一种2050铝锂合金薄板的微观组织与力学性能

通过力学性能测试和微观组织观察研究了不同热处理工艺对一种2050铝锂合金薄板力学性能和组织结构的影响。结果表明:2050铝锂合金主要强化析出相为T1相和θ′相,并可能存在少量S′相析出。在T6态(175℃)、T8态(6%预变形+155℃)时效时合金具有不同的时效析出特征;相比于T6态时效,由于时效前预变形的引入,T8态时效时合金中T1相和θ′相析出密度提高,尺寸减小,其对应的强度及延伸率均提高,T8峰时效(32 h)时σ_b、σ_(0.2)和δ分别为531MPa、488 MPa和11.4%。T8态时效(155℃/32 h)时,2%~10%预变形均可促进T1相形核,2%~6%预变形可促进θ′相形核,过大的预变形(如10%)并不能促进θ′相进一步形核,但可显著抑制θ′相长大。     

Ce对高强Al-Cu-Li合金组织及拉伸性能的影响

采用金相显微镜、透射电镜、扫描电镜及拉伸性能在测试研究0.11%Ce(质量分数)添加对一种Al-Cu-Li系高强铝锂合金薄板T8态时效(5%冷轧预变形+155℃时效)组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:0.11%Ce添加明显降低合金强度,但伸长率略有增加。微量Ce添加可细化铸态晶粒组织及固溶再结晶晶粒组织;而且微量Ce添加未改变铝锂合金中时效析出相的种类,主要强化相仍然为T1相(Al_2CuLi)及θ′相(Al_2Cu),但其数量减少。铝锂合金中添加微量Ce,凝固时可形成含Ce且富Cu的Al_8Cu_4Ce相粒子,在后续均匀化及固溶处理时均难以完全溶解,导致固溶基体中的Cu含量降低,时效时含Cu析出相T1相及θ′相含量减少,合金强度降低。     

预变形对2099合金组织性能的影响

通过显微硬度测试、力学性能测试和透射电镜观察等手段,研究了不同预变形程度对2099合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着预变形程度增大,合金时效进程显著加快,合金峰时效态的强度显著提高;析出相更为细小弥散地分布于基体中,较为粗大的晶界析出相趋于不连续化、点链化;时效强化相经历了由T_1相、δ′相和θ′相三相共存到以T_1相为主要强化相的变化过程,表明预变形对时效过程中析出相的大小、类型、分布有重要影响,在促进T_1相析出的同时,也消耗了δ′相和θ′相。     

Mg和Zn对2099合金时效组织与拉伸性能的影响

通过常规力学性能测试和透射电镜微观组织观察,研究2099合金在不同热处理状态(T6和T8)下的微观组织和拉伸性能,以及2099合金中所含少量Mg和Zn对合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明:2099合金在T6峰时效条件下,主要强化相是δ′相、θ′相和T1相;在T8峰时效下,主要强化相是δ′相、T1相和少量θ′相,预拉伸变形促进T1相的析出,提高合金的时效强化效果;Mg的添加促进GP区和θ′相的析出,Zn的添加有利于T1相生成和弥散分布;而Mg和Zn同时添加显著地促进T1相析出,并抑制δ′相的粗化。     

重固溶-不同温度T8再时效2195铝锂合金的力学性能与显微组织演化

以5.2 mm厚度2195-T8铝锂合金为对象,进行重固溶、4.5%预变形后不同温度(145C~160℃)的T8再时效处理,研究其力学性能与晶内显微组织演化。结果表明:重固溶处理后的晶粒形态与原始2195-T8态晶粒形态一样,仍然保持为拉长的带状晶粒组织。重固溶并经4.5%预变形后,再采用适当的温度和时间进行T8时效处理,2195铝锂合金可以回复到原始T8态的显微组织和力学性能,即2195铝锂合金采用重固溶-T8再时效处理不会明显损害其力学性能。2195铝锂合金的晶内时效析出相包括T1相(Al2Cu Li)、δ′相(Al3Li)、θ′相(Al2Cu)及θ″相(Al2Cu),其中优先析出相为T1相;较低温度及较短时间时效可形成较多δ′相和θ″相;随着时效时间延长,T1相生长,θ″相转化为θ′相并减少,δ′相消失;时效温度提高可促进该转变过程,加快铝锂合金的时效响应速度。     

2A97铝锂合金双级时效研究

通过TEM分析和常规力学性能测试,研究双级时效工艺对2A97铝锂合金组织和性能的影响,以优化合金强度和塑性匹配。结果表明:随预时效温度升高,双级时效基体由形成θ′/θ″相和δ′相为主的组织转变为形成T1相、θ″/θ′和δ′相为主的组织。135℃预时效、双级时效基体形成大量细小的θ′/θ″相和δ′相,T1数量少。晶界和亚晶界T1数量多,尺寸小,晶界和亚晶界θ′/θ″无析出带宽度窄。155℃预时效、双级时效可在基体形成以T1相为主的组织,且数量多,尺寸大,均匀分布,T1相、θ″/θ′和δ′相的联合强化作用使合金具有高的强度。     

含钪Al-Cu-Li合金的形变时效研究

通过显微组织观察和室温拉伸试验，研究了形变时效对含钪Al-Cu-Li合金组织和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明，时效前的预变形能促进T1(Al2CuLi)相弥散细小的析出，显著提高合金的强度，使时效峰值提前。合金的强度随预变形量的增大而升高，但预变形量过大，不利于T1相的析出形态和分布，影响合金的性能。在本试验条件下，该合金的最佳预变形量为3．5％。     

Weldalite~(TM)210合金的拉伸性能与显微组织

通过显微硬度测试、拉伸实验和透射电镜观察,研究不同热处理状态(T6、T8)和微量Zn的添加对Weldalite~(TM)210Al-Li合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响.结果表明:Weldalite~(TM)210Al-Li合金具有很高的强度,在T6状态下,该合金的主要析出强化相是θ'相、δ'相和T_1相;而在T8状态下,其主要强化相是δ'相和T_1相,预变形促进T_1相的析出,提高T8状态下合金的时效强化效果;微量Zn的添加明显促进T_1相的析出和弥散分布,使合金强度提高,但Zn的加入使合金塑性略有下降.     

两种Ce微合金化铝锂合金形变热处理时的微观组织与拉伸性能

研究了Ce添加量分别为0.09%及0.23%的Al-4.15Cu-1.25Li-X高强铝锂合金薄板T6态时效(175℃时效)及T8态时效(5%冷轧预变形+155℃时效)时的微观组织和拉伸性能。结果表明,相比T6态时效,T8态时效时铝锂合金强度及伸长率均有所提高。T8态时效时,含0.23%Ce的铝锂合金强度及伸长率均低于Ce含量为0.09%的铝锂合金。Ce含量增加未改变铝锂合金中时效析出相的种类,主要强化相仍为T1相(Al_2CuLi)及θ'相(Al_2Cu),但其数量减少。微量Ce的添加可形成含Ce且富Cu的Al_8Cu_4Ce相粒子,这些粒子在均匀化及固溶处理时均难以完全溶解。Ce含量增加,导致固溶基体中Cu含量降低,时效时含Cu析出相T1相及θ'相含量减少,铝锂合金强度降低。     

扩散退火对2090-Ce铝锂合金组织和性能的影响

研究了含0．12％～0．15％Ce的2090合金铸锭扩散退火工艺参数对合金元素在晶粒内部的分布、合金板材力学性能及强化相的分布与形态的影响。研究结果表明，对于2090－Ce合金铸锭，采用350℃×10h＋500℃×16b的均匀化处理，可使板材最终固溶时效后的强度提高；采用450℃×10h＋500℃×10h＋520℃×6h的均匀化处理，可使板材最终固溶时效后的断裂韧度及伸长率提高。第一段和第三段均匀化温度越高，合金板材的强度越低。第一段均匀化温度越高或第二段均匀化时间越长，组织中的β′相越粗大。扩散退火工艺对2090－Ce合金板材固溶时效后的强化相δ′及T1的形态与分布能产生间接的影响。降低第一段的均匀化温度，可使组织中获得细小的δ′／β′复合相，但使T1相分布和尺寸不均匀；较高的第一段均匀化温度和较长的第二段均匀化时间可使δ′／β′复合相中的δ′包复层分解成细小的颗粒状，并使T1相粗化；较高的第三段均匀化温度除使T1根粗化外，并促使其沿晶析出，同时使δ′相减少。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.