2-氰基-2,2-二(4-溴苄基)乙酸乙酯的合成

室温下,在二氯甲烷溶剂中,用三溴化硼溴化4-溴甲苯甲基侧链,合成了4-溴溴苄,收率84.4%;无水乙醇回流条件下,物料比n(4-溴溴苄)∶n(吡啶)=1∶1时,合成溴化N-(4-溴苄基)吡啶,收率95.3%;物料比n(溴化N-(4-溴苄基)吡啶)∶n(丙二腈)=2∶1时,合成2,2-二(4-溴苄基)丙二腈,收率67.0%;二氯亚砜催化2,2-二(4-溴苄基)丙二腈在有水的条件下醇解合成2-氰基-2,2-二(4-溴苄基)乙酸乙酯,收率65.3%。     

2,2'-二氨基联苄的合成研究

以邻硝基氯苄为起始原料,经缩合和还原得到2,2'-二氨基联苄,探索了反应的影响因素。结果表明,2,2'-二硝基联苄较佳合成条件为:n(邻硝基氯苄)∶n(金属钠)=1∶2,回流,反应7 h,收率85.00%,HPLC纯度97.32%;2,2'-二氨基联苄的较佳合成条件:n(2,2'-二硝基联苄)∶n(Fe)=1∶7,采用水与无水乙醇混合溶剂,V(水)∶V(乙醇)=2∶1,反应时间4 h,反应温度90℃,收率97.50%,HPLC纯度98.86%。产品结构经1H NMR、13C NMR和LC-MS分析表征确认。     

2,2-二甲基-5-(4-氯苄基)环戊酮的合成

[目的]合成叶菌唑的关键中间体2,2-二甲基-5-(4-氯苄基)环戊酮。[方法]以己二酸二甲酯为原料,经迪克曼缩合、苄基化、甲基化、脱羧4步反应合成2,2-二甲基-5-(4-氯苄基)环戊酮。[结果]反应总收率65.9%,产品纯度96.1%。[结论]方法步骤短、收率高、操作较简便,适合工业化放大。     

4-((4-氯苄基)氧基)-N,N-二乙基丁-2-炔-1-胺的合成研究

以对氯苄醇、3-溴丙炔为起始原料,经过醚化反应合成中间产物1-氯-4-((丙-2-炔-1-基氧基)甲基)苯,再与多聚甲醛、三乙胺经曼尼希反应,合成具有抗心律不齐功能的化合物4-((4-氯苄基)氧基)-N,N-二乙基丁-2-炔-1-胺。通过GC-MS和1H NMR表征了产物结构。确定合成4-((4-氯苄基)氧基)-N,N-二乙基丁-2-炔-1-胺的较优条件为:1-氯-4-((丙-2-炔-1-基氧基)甲基)苯1 mmol,n(1-氯-4-((丙-2-炔-1-基氧基)甲基)苯)∶n(多聚甲醛)∶n(三乙胺)=1∶1∶2,溶剂为二氧六环,催化剂为氯化亚铜,其用量占原料质量的20%,反应温度90℃,反应时间6 h,在上述适宜条件下4-((4-氯苄基)氧基)-N,N-二乙基丁-2-炔-1-胺的得率为74.6%。     

4-((4-氯苄基)氧基)-N,N-二乙基丁-2-炔-1-胺的合成研究

以对氯苄醇、3-溴丙炔为起始原料,经过醚化反应合成中间产物1-氯-4-((丙-2-炔-1-基氧基)甲基)苯,再与多聚甲醛、三乙胺经曼尼希反应,合成具有抗心律不齐功能的化合物4-((4-氯苄基)氧基)-N,N-二乙基丁-2-炔-1-胺。通过GC-MS和1H NMR表征了产物结构。确定合成4-((4-氯苄基)氧基)-N,N-二乙基丁-2-炔-1-胺的较优条件为:1-氯-4-((丙-2-炔-1-基氧基)甲基)苯1 mmol,n(1-氯-4-((丙-2-炔-1-基氧基)甲基)苯)∶n(多聚甲醛)∶n(三乙胺)=1∶1∶2,溶剂为二氧六环,催化剂为氯化亚铜,其用量占原料质量的20%,反应温度90℃,反应时间6 h,在上述适宜条件下4-((4-氯苄基)氧基)-N,N-二乙基丁-2-炔-1-胺的得率为74.6%。     

5-甲基-4-乙酰基-1-对氯苄基-1,2,3-三唑的合成研究

以对氯苄基叠氮和乙酰丙酮为原料合成5-甲基-4-乙酰基-1-对氯苄基-1,2,3-三唑,考察了催化剂类型、溶剂、配比对反应的影响,并确定了优化的工艺条件:无水碳酸钾为催化剂,乙腈和乙醇等体积混合为反应溶剂,n(对氯苄基叠氮)∶n(乙酰丙酮)=1∶1.2,反应时间2 h。产品收率达94%,目标化合物的结构经1H NMR和IR确证。     

对氯苯基丙酮的合成

研究了以对氯氯苄为主要原料 ,合成药物中间体对氯苯基丙酮的新工艺。该工艺由对氯苄基氯化锌和苯基丙酮的两步合成反应组成。优化的工艺条件为n(对氯苄基氯 )∶n(Zn)∶n(乙酐 ) =1∶1.2∶2 .5 ;对氯苄基氯化锌的合成温度 60～ 65℃ ,反应时间3h ;对氯苯基丙酮合成温度 3 0～ 3 5℃ ,反应时间 5h。总收率 78%。     

2-羟基-4-苄氧基二苯甲酮的合成

以间苯二酚、三氯甲苯和苄基氯为原料,通过两步反应合成2-羟基-4-苄氧基二苯甲酮。第一步采用以间苯二酚和三氯甲苯为原料,在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵作为相转移剂时,合成了中间体2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮,其反应的适宜条件为:反应原料n(三氯甲苯)/n(间苯二酚)比为1.4、滴加温度为60℃、反应温度为70℃、反应时间为0.5 h和催化剂用量为3.0 g/mol(以间苯二酚计),产品收率在95%以上。第二步采用以中间体2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮和苄基氯为原料,合成最终产物2-羟基-4-苄氧基二苯甲酮,结果表明,反应原料n(苄基氯)/n(2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮)比为1.0、Na2CO3为106.0 g/mol(以2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮计)、环已酮为40 mL和反应时间为6 h,产率在77%以上。得到的中间体和产物通过红外光谱、元素分析和1H-NMR进行表征。     

5-羟基苯并呋喃-6-甲酸的合成研究

以2,5-二羟基苯甲酸为原料,经酯化、取代、多聚磷酸催化傅克烷基化、酯水解4步反应制备目标化合物,4步反应总收率52. 5%。其结构及中间体经1HNMR、13CNMR和ESI-MS确证。并分别对每一步影响产物收率的因素进行了研究。确定酯化条件:无水乙醇为溶剂,n(SOCl2)∶n(2,5-二羟基苯甲酸)=1. 5∶1,回流条件下反应3 h,收率为93%。取代反应条件:K2CO3为碱,n(2-溴-1,1-二甲氧基乙烷)∶n(2,5-二羟基苯甲酸乙酯)=1. 3∶1,反应在丙酮溶剂中回流12 h,5-(2,2-二甲氧基乙氧基)-2-羟基苯甲酸乙酯最高收率为78%。傅克烷基化反应条件:甲苯为溶剂,n(PPA)∶n(5-(2,2-二甲氧基乙氧基)-2-羟基苯甲酸乙酯)=0. 5∶1,反应在80℃下进行2 h,收率为77%。水解条件:甲醇/水混合溶剂,n(Na OH)∶n(5-羟基苯丙呋喃-6-甲酸乙酯)=3∶1,50℃时反应4 h,收率为94%。     

6-氯苯并二氢吡喃-4-酮的合成研究

以对氯苯酚和3-氯丙酸为起始原料,在相转移催化剂三乙基苄基氯化铵催化下,合成对氯苯氧丙酸(1),然后用浓硫酸环化合成6-氯苯并二氢吡喃-4-酮(2)。考察了催化剂的用量、原料配比和反应时间对1收率的影响,适宜条件为:n(三乙基苄基氯化胺):n(对氯苯酚):n(3-氯丙酸):n(氢氧化钠)=0.023:1:1.3:1.3,反应时间为3h,收率为30.9%。此合成方法操作简便、安全、反应时间短且成本低。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。