高拉伸强度和断裂伸长率;随着铸膜液脱泡时间和液膜在空气中蒸发时间的延长,膜纯水通量下降,截留率升高,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率增大;拉伸速度与膜拉伸强度和断裂伸长率呈正相关,在3.28 m·min-1时的膜纯水通量和截留率表现最佳.试验条件下得出的最优纺丝条件为:芯液温度60℃,静置脱泡48 h,蒸发时间2s,拉伸速度3.28 m· min-1.     

凝胶成份对PVDF/PVP中空纤维超滤膜结构与性能的影响

采用干-湿相转化法制备PVDF/PVP共混中空纤维超滤膜,通过改变内外凝胶浴组成控制膜的结构和性能,使用扫描电镜对不同凝胶条件下膜的微观形貌和结构进行了表征,以纯水通量和BSA截留率评价膜性能.结果表明,芯液中溶剂质量分数由10％升高至50％会使膜孔收缩,膜通量下降;芯液中甘油质量分数由10％升至30％后能使膜形成大孔结构,使通量增大.凝胶浴中溶剂质量分数高于40％,会使聚合物溶解,但加入质量分数1％的醋酸能降低高浓度溶剂的溶解作用,使通量升高.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。