4,4'-二氨基二苯甲烷与碳酸二甲酯甲氧基羰基化制备4,4'-二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯

研究了4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(MDA)与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)甲氧基羰基化合成4,4′-二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC)的反应,研究了反应的影响因素,并采用FTIR、1 H NMR等测试方法对合成产物的结构进行了表征。结果表明,合成MDC的最佳反应工艺为反应温度160℃,用醋酸铅催化,且m(醋酸铅)∶m(MDA)=6%,反应物配比n(DMC)∶n(MDA)=20∶1,反应时间3h。在上述反应条件下,MDA的转化率达到100%,MDC的收率达到96.6%。     

4,4′-二氨基苯磺酰苯胺的合成

该文对4,4′-二氨基苯磺酰苯胺(Ⅰ)的合成进行了研究。对硝基苯胺在90~95℃的水中用铁粉还原为对苯二胺,收率约90%;乙酰苯胺与氯磺酸〔n(乙酰苯胺)∶n(氯磺酸)=1∶4〕在60~65℃及氨基磺酸催化下,反应3 h生成对乙酰氨基苯磺酰氯,收率85%;乙酰氨基苯磺酰氯与对苯二胺在四丁基溴化胺催化下,于30~35℃反应12 h,生成4-乙酰氨基-4′-氨基苯磺酰苯胺;最后在95℃用氢氧化钠水解,得到4,4′-二氨基苯磺酰苯胺。高效液相色谱测得w(Ⅰ)>98.5%,总收率约75%。该路线生产成本比协作单位已有的生产工艺节省10%,已成功用于年产150 tⅠ的工业生产中。     

4,4′-二苯甲烷二胺与碳酸二甲酯合成4,4′-二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯

研究了无水乙酸锌〔Zn(CH3COO)2〕催化下4,4′-二苯甲烷二胺(MDA)与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)合成4,4′-二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC)的反应。用高效液相色谱/质谱/质谱联用仪对反应体系副产物进行了检测分析。结果表明,MDC生成的适宜工艺条件为:催化剂用量n〔Zn(CH3COO)2〕∶n(MDA)=5∶1,反应物配比n(DMC)∶n(MDA)=20∶1,反应温度180℃,反应时间2 h。在该条件下MDC收率为98%,MDA转化率100%。分析结果表明,主要副产物为单氨基甲酸酯和3种N-甲基化物。在上述基础上,讨论了N-甲基化物可能的生成机制和副产物的形成对MDC生成的影响。     

SiO_2固载磺酸功能化离子液体的制备及其催化合成4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷

采用3种方法成功制备了固载型磺酸功能化离子液体,对其催化苯胺与甲醛缩合制备4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(4,4′-MDA)的反应性能进行了评价,并考察了其重复使用性能。结果表明,固载型磺酸功能化离子液体的催化效果与其固载量正相关,Si O2@[HSO3-ppim]CF3SO3-Ⅰ的固载量最高,催化效果最好。以Si O2@[HSO3-ppim]CF3SO3-Ⅰ为催化剂,4,4′-MDA合成反应适宜的反应条件为:w(cat.)/w(HCHO)=1.5,n(AN)/n(HCHO)=4,反应时间7 h,反应温度80℃。在此条件下,4,4′-MDA的收率和选择性分别为74.9%和94.5%。通过酸碱滴定法测定酸量和红外谱图分析发现,苯胺与离子液体的酸中心发生化学作用导致回收催化剂活性下降。利用CF3SO3H对回收催化剂进行酸化处理,其活性得以恢复,重复使用4次,催化活性没有明显降低。     

离子交换树脂催化合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸酯的研究

二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸酯是非光气合成二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)的重要中间体。以离子交换树脂为催化剂,对苯氨基甲酸甲酯与甲醛缩合反应制备二氨基甲酸酯进行了研究,考察了催化剂、反应温度、原料配比、催化剂用量和反应时间对反应的影响。优惠条件:温度100℃,原料配比n(对苯氨基甲酸甲酯)∶n(甲醛)=6∶1,催化剂用量为苯氨基甲酸甲酯质量的10%,反应时间4h。此条件下,二氨基甲酸酯收率为57%,选择性为60%。     

4,4′-二苯甲烷二胺与碳酸二甲酯甲基化反应合成4,4′-双(二甲氨基)二苯甲烷

该文以4,4′-二苯甲烷二胺(MDA)与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)为原料合成4,4′-双(二甲氨基)二苯甲烷(MBDMA)。用不同类型催化剂对反应过程中甲氧羰基化和甲基化反应进行了调控。NaY分子筛催化剂促进甲基化反应的发生,适宜的反应条件为:催化剂用量m(NaY)∶m(DMC)=0.07∶1,反应物配比n(DMC)∶n(MDA)=30∶1,反应温度190℃,反应时间6 h,此时MDA完全转化,MBDMA选择性达97%。相反,乙酸锌催化剂则促进甲氧羰基化反应的进行。用高效液相色谱/质谱联用技术(HPLC/MS)对NaY催化下反应副产物的结构进行了分析,发现生成的副产物主要为3种不同程度的N-甲基化产物,表明MBDMA生成是经过逐步甲基化完成的。     

高纯度4,4’-N,N’-二甲氨基二苯甲烷的合成

本文用甲酸作催化剂,以N,N-二甲基苯胺和甲醛为原料合成了高纯度、高收率的 4,4′-N.N′-二甲氨基二苯甲烷,并讨论了影响反应的各种因素,确定了合成的最佳工艺条件.     

二苯氯甲烷的光化学合成

以无水氯化锌为催化剂,苯与氯化苄为原料,经Friedel Crafts反应制得二苯甲烷,收率为72 6%;在可见光照射下,二苯甲烷与氯气发生自由基取代反应生成二苯氯甲烷。通过系列实验得出了二苯氯甲烷光化学合成的优化工艺条件:n(二苯甲烷)∶n(氯气)=1∶1 02,光源采用碘钨灯,反应温度90～100℃,通氯时间12h,以二苯甲烷计二苯氯甲烷收率82 2%,产品质量分数≥98%,通过红外和质谱对其结构进行了确证。     

盐酸催化合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯

用碳酸二甲酯（DMC）代替光气,与苯胺甲氧羰基化反应制得苯氨基甲酸甲酯（MPC）,在盐酸催化剂的作用下,经甲基化缩合反应合成了4,4-二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯（MDC）;使用液-质联用仪分析了反应物组成;测定了MDC的熔点;采用核磁共振仪对产品结构进行了表征;考察了反应温度、物料配比、反应时间、催化剂用量对MDC收率的影响。实验结果表明,在n（MPC／甲醛）=6：1、15％盐酸用量15mL、反应温度90℃、反应时间3h的条件下,MDC收率达到63％。该合成方法具有便于光气法改造、反应条件温和、催化剂易得易分离等优点。     

德国禁用芳香族氨基化合物及其偶氮染料

1994年7月,德国颁布法令,自1995年起,禁止用联苯胺、4-氨基联苯、4-氯-2-甲基苯胺、2-萘胺、4-氨基-3、2′-二甲基偶氮苯、2-氨基-4-硝基甲苯、对氯苯胺、2,4-二氨基苯甲醚、4,4′-二_氨基二苯甲烷、3,3′-双氯联苯胺、3,3′-二甲氧基联苯胺、3,3′-二甲基联苯胺、3,3′-二甲基-4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷、3-甲基-6-甲氧基苯胺、4,4′-二氨基-3,3′-二氯二苯甲烷、4,4′-二氨基二苯醚、4,4′-     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.