我国常见瑞香科韧皮纤维结构特征研究

本研究对我国常见的5种瑞香科韧皮纤维（荛花、芫花、结香、土沉香、狼毒草）的细胞壁结构进行了研究。结果表明,5种瑞香科韧皮纤维整体细长,结香和土沉香韧皮纤维的中段明显较宽;几种纤维的表面较为粗糙,初生壁微纤丝均呈网状交织排列,其中土沉香韧皮纤维的微纤丝尺寸最大;几种纤维均存在多壁层结构;荛花、结香、土沉香和芫花韧皮纤维的微纤丝角分别为10.66°、10.55°、10.20°、19.67°,远小于狼毒草韧皮纤维（40.11°）。     

荛花皮手工造纸特性研究

本研究选取浙江衢州出产的荛花皮,参考传统手工纸抄造工艺,分别以Na₂CO₃、NaOH和CaO作为蒸煮剂,在常压、100℃条件下蒸煮制浆并抄纸,以探究荛花皮的制浆工艺和成纸特性。结果表明,使用NaOH（用量1%（对蒸煮液）,0.5~2 h）或Na₂CO₃（用量2%~4%（对蒸煮液）,4~16 h）进行蒸煮制浆,并经过40000转疏解清洗后,均可获得得率60%～70%的纸浆。实验所抄荛花纸的抗张指数最高可达124.7 N·m/g（NaOH蒸煮剂）;荛花纸亨特白度为66.8～73.9,颜色略偏黄;纸张表面pH值为6.95～8.69。干热老化实验后,荛花纸的表面pH值、白度、耐折度的稳定性均优于构皮纸。使用碱性温和的蒸煮剂在常压下煮料较长时间（如Na₂CO₃用量2%,蒸煮8 h）,可以更为稳定安全地获得强度和耐久性良好的荛花纸。荛花皮韧皮部纤维较细,是制造优质手工纸的理想原料。     

狼毒草韧皮纤维与5种藏纸纤维超微结构的对比研究

利用扫描电镜（SEM）对比分析了狼毒草韧皮纤维和5种市售藏纸纤维的微观形貌特征,并将狼毒草韧皮纤维与棉纤维的转曲结构进行对比。结果表明,狼毒草韧皮纤维的部分纤维呈现出与棉纤维类似的天然转曲现象;狼毒草韧皮纤维为扁平带状结构,表面有不规则凹痕或棱状竖条纹,而棉纤维表面密布百褶状细丝,两种纤维表面存在可分辨的超微结构差异。5种市售藏纸纤维的微观形态随来源不同存在明显差异,且随着纸张等次的不同,同一生产厂家使用的造纸原料也有差别。研究结果为藏纸的纤维结构识别提供了超微形态学判断依据,对正确选取藏纸具有一定的参考意义。     

大麻韧皮纤维不同制浆方法纸浆性能的研究

本研究以工业大麻韧皮纤维为原料,首先对大麻韧皮纤维的化学组分及纤维形态进行分析,结果表明,工业大麻韧皮纤维具有很高的硝酸-乙醇纤维素含量,达70.6%,木素含量则比较低,只有9.6%;其纤维平均长度为20.47 mm,纤维平均宽度为22.50 μm,长宽比高达909.78,是优质的造纸原料。采用烧碱-蒽醌法（NaOH-AQ）、硫酸盐法（KP）以及碱性亚钠-蒽醌法（AS-AQ）3种不同的制浆方法制备大麻韧皮浆,对比研究了其在制浆性能、打浆特性和纸张物理性能方面的区别。结果表明,与大麻韧皮商品浆相比,AS-AQ制浆在制浆得率、纸浆白度、特性黏度和纸张物理强度性能方面均比NaOH-AQ法和KP法制浆有明显优势,因此,AS-AQ法是大麻韧皮纤维理想的制浆方法。     

花棒的解剖结构及超微结构研究

采用光学显微镜（LM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及透射电子显微镜（TEM）研究了花棒（hedysarum scoparium）的纤维形态、解剖结构及超微结构.结果表明：花棒主要由导管、木纤维、木射线薄壁细胞及少量轴向薄壁细胞组成.花棒属于阔叶木散孔材,木射线单列同型、导管上的纹孔排列方式为互列式.通过与毛白杨、麦草和红松的形态学参数比较研究发现,花棒虽然属于短纤维,纤维平均长度为0.68mm,但是其纤维形态良好.纤维细胞壁的超微结构典型地分为胞间层（ML）、初生壁（P）、次生壁外层（S1）、次生壁中层（S2）及次生壁内层（S3）.     

柠条正常木与受拉木纤维细胞超微结构及木质素微区分布研究

采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱仪（SEM-EDXA）及共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）研究了柠条（Caragana korshinskii）正常木与受拉木纤维细胞的超微结构及木质素在细胞壁中的分布。结果表明,柠条正常木纤维细胞壁分为胞间层（ML）、初生壁（P）、次生壁外层（S1）、次生壁中层（S2）、次生壁内层（S3）;而受拉木与正常木不同,其细胞S3层被凝胶层（G层）取代。正常木与受拉木中导管和木射线细胞壁的木质素浓度均比纤维细胞壁的高。正常木纤维细胞各形态区的木质素浓度不同,细胞角隅区的木质素浓度最高,其次是复合胞间层（CML）,S2层最低。柠条受拉木纤维细胞壁中除G层未木质化外,与正常木细胞壁各层木质素分布相似。     

紫薯皮豆渣膳食纤维蛋糕配方的研究

以紫薯皮、豆渣为辅助原料,研制紫薯皮豆渣膳食纤维蛋糕。通过单因素试验和正交试验,采用感官评定、硬度、弹性对紫薯皮豆渣膳食纤维蛋糕进行配方优化。结果表明,紫薯皮豆渣膳食纤维蛋糕的最优配方（以低筋面粉、紫薯皮粉和豆渣粉总量100 g计）：紫薯皮豆渣添加量为20%（紫薯皮∶豆渣=1∶1,质量比）,绵白糖添加量为140%,大豆油添加量为22%,泡打粉添加量为2%,蛋糕的感官评分为92.7分,硬度为205.5 g,弹性为12.18 mm。     

藜麦麸皮不可溶性膳食纤维对面包品质的影响

为提高藜麦麸皮利用度,改善面包品质,添加藜麦麸皮不可溶性膳食纤维（0%、3%、6%、9%）制作面包,通过对面包比容、保水性、老化性、质构特性、感官评价、抗氧化性等特性分析,研究藜麦麸皮不可溶性膳食纤维含量对面包品质的影响。结果显示：随藜麦麸皮不可溶性膳食纤维添加量增加,面包比容、弹性显著减少（P＜0.05）,保水性、硬度、咀嚼性显著增加（P＜0.05）,内聚性无显著变化,抗氧化活性显著提高（P＜0.05）。研究结果表明,添加藜麦麸皮膳食纤维可以提高面包品质。     

刨花板发明专利

申请号：CN201210242536发明名称：一种桉树皮刨花板生产方法公开号：CN102729311A专利权人：鸿伟人造板（长泰）有限公司摘要：本发明公开一种桉树皮刨花板生产方法。将桉树皮削片破碎,制成纤维刨花;将纤维刨花低温干燥至含水率1％～3％;城市废弃木质碎料去重物,去铁质材料;将干燥的纤维刨花和废弃木质碎料混合;对混合物料进行破碎后,分选出粗、细料备用;将粗料和细料分别送入各自拌胶机内与胶水混合拌胶.     

野生蓝莓酒皮渣花色苷及其抗氧化活性研究

该研究比较了蒸馏前后野生蓝莓酒皮渣中的总酚及花色苷含量、花色苷单体的组成和抗氧化活性。结果表明,蓝莓酒皮渣中总花色苷含量为（8.64±0.13） mg/g,总酚含量为（77.24±1.42） mg/g,抗氧化活性为Trolox当量浓度（3.59±0.11） μmol/g;单体花色苷含量较多的是二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷（29.90%）、3′-甲基花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷（21.31%）和花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷（20.44%）。蒸馏后,皮渣中的总酚及花色苷含量分别下降为（68.11±1.20） mg/g和（5.05±0.09） mg/g,其单体降解率变化在21.64%～43.47%。其中,二甲花翠素-3,5-O-二葡萄糖苷稳定性最差,降解率为43.47%;花青素-3-O-葡萄糖苷较为稳定,降解率为21.64%;Trolox当量浓度下降为（3.07±0.07） μmol/g,皮渣抗氧化能力也降低了14.64%。因此,野生蓝莓果酒发酵产生的皮渣具有较高的利用价值,开发时应尽量避免高温处理。     

Contamination with storage fungi of human food from Cameroon

In a mycological study, a total of 95 human food samples were investigated to evaluate the incidence of fungal contamination in Cameroon by conventional identification method and partly confirmed by DNA sequencing. The isolated fungal spp. were further studied to determine their toxigenic potentials. The investigation revealed the predominance of Aspergillus and Penicillium with 96% of samples contaminated with at least one species of these fungi, whereas the incidence of co-contamination of samples was 85%. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (Flavi section) were the most predominant species contaminating mainly maize and peanuts. In addition, P. crustosum and P. polonicum were the most common contaminants belonging to the genus Penicillium. On the other hand, A. ochraceus (Circumdati section) registered a low incidence rate of 5%, including other members of the Aspergillus group. Other members of the genera Rhizopus and Alternaria spp. were also registered in the study. A majority of fungal strains of A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, P. crustosum and P. polonicum isolated were toxigenic, producing the mycotoxins tested for, while none was detected in cultures of A. fumigatus. The high incidence rate of fungi contamination coupled with their potentials in producing mycotoxins gives a strong indication that the samples tested may likely be contaminated with various mycotoxins. There is need for further study to assess the incidence of mycotoxins contamination in similar food samples.     

Organization and localization of the dnaA and dnaK gene regions on the multichromosomal genome of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

The Burkholderia multivorans strain ATCC 17616 carries three circular chromosomes with sizes of 3.4, 2.5, and 0.9 Mb. To reveal the distribution and organization of the genes for fundamental cell functions on the genome of this bacterium, the dnaA and dnaK gene regions of ATCC 17616 were cloned and characterized. The gene organization of the dnaA region was rnpA-rmpH-dnaA-dnaN-gyrB with a single consensus DnaA-binding box (TTATCCACA) between the rmpH and dnaA genes. This intergenic region, however, did not work as an autonomously replicating sequence in ATCC 17616. On the other hand, the gene organization of the dnaK region was grpE-orf1 (gene for thioredoxin homologue)-dnaK-dnaJ-pabB (gene for p-aminobenzoate synthetase component homologue). A putative heat-shock promoter that showed good homology to the sigma32-dependent promoter consensus sequence in Escherichia coli was found upstream of the grpE gene, suggesting that these five genes constitute an operon. In M9 succinate minimal medium the dnaJ mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type strain, indicating that this operon is functional. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analyses indicated that both the dnaA and dnaK gene regions exist as single copies on the 3.4 Mb chromosome.     

Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces from kebab take-away restaurants in the United Kingdom

The purpose of this study was to establish the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces served in kebab take-away restaurants. Comparison with published microbiological guidelines revealed that 4.7% of 1213 salad vegetable samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus levels at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹. Another 0.3% of salad samples were of unacceptable quality due to S. aureus at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ (2 samples) or the presence of Salmonella Kentucky (1 sample). Cucumber was the most contaminated salad vegetable with regards to unsatisfactory levels of E. coli (6.0%) or S. aureus (4.5%). Five percent of 1208 sauce samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to E. coli, S. aureus at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹ and/or Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹. A further 0.6% of sauce samples were of unacceptable quality due to Bacillus spp. (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis) at ≥10⁵ cfu g⁻¹ or the presence of Salmonella Agbeni (1 sample). More samples of chilli sauce (8.7%) were of unsatisfactory or unacceptable microbiological quality than any other sauce types. The results emphasize the need for good hygiene practices in kebab take-away restaurants handling these types of ready-to-eat products.     

Microbial profiles of frozen trimmings and silver sides prepared at Indian buffalo meat packing plants

To assess microbiological quality of buffalo meat trimmings (TT = 114) and silver sides (SS = 41), samples were collected from four different Indian meat packing plants. The aim of this study was: (i) to evaluate standard plate count (SPC), psychrotrophic count (PTC), Enterococcus feacalis count (EFC), Staphylococcus aureus count (SAC) and Escherichia coli count (ECC) and the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes; and (ii) also to determine vero toxic E. coli (VTEC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TT samples had significantly higher (P < 0.001) SPC, PTC, EFC, and SAC than SS, while across the meat types there was no difference (P > 0.05) in ECC. E. coli was recovered from 32.4% TT and 19.5% SS samples. The prevalence rate of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in TT was 1.75% and 0.87%, respectively. But no SS sample was found to be positive for any of these two pathogens. VTEC was found in 2.58% of all the tested samples. This finding suggests that TT contain higher microbes but only small numbers of pathogens of latent zoonotic importance. The present study confirmed the importance of maintaining good process hygiene at meat plants for microbiological status of buffalo meat.     

Investigations of the natural microflora of poppy seeds (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Papaver somniferum</Emphasis>) and hazelnut kernels (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Corylus avellana</Emphasis>) including microbiological decomposition

Fatty seeds of Papaver somniferum and Corylus avellana undergo a rapid microbial degradation after being ground. Those bacteria and fungi which are mainly responsible for the microbial decay were identified, and the most important growth and death processes were documented using crucial indicator-organisms. Additionally, an aflatoxin-screening was carried out in order to assess the possible risk-potential of food intoxication. The acid value (indicator for free fatty acids) of poppy seeds and hazelnut kernels was determined during their fermentation in order to document the decomposition of triglycerides.In this study it could be proved that initially a natural decay of oil seeds is caused by bacteria, yeasts and mould fungi. After the bacteria died in the course of time, yeasts and mould fungi dominated the germ spectrum. Bacteria taking part in the degradation were identified as varieties of Staphylococcus xylosus, Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms. Yeasts were identified as Pichia burtonii, and the mould fungi are associated with the genus Alternaria.On account of the absence of the genus Aspergillus in the spectrum of mould fungi, no aflatoxin was produced.     

Susceptibility of stored product insects to high concentrations of ozone at different exposure intervals

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with insecticidal activity. Past studies have indicated that ozone technology has potential as a management tool to control insect pests in bulk grain storage facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of short periods of exposure to high ozone concentrations to kill all life stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), adult maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and adult rice weevil (S. oryzae (L)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were treated with six ozone concentrations between 50 and 1800 ppm. The specific objective was to determine minimal time needed to attain 100% mortality. The most ozone-tolerant stages of T. castaneum were pupae and eggs, which required a treatment of 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Eggs of P. interpunctella also required 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Ozone treatments of 1800 ppm for 120 min and 1800 ppm for 60 min were required to kill all adult S. zeamais and adult S. oryzae, respectively. The results indicate that high ozone concentrations reduce the treatment times significantly over previously described results. Our results also provide new baseline information about insect tolerance to ozone treatment.     

Frequency of DLK1 c.639C>T polymorphism and the analysis of MEG3/DLK1/PEG11 cluster expression in muscle of swine raised in Poland

DLK1 — (Drosophila like element 1) is a paternally expressed gene, associated with the callipyge phenotype in sheep. In a present study we designed a new real-time PCR alleleic discrimination assay for genotyping of a silent C/T mutation (c.639C>T) in DLK1 gene in swine. The DLK1 c.639C>T mutation was highly polymorphic in all breeds analyzed and C allele was predominant in Landrace and Duroc while T allele was more frequent in Pietrain and Pu?awska breed. Moreover, we analyzed mRNA expression of DLK1 and adjacent genes — MEG3 and PEG11 in muscles of swines of different breeds raised in Poland. We did not observe significantly different expression of DLK1, MEG3 or PEG11 mRNA in any of analyzed breeds. We also attempted to assess the effect of DLK1 (c.639C>T) on the expression of genes in callipyge locus but did not find significant differences between animals with alternate genotypes (C/C and T/T homozygotes).