能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定自来水中痕量氯

采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法,分别在空气、氮气和氦气气氛下测定自来水中痕量氯,结果表明,在氦气条件下不仅可以消除空气中氩气的干扰,还可以增加探测器接收到的氯谱峰强度,因此选择在氦气条件下采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定自来水中痕量氯。通过研究氯元素峰背比与X光管管压、管流的关系,选择最佳工作条件为:光管管压15kV,光管电流800μA。氯质量浓度为0~200μg/mL时,与其对应的X射线荧光光谱相对强度呈线性,线性相关系数R²=0.9975;检出限为2.94μg/mL。按照实验方法测定30μg/mL和10μg/mL氯标准溶液中氯,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)分别为11%和16%;对两个自来水实际样品进行加标回收试验,回收率为89%~119%。     

Identification of pollutants in a municipal well using high resolution mass spectrometry

An elevated incidence of childhood cancer was observed near a contaminated site. Trace amounts of several isomeric compounds were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in a concentrated extract of municipal well water. No matching library mass spectra were found and Fourier transform IR and NMR analyses were not feasible due to the low concentration of the compounds. Mass peak profiling from selected-ion-recording data (MPPSIRD) provided the sensitivity and scan speed necessary to acquire mass peak profiles at mass resolutions of 10,000 to 20,000 for the molecular ion (M+) and 10 fragment ions as capillary GC peaks eluted. Using a profile generation model (PGM), the elemental composition of the molecular ion was determined from the exact masses and abundances of the M, M + 1 and M + 2 profiles. Fragment ion compositions were determined from their exact masses based on the elements in the molecular ion. Exact mass differences between the molecular and fragment ions corresponded to unique combinations of atoms for the neutral losses. Consequent reduction of the number of possible structures for the fragment ions simplified mass spectral interpretation. After inspecting library mass spectra for smaller molecules, isomeric structures were hypothesized with cyano and alkylcyano groups attached to tetralin. A literature search found such isomers produced by an industrial polymer synthesis. Three isomers in a standard form polymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile provided the same mass spectra and GC retention times as isomers in the extract.     

Hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls from the unsaponifiable fraction of anhydrous milk fat

Using a combination of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, the presence of 39 aliphatic hydrocarbons was firmly established in the unsaponifiable fraction of anhydrous milk fat. The hydrocarbons were the C(14) to C(27) and the C(29) to C(31) straight-chain paraffins, their monoolefin analogs, and the C(25) to C(29) branched alkanes. Phytene (3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-n-hexadec-2-ene), identified for the first time in milk fat, was isolated and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and infrared analysis. The total hydrocarbon content amounted to 30 ppm of the milk fat. Polychlorinated biphenyls also were detected in trace amounts in the area of the chromatogram between the C(18) and the C(23) hydrocarbons.     

Enantioselective gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of methylsulfonyl PCBs with application to arctic marine mammals

Four different commercially available cyclodextrin (CD) capillary gas chromatography (GC) columns were tested for the enantioselective separation of nine environmentally persistent atropisomeric 3- and 4-methylsulfonyl PCBs (MeSO2-CBs). The selected columns contained cyclodextrins with various cavity diameters (beta- or gamma-CD), which were methylated and/or tert-butyldimethylsilylated (TBDMS) in the 2,3,6-O-positions. The beta-CD column with TBDMS substituents in all of the 2,3,6-O-positions was by far the most selective column for the MeSO2-CBs tested. Enantiomers of congeners with 3-MeSO2 substitution were more easily separated than those with 4-MeSO2 substitution. The separation also seemed to be enhanced for congeners with the chlorine atoms on the non-MeSO2-containing ring and clustered on one side of the same ring. The 2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-TBDMS-beta-CD was found to give somewhat better selectivity than the corresponding gamma-CD, in comparison between the two columns, which were identical in all other respects. Enantioselective analysis of arctic ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus) adipose tissue revealed a strong dominance of certain enantiomers. For example, the enantiomer ratio (ER) of 3-MeSO2-CB149 was 0.32 and < 0.1 in ringed seal blubber and polar bear fat, respectively. These low ER values are indicative of highly enantioselective formation, enantioselective metabolism, enantioselective transport across cell membranes, or a combination of the three in both species. Comparable results for the enantiomeric analysis of MeSO2-CBs in biotic tissue extracts were obtained using two highly selective mass spectrometric techniques, ion trap mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and electron capture negative ion low-resolution mass spectrometry.     

Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analyses of unknown analytical response in imported Fava beans: 4-chloro-6-methoxyindole

A halogenated unidentified analytical response (UAR) was encountered in a number of imported Fava bean samples during the Food and Drug Administration's routine pesticide-monitoring program. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analyses identified the halogenated component as 4-chloro-6-methoxyindole, a naturally occurring promutagen in Fava beans that has been linked to incidents of gastric cancer. Data from electron impact, positive and negative chemical ionization, collision-induced dissociation, and deuteration studies of this compound are presented, along with GC retention time data.     

镧盐增敏-微波等离子炬原子发射光谱法测定原油中钙

以微波等离子炬(MPT)为光源,氩气为载气和工作气体建立起来的微波等离子炬原子发射光谱法(MPT-AES)可以在低激发功率和低工作气体流量下正常工作,具有分析速度快、设备运行成本低和多元素同时测定等优点.但是低功率MPT工作气体温度较低,存在激发能力弱和抗基体干扰能力差等不足.实验针对MPT-AES测定钙中的基体干扰问...     

A new conjugated linoleic acid isomer, 7 trans, 9 cis-octadecadienoic acid, in cow milk, cheese, beef and human milk and adipose tissue

The identity of a previously unrecognized conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, 7 trans, 9 cis-octadecadienoic acid (18:2) was confirmed in milk, cheese, beef, human milk, and human adipose tissue. The 7 trans, 9 cis-18:2 isomer was resolved chromatographically as the methyl ester by silver ion-high-performance liquid chromatography (Ag+-HPLC); it eluted after the major 9 cis, 11 trans-18:2 isomer (rumenic acid) in the natural products analyzed. In the biological matrices investigated by Ag+-HPLC, the 7 trans, 9 cis-18:2 peak was generally due to the most abundant minor CLA isomer, ranging in concentration from 3 to 16% of total CLA. By gas chromatography (GC) with long polar capillary columns, the methyl ester of 7 trans, 9 cis-18:2 was shown to elute near the leading edge of the major 9 cis, 11 trans-18:2 peak, while the 4,4-dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivative permitted partial resolution of these two CLA isomers. The DMOX derivative of this new CLA isomer was analyzed by gas chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS). The double bond positions were at delta7 and delta9 as indicated by the characteristic mass spectral fragment ions at m/z 168, 180, 194, and 206, and their allylic cleavages at m/z 154 and 234. The cis/trans double-bond configuration was established by GC-direct deposition-Fourier transform infrared as evidenced from the doublet at 988 and 949 cm(-1) and absorptions at 3020 and 3002 cm(-1). The 7 trans, 9 cis-18:2 configuration was established by GC-EIMS for the DMOX derivative of the natural products examined, and by comparison to a similar product obtained from treatment of a mixture of methyl 8-hydroxy- and 11-hydroxyoctadec-9 cis enoates with BF3 in methanol.     

微波激发氧弹燃烧-离子色谱法检测煤炭中氟和氯

采用微波消解系统配置氧弹,建立了微波激发氧弹燃烧处理煤炭样品,离子色谱法检测氟、氯的方法。前处理采用30min氧弹回流时间、50mmol/L碳酸铵吸收液,添加15%的石英砂可极大地提高氟的回收率,同时又不影响氯的吸收;离子色谱法检测时采用碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠混合淋洗液,流速为1.00mL/min。实验方法用以检测煤炭中氟和氯的检出限分别为0.010mg/L和0.011mg/L。氟、氯质量浓度在0.05~50mg/L范围内与峰面积线性相关,校准曲线的相关系数均大于0.999。对煤炭标样及实际样品进行分析,煤炭标样的测定值与认定值一致,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%;实际样品的结果也满足相关标准的要求。     

Identification and relative quantitation of F2-isoprostane regioisomers formed in vivo in the rat

F2-isoprostanes are a complex mixture of isomers formed in four regioisomeric family types by free radical-initiated oxidation of arachidonic acid present in membrane phospholipids. F2-isoprostanes isolated from the livers of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride were separated by initial reverse phase HPLC and detected using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with the characteristic loss of 44 u (C2H4O) from the common 1,3-diol cyclopropane ring found in these eicosanoids. Collision induced decomposition of the carboxylate anions from the separated F2-isoprostanes formed abundant ions characteristic for regioisomers of Type I (m/z 115), Type III (m/z 127), and Type IV (m/z 193), which made possible characterization of these three family subtypes by LC/MS/MS. Capillary GC/MS was employed to further identify the F2-isoprostane regioisomers using electron ionization mass spectrometry and to obtain characteristic mass spectra of the pentafluorobenzyl ester trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. Quantitation of the F2-isoprostanes separated by both reverse-phase HPLC and capillary GC/MS was carried out using negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The most abundant isomers identified were Type I and IV regioisomers constituting 33 and 25% of the total products, respectively. As expected, the Type II and III regioisomer products were of less abundance. Over 45 F2-isoprostanes could be separated in this complex mixture, suggesting random production of each regioisomeric subtype in this in vivo model.     

Low picogram determination of Ro 48-6791 and its major metabolite, Ro 48-6792, in plasma with column-switching microbore high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion spray tandem mass spectrometry

A coupled liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed for simultaneous determination of Ro 48-6791 and its secondary amine metabolite in human plasma samples with a quantification limit for both compounds of 1 pg/mL using a 1 mL plasma aliquot. The method exploits the enhanced mass sensitivity of a microbore (300 microns i.d.) reversed-phase capillary column coupled to an ion spray probe combined with tandem mass spectrometry. A straightforward column-switching system was utilized to focus the analytes onto a microbore trapping column following solid-phase extraction of a 50 microL plasma sample extract from liquid/liquid extraction. Backflushing of the retained analytes from the trapping column onto the microbore capillary column provided the requisite high peak concentration for high sensitivity. The inter-assay precision and accuracy for Ro 48-6791 and its metabolite, at 10 pg/mL, were found to be 3.4%, and 105%, and 9.1%, and 99.9%, respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the range 1 to 1000 pg/mL. The method proved to be sufficiently rugged for analysis of samples.     

脉冲熔融-飞行时间质谱法测定钛中氦和氩

应用气体分析仪开展脉冲熔融-飞行时间质谱法定氦的方法研究和定氩的应用研究,采用气标标定,标定曲线线性良好。选择脉冲-热导法作为参比方法,文中公布的实验结果均为两种方法对比数据。建立了质谱定氦和氩的方法,分析测定科研用充氦钛膜中氦,实际应用于测定粉末冶金钛合金中氩。试验表明脉冲熔融-飞行时间质谱法可以准确测定金属中氦和氩,定量分析结果与现有的脉冲-热导法基本一致。     

Occupational factors and renal disease

The male-to-female ratio of patients requiring dialysis treatment commonly approaches 2:1. It is proposed that environmental factors, particularly occupational exposure to hydrocarbons, may account for the excess number of male patients. The term "hydrocarbon" refers to the aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, and halogenated hydrocarbons (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform); glycols (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dioxane, glycerol); and organic solvents. Hydrocarbons commonly find use as solvents in industrial manufacturing practices because of their lipid solubility. Hydrocarbons have long been known to be neurotoxicants, affecting both peripheral and central nervous systems. Although benzene and its derivative have a known association with uroepithelial tumors, there is now a considerable body of evidence suggesting a possible role for hydrocarbon exposure in the development of non-neoplastic renal diseases. This article presents an epidemiological case for such an association and critically reviews the literature.     

Sociotropic cognition moderates blood pressure response to interpersonal stress in high-risk adolescent girls

The target of these investigations was a study of covalent binding the antipsychotic drug clozapine and the tripeptide glutathione. Other workers, primarily using radioisotopes, have found many adducts of clozapine and glutathione. We wanted to see how well the chlorine atom in clozapine could serve as an alternate to the use of a radiolabel using the Chemical Reaction Interface/Mass Spectrometer technique with HPLC introduction (HPLC/CRIMS). Here, we examine the capabilities of two such schemes that were previously used with GC introduction: Cl detection with SO2 as the reactant gas; and Cl and S detection using NF3 as the reactant gas. Detecting chlorine as HCl with SO2 was accomplished giving linearity over an 80-fold range of sample size. Incubations of the drug and glutathione with a peroxidase/peroxide system system yielded several metabolites characterized as novel conjugates of clozapine by electrospray mass spectrometry. This tentative identification of two conjugates was confirmed by examining the incubation mixture with NF3 as the CRIMS reactant gas. The simultaneous appearance of both Cl and S is consistent with covalent binding of clozapine to glutathione. A nearly doubled ratio of S to Cl in one peak confirmed the presence of a di-glutathione conjugate. These experiments support our proposition that element selective detection of HPLC effluents with CRIMS can supply additional information, not previously available using radioisotopic methods.     

Determination of cyanide in whole blood by capillary gas chromatography with cryogenic oven trapping

Cyanide, one of the most important toxic substances, has been found measurable with high sensitivity by capillary gas chromatography (GC) with cryogenic oven trapping upon injection of headspace (HS) vapor samples. The entire amount of cyanide in the HS sample could be cryogenically trapped prior to on-line GC analysis. A 0.5-mL volume of blood in the presence or absence of cyanide and propionitrile (internal standard, IS) was added to a vial containing 0.25 mL of distilled water, 0.3 g of Na2-SO4, 0.2 mL of 50% H3PO4, and 0.1 g of ascorbic acid (when needed), and the mixture was heated at 70 degrees C for 15 min. A 5-mL volume of the HS vapor was introduced into a GC capillary column in the splitless mode at -30 degrees C oven temperature that was programmed up to 160 degrees C for GC analysis with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. A sharp peak was obtained for cyanide under the present conditions, and backgrounds were very clean. The extraction efficiencies of cyanide and IS were 2.89-3.22 (100 or 500 ng/mL) and 2.42%, respectively. The calibration curve showed good linearity in the range of 25-1000 ng/mL and the detection limit was approximately 2 ng/mL. The coefficients of intraday and interday variations were 2.9 and 11.8%, respectively. The mean blood cyanide level measured for actual fire victims was 687 +/- 597 ng/mL (mean +/- SD, n = 9). Endogenous blood cyanide concentration for healthy subjects was 8.41 +/- 3.09 ng/mL (mean +/- SD, n = 6).     

Chlorinated Solvent Cometabolism by Butane-Grown Mixed Culture

A survey of aerobic cometabolism of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by a butane-grown mixed culture was performed. The transformation of 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (c-DCE) required O2 and was inhibited by butane and inactivated by acetylene, indicating that a monooxygenase enzyme was likely involved in the transformations. The initial transformation rates and the quantities of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons transformed were inversely proportional to the chlorine contents within each group of chlorinated methanes, ethanes, and ethenes. Lower quantities of chloroform were transformed than chloromethane and dichloromethane, but chloroform transformation resulted in much higher cell inactivation. For the ethane group, chloroethane was most effectively transformed but caused significant cell inactivation. Di- or trichloroethanes that have all chlorines on one carbon were more effectively transformed and caused less cell inactivation than the isomers that have chlorine on both carbons. For chlorinated ethenes, 1,1-DCE was most rapidly transformed, whereas trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was not transformed. Vinyl chloride was transformed to the greatest extent, and very limited transformation of trichloroethylene was observed. The 1,1-DCE transformation caused greater cell inactivation than the transformation of the other chlorinated ethenes. Chloride release studies showed nearly complete oxidative dechlorination of chlorinated methanes and chloroethane, vinyl chloride and c-DCE (86% ～ 100%), and incomplete dechlorination of 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and 1,1-DCE (37% ～ 75%) was observed.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定五氧化二钒中痕量硼和铋

采用高压密闭微波加热方式,以硝酸和盐酸混合酸(V_HNO3:V_HCL=1:2)消解样品,建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定五氧化二钒中质量分数为0.003%～0.100%的硼和铋的分析方法。实验表明:钒基体对硼、铋不产生光谱重叠干扰,但是,高浓度钒的基体效应降低了硼、铋谱线的检测信号强度;钒基体的连续背景叠加导致了硼、铋谱线的背景基线信号强度增强;硼、铋的部分灵敏谱线受到铬、铁等共存杂质元素的谱线重叠干扰。方法采取钒基体匹配和同步背景校正相结合的措施消除了基体效应的影响,通过采用灵敏度高且未受共存组分影响的谱线作为分析谱线和选择合适的检测积分与背景校正区域,提高了痕量硼、铋的检测性能。硼和铋的测定下限分别为0.001 1%和0.002 3%(二者均为质量分数),背景等效浓度分别为0.000 4%和0.001 8%(二者均为质量分数)。样品分析结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)小于8.0%,加标回收率在93%～110%之间,实际样品测定结果与电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)一致。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定电解金属锰中痕量元素

电解金属锰样品用HNO3+HCl经微波消解后,直接用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）同时测定了试液中Na、Mg、Ti、V、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Pb等13种痕量元素。通过优化仪器工作参数、选择适宜待测元素的同位素以及选用干扰元素校正方程克服了质谱干扰,使用内标元素消除了基体干扰。结果表明,Mg、V、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Pb等11种痕量元素的检出限在0.001～0.086 μg/L之间,Na和Ti元素的检出限在0.16～0.19 μg/L之间。将本方法用于测定电解锰样品,加标回收率在95%～106%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）小于3.5%。方法与其它分析方法对照,结果一致。     

A critical evaluation of the application of capillary electrophoresis to the detection and determination of 1,4-benzodiazepine tranquilizers in formulations and body materials

Studies of the capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) behaviour of 1,4-benzodiazepines have seen application in subject areas such as the development of pharmaceuticals, therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic toxicology. In the development of pharmaceuticals, pKa determinations by CZE can be used in preclinical studies whereas analytical data on the detection and determination of 1,4-benzodiazepines is of value primarily in raw material/formulation assay and in the analysis of body fluids in clinical studies. The capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques, which generally have inferior limits of detection (LOD) to rival techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are particularly applicable in forensic toxicology where reasonably high concentrations of these drugs can be encountered. It is anticipated that, with the interfacing of CZE and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, the excellent selectivity of CZE and particularly CEC will be effectively combined with the sensitivity of MS and the identification capabilities of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and MS hyphenated (MSn) techniques.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定氟化铈中13种稀土杂质

准确称取0.10 g(精确至0.000 1 g)待分析样品于微波消解罐中,加入3 mL盐酸,将微波消解仪由室温升温到120 ℃并保持5 min,再继续升温到180 ℃并保持15 min进行微波消解,以10 ng/mL Cs溶液为内标,建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定氟化铈中13种稀土杂质(La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu)含量的方法。实验表明,13种稀土杂质的线性范围为1.0~100 ng/mL,线性相关系数均不小于0.999 5,方法的检出限为0.002～0.050 μg/g。用所建立方法测定氟化铈粉末样品中La、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gd的结果与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)基本一致。将方法应用于氟化铈粉末样品中13种稀土杂质的分析,相对标准偏差(RSD, n=7)均小于5.0%,加标回收率为95%~105%。     

微波消解-离子色谱法测定磷矿石中氟和氯

磷矿石中氟和氯的准确测定对评价磷矿石的利用价值有重要指导作用。采用硝酸(1+1)和过氧化氢作为消解液,于160 ℃对样品微波消解15 min,将消解液通过0.22 μm在线超滤系统,采用Metrosep A Supp 5-250/4.0阴离子色谱柱,以3.2 mmol/L碳酸钠和1.0 mmol/L碳酸氢钠缓冲溶液作为淋洗液,电导检测器测定,建立了微波消解-离子色谱法测定磷矿石中氟和氯的方法。结果表明,氟的特征峰出现时间为6.29 min,氯的特征峰出现时间为9.17 min,氟和氯在质量浓度为10.00~50.00 mg/L范围内与其相应峰面积有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均不小于0.999 6。氟和氯的方法检出限分别为0.102 μg/L和0.162 μg/L,定量限分别为0.343 μg/L和0.540 μg/L。按照实验方法对磷矿石标准物质中氟进行测定,并加入氟单元素标准储备溶液进行加标回收试验,结果表明,氟测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)小于1%;氟的测定结果与认定值相符合,回收率为98%~105%。将实验方法应用于6个磷矿石样品中氟和氯的测定,结果表明,实验方法测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=7)均小于1%;实验方法测定结果分别与GB/T 1872—1995中离子选择性电极法或GB/T 9729—2007中氯化银比浊法基本一致。