厚壁封头接管热成形的有限元分析与试验研究

针对核电容器上的接管采用焊接连接存在的隐患,研究了厚壁封头接管整锻成形技术。采用DEFORM3D软件对壁厚为325mm的大型厚壁封头接管成形过程进行了模拟研究。获得了变形区金属应力变化规律,并对预加工孔径、凹模中心孔等工艺参数进行了分析,研究了其对成形质量的影响并得出相应的优化数据。通过缩比试验验证了有限元分析计算的正...     

高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器中的石墨粉尘沉积

为了研究高温气冷堆内石墨粉尘沉积行为,通过构建氦气实验回路,设计蒸汽发生器封头及换热单元模拟件,研究氦气载带的石墨粉尘在高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器内特征结构处的沉积情况,分析不同流量和温度下蒸汽发生器底部和蒸汽发生器换热单元的石墨粉尘沉积量与沉积分布。结果表明:蒸汽发生器人孔处会有大量的石墨粉尘残留;蒸汽发生器换热单元下部沉积大于上部,经估算,单个换热单元内饱和沉积量约为222. 6 g。     

径向流分子筛吸附器封头的应力分析

径向流分子筛吸附器上封头有多个开孔,除受内压外还承受交变载荷,应力分布比较复杂。通过ANSYS有限元分析软件对其进行详细的应力分析,保证容器在使用期内不发生各种形式的破坏。详细叙述利用ANSYS软件对径向流分子筛吸附器上封头进行的应力分析、疲劳寿命分析。     

EPR蒸汽发生器在役检查

核电厂蒸汽发生器长期运行在高温、高压、高放射性的环境下,是反应堆冷却剂压力边界的主要组成部分,这就意味着必须保持蒸汽发生器的完整性。介绍了EPR核电机组蒸汽发生器的结构特点和技术参数;分析了对EPR蒸汽发生器进行在役检查的重点和难点,并且结合RSEM2010规范以及国内其他核电站蒸汽发生器的运行经验,给出了EPR蒸汽发生器的检查方法、检查周期、检查部位以及主要的检查项目,可供核电在役检查人员参考。     

基于能量准则的板翅式换热器封头塑性载荷研究

针对基于能量准则的板翅式换热器封头强度设计问题,给出了比率塑性功曲率(Ratio Plastic Work Curvature,RPWC)准则塑性载荷和塑性功曲率(Plastic Work Curvature,PWC)准则塑性载荷确定方法。两种准则的封头塑性压力结果一致表明大变形效应对封头结构有强化效果。5种接管开孔率的塑性压力比较结果表明,PWC塑性压力最大,RPWC塑性压力其次,PWC工程塑性压力最小,RPWC塑性压力对应的比率塑性功小于PWC零曲率塑性载荷对应的比率塑性功。RPWC准则相对PWC零曲率准则临界塑性指标更严格,具有偏安全、简便直观的特点,适合板翅式换热器封头这类复杂结构的塑性压力计算,而PWC工程塑性载荷可用于工程设计载荷的保守估计。     

枪管寿命模拟器和仿真

目的 研制一个系统，以便在枪管寿命的研究和预测中，显著地减少“画、加、打”循环。方法 将模拟试验装置、建模与仿真及参数监测系统结合成一个闭环自修正系统。结果与结论 通过３～５发射击试验，真实、全面地再现了枪管在实弹射击条件下所经历的复杂的物理－化学过程，同时，它能根据模拟试验的实测数据实时地修改建型，提高了枪管寿命仿真的真实性。     

矩形大开孔薄壁圆筒真空室的强度及屈曲分析

本文运用三维有限元分析方法，对薄壁圆筒真空室上有大面积矩形开孔和接管的一类真空室进行了应力分析，并依据第三强度理论给出了应力及变形情况。此外，本文还应用特征值法对真空室进行了屈曲分析，得到了其一阶临界载荷和波形。结果表明真空室在承受工作载荷条件下满足强度和稳定性要求。     

K节点应力集中系数的试验和数值研究方法

工程中常用的评价海洋平台中管节点疲劳寿命的方法是使用S-N曲线。当管节点承受疲劳载荷作用的时候,可以通过数值或者试验方法得到沿着焊缝处的热点应力幅的大小。然后通过S-N曲线,可以预测此节点在破坏前可以承受疲劳载荷的循环次数。应力幅的大小可以由应力集中系数这个参数来确定。对K型节点在承受基本载荷作用下的应力集中系数进行了数值和试验分析,得到了各种基本载荷作用下K节点沿着焊缝处应力分布情况和极值应力点的位置。     

冷胀孔裂纹寿命增长效果估算模型

本文用含孔边穿透裂纹的冷胀孔、未胀孔剩余寿命之比来评价孔冷胀强化工艺延长裂纹扩展寿命的效果。本文提出把理论计算方法与实验测试结果相结合来确定残余应力场:根据实验测量结果确定冷胀孔塑性区半径:把塑性区半径代入残余应力场的理论计算式中求出残余应力场初形;根据最大残余应力值与材料屈服应力之间的规律关系(由冷胀孔残余应力测试结果得出的)修正已计算出的残余应力场。本文用冷胀孔单边穿透裂纹在等幅循环载荷作用下的裂纹扩展寿命试验结果检验了所提出的模型,此估算模型可较保守而又较充分反映孔冷胀强化工艺对孔边裂纹的增寿作用。     

非对称循环加载下燃气轮机叶片材料疲劳寿命预测

燃气轮机叶片在实际工作过程中,易受到非对称循环载荷作用而发生疲劳失效。为便于准确地预测非对称循环加载下叶片材料的裂纹萌生及扩展寿命,首先考虑平均应力效应和高应力区的塑性变形影响,对Chaboche模型进行改进,然后将改进的Chaboche模型和Walker裂纹扩展公式相结合,建立了一种非对称循环载荷作用下裂纹萌生及扩展综合寿命模型,并用试验数据进行验证分析。结果表明,该模型预测得到的裂纹萌生寿命、裂纹扩展寿命与试验数据基本吻合,验证了新模型的适用性和准确性,为燃气轮机叶片损伤分析和寿命预测奠定理论基础。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...