改进多尺度幅值感知排列熵与随机森林结合的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承故障识别准确率较低的问题,本文提出了一种新型滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法能够在准确识别滚动轴承故障类型的基础上,进一步分析故障的严重程度。首先,通过固有时间尺度分解提取滚动轴承振动信号的最佳固有旋转分量,突显故障信号的冲击特征;然后,利用改进多尺度幅值感知排列熵对信号幅值和频率变化敏感的特性,计算不同时间尺度下的幅值感知排列熵作为故障特征向量,改善了多尺度分析中的粗粒化过程,提升了故障特征提取的稳定性;最后,利用故障特征集构建随机森林多分类器,实现对滚动轴承不同故障类型的识别及严重程度分析,具有较强的泛化能力。实验结果表明,与现有滚动轴承故障诊断方法相比,平均故障识别准确率达到99.25%。该方法能够稳定而有效地提取滚动轴承的故障特征且具有较好的实时性。     

钢板声发射时间反转聚焦增强定位方法

声发射检测方法具有实时动态监测优点,应用越来越广泛,但是对声源的定位始终没有更大的突破。在钢板声发射检测中,提出一种基于时间反转理论的声发射源准确定位的方法。由于声发射检测是一种被动检测技术,结合时间反转聚焦理论,推导出对声源信号实现时间反转聚焦增强处理方法,可增强检测信号中声源幅值,提高信噪比;然后根据声源信号到达时间推算出声源聚焦时刻,利用弹性波传播理论对传感器监测区域重建信号传播波动图,显示出声源位置和区域;最后通过实验测试对该方法进行验证,结果表明该方法能有效提高损伤声源信号的能量,对检测区域的信号重建和定位显示准确地给出损伤声源位置。     

基于声发射信号的蜗轮磨损程度在线监测

为实现对蜗轮蜗杆减速器工作过程中蜗轮磨损程度的精确监测,利用多通道声发射检测仪器对不同磨损程度的蜗轮声发射信号进行在线采集。采用小波分析方法对信号进行去噪处理,提取声发射特征信号值,根据最小模糊熵优化模型构造出不同磨损程度蜗轮的模糊隶属度函数。采用ANFIS多维模糊神经网络实现多通道声发射信号的决策融合,提高了蜗轮磨损程度识别结果的准确性。通过对随机磨损程度的蜗轮进行实际验证,实验结果验证了系统的有效性和可靠性。     

基于模态分析和小波变换的声发射源定位新算法研究

针对传统声发射源定位中，声发射信号到达传感器的时间受设定门槛电压影响很大，导致声发射源定位效果较差，提出了一种声发射源定位新方法。根据模态声发射理论，携带声发射源信息的声发射信号在结构中传播过程中，具有频散现象和多模态特性。因此，声发射源定位应基于同一频率下、同一模态导波到达各个传感器的时间和传播速度。通过对声发射信号进行Gabor小波变换的方法，在时频空间内确定某一频率下某一模态导波到达传感器的时间；并通过数值计算得到该频率处模态导波的群速度，从而实现声发射源的准确定位。通过薄板中声发射线源定位试验，证明了该定位算法的有效性。     

基于模糊熵的转子碰摩声发射信号的识别

利用模糊熵理论来度量转子碰摩声发射信号的特征参数相对于不同碰摩状态识别模式的不确定度。根据碰摩声发射信号的特点,选用平均信号电平、幅度、幅度动态范围以及小波包分解信号前四个节点重构信号的能量值作为声发射信号识别的特征参数,由训练样本确定各特征参数针对不同碰摩类别的基于高斯形式的隶属度函数,并由隶属函数得到特征参数与类别之间的模糊关系矩阵。由于各特征参数对于声发射信号识别的有效性不同,因此在计算模糊关系矩阵时引入有效度系数,提出一种利用模糊熵定义有效度系数的方法。结合该系数得到修正的模糊关系矩阵并计算综合评价模糊集合,选择隶属度最大的类别作为识别结果。在转子试验台上采集的不同碰摩状态的声发射信号进行验证,试验结果表明,模糊综合评价方法是一种有效的声发射识别手段,并可以利用参数有效性的差异来提高识别效率。     

基于小波相关—包络排列熵的齿轮故障特征提取

振动信号是齿轮箱故障特征信息的有效载体,对振动信号的分析可实现不停机操作下的齿轮箱故障诊断。但振动信号易受噪声干扰,特别在复杂设备中,众多运动部件同时产生振动激励,使得实际获取信号的信噪比较低。针对传统方法存在的问题,将小波相关降噪和包络谱分析技术相结合,并利用排列熵对微弱信号变化敏感的特点,提出了基于小波相关—包络排列熵的齿轮故障特征提取方法,实现了齿轮箱不同状态下故障特征的提取。通过仿真信号和诊断实例分析结果表明,该方法比传统的信号分析方法更有效地凸显齿轮的故障特征。     

基于小波分析的声发射源定位技术

声发射全波形采集技术为基于波形分析的声源定位方法提供了可能。在板状构件中声波的传播模式较为复杂,且不同模式的波到达时间和波速均不相同,从而带来了声源定位误差。将时频幅度分析方法引入声发射源定位技术：从接收到的信号中提取出某一频率的柔性波随时间变化的规律,在理论分析的基础上证明,这个分离信号的最大幅值点所对应的时间就是该频率柔性波群速度的到达时间。根据这个到达时间,以及实际测量出的群速度就可以实现声发射源更精确的定位,试验结果也证明了这种方法的可靠性。     

滚动轴承故障声发射信号的小波包络谱分析

利用声发射信号的高频特性采集滚动轴承故障信息,采用小波分析技术把信号分解在不同频带,对信号进行重构,从而消除背景噪声,再采用小波包络谱分析方法识别故障信息.试验结果证明,基于声发射信号的小波包络谱分析可以有效地检测滚动轴承故障.     

基于声发射信号的精密外圆切入磨削时间评估算法及试验研究

针对精密外圆切入磨削智能监控的需求,设计一种基于声发射信号的磨削时间在线评估方法。通过建立声发射信号方均根值曲线预测模型,获得声发射信号与磨削系统时间常数的关系,设计磨削系统时间常数在线计算方法;利用在线检测的声发射信号识别砂轮运动去除状态,推导基于声发射信号的外圆切入磨削表面粗糙度评价和工件几何精度预测模型,以此建立砂轮进给与驻留时间的评估算法;编写磨削时间分析评估软件,设计磨削时间在线评估方法,通过加工试验分析磨削时间对磨削加工精度与表面粗糙度的影响规律,并对评估算法进行验证。试验结果表明:该评估方法能够根据磨削时间有效评价加工质量,为精密外圆切入磨削智能监控与工艺优化提供决策依据。     

CEEMDAN结合排列熵在滚动轴承故障特征分析中的应用

提出了一种新的信号分类识别的方法,首先将信号进行CEEMDAN分解得到多个固有模态分量,对每个分量求排列熵值。通过大量的数据对比分析,选择出在不同工况下,排列熵值差异最大的几阶模态分量,然后将这几组排列熵值组成特征向量,利用RBF人工神经网络实现对信号的分类识别。最后通过数据验证,比较了三种不同的分类识别方法,证明了新方法的有效性。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.