Effect of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine on acute toxic mastitis in dairy cows

A double-blinded randomized prospective clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone for treatment of acute toxic mastitis in dairy cows. All cows were treated 4 times at 12-hour intervals by intramammary infusion of gentamicin (150 mg). A total of 45 dairy cows with toxic mastitis were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: group 1 (control), saline solution, IV; group 2, 1 g of flunixin meglumine, IV; or group 3, 4 g of phenylbutazone, IV. Physical examination and udder variables were assessed at initial examination and 24 hours later. Milk production was recorded at regular intervals from 1 week before until 10 weeks after development of mastitis. Rear quarters (34/45) were more commonly affected than front quarters. Thirty-five cows returned to the herd, 9 cows were culled, and 1 cow died. There were no significant differences among treatment groups in the need for further treatment or outcome. Klebsiella spp (18/45) and Escherichia coli (16/45) were the most common pathogens isolated by culture of milk from affected quarters. The overall bacteriologic cure rate on days 7 and 14 was 64 and 75%, respectively. At the time of initial examination, cows of the control group had higher rectal temperature than did cows of the flunixin group. At the examination 24 hours later, the rectal temperature of cows in all treatment groups was lower than the temperature at initial examination; at that time (24 hours), however, there were no significant differences in temperature among the treatment groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of flunixin meglumine on plasma prostanoid concentrations in horses with colic in the perioperative period

In the present study the significance of eicosanoids in the development of shock in horses on the basis of ileus has been investigated using the prostanoids thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) as indicators. The prostanoid synthesis inhibitor flunixin meglumine was to be examined regarding its efficacy in the effective blockade of the synthesis of these mediators within the peri-operative timeframe as well as its effects on clinical signs and laboratory parameters. 21 horses suffering from ileus and ready for surgical intervention received an intravenous flunixin dosis of 1.1 mg/kg body weight immediately after the initial examination and prior to the surgical procedure. 20 colic horses receiving surgical treatment without application of the drug served as control group. Reference data concerning the approximate standard plasma levels of the prostanoids were determined in 10 healthy horses. Plasma levels of thromboxane B2 and prostaglandine E2 in all colic horses, treatment group as well as controls, initially proved to be significantly higher than the reference values in healthy horses. The untreated control group showed plasma levels highly exceeding the standards within the course of investigation. The application of flunixin meglumine resulted in an effective inhibition of the prostanoid synthesis. Post-operatively as well as within the whole period of investigation the plasma levels of PGE2 and TXB2 of the treated group were considerably lower than those of the control group. Flunixin meglumine had a favorable effect on several cardiovascular parameters. The experimental data concerning the effects of flunixin meglumine thus could be validated in a clinical setting, especially the effective inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzyme system. The application of the prostanoid synthesis inhibitor flunixin meglumine can be judged as being effective in limiting shock progress in the peri-operative setting given reliable diagnosis.     

Comparison of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy in the treatment of depression.

Evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of A. T. Beck's cognitive treatment and P. M. Lewinsohn's behavioral treatment of depression. A multiple criteria (self-report, objective, and subjective clinical ratings) approach was used in the selection of 8 college students each for the following groups: cognitive modification, behavior modification, an attention/assessment (nondirective), and waiting list. Eight 2-hr group sessions were held over 4 wks. The cognitive modification group was the most effective in alleviating depression as measured by self-report and the objective clinical rating. Cognitive modification resulted in significantly fewer depressive symptoms after treatment than all other groups. The behavior modification and nondirective procedures were more effective than no treatment based on the self-report data. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Status of mastitis therapy and prevention

Dog platelets are refractory to aggregation by arachidonic acid (AA) but generate an unstable activity that aggregates rabbit platelets. Formation of this activity is inhibited by indomethacin, by the peroxide scavenging enzyme catalase, by two chelating agents that bind Cu+ and Cu2+ ions, by the -SH agent dithiothreitol and is stimulated by cysteine. Agitation of dog platelets is followed by spontaneous aggregation and uncovers aggregation by AA, which is blocked by indomethacin. Neither indomethacin nor apyrase prevent spontaneous aggregation, ruling out both activation of prostaglandin synthetase and leakage of ADP as possible explanations. Complexation of plasma Ca2+ by citrate as an explanation for refractoriness to AA was ruled out by replacing citrate with heparin. Dog platelets are also refractory to PGH2 formed from AA by the cyclo oxygenase component of prostaglandin synthetase. Aggregation of rabbit platelets by PGH2 is not inhibited by indomethacin, by catalase, by dithiothreitol or by metal chelating agents and is not potentiated by cysteine. This confirms that the reagents act before PGH2 is formed. Aggregating activity generated by dog platelets is probably due to an unstable lipoperoxide whose generation involves mechanisms similar to those responsible for aggregation of rabbit platelets, since similar antagonists block both processes.     

Uterine motility of cattle during late pregnancy, labor and puerperium. III. Use of flunixin meglumine and endocrine changes

In the present study the effect of Flunixin meglumine (FM), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, was investigated on postpartal prostaglandin production and uterine activity in the cow. For that purpose 8 cows were given FM in a dose of 2.2 mg/Kg b.w. twice daily (08.00 and 16.00 h) for the first 10 days p.p. Blood samples were collected at various times before, during and after parturition and the concentrations of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha (PGFM), progesterone as well as adrenaline and noradrenaline determined. Eight cows served as controls. Uterine activity was measured by means of pressure microsensors and electrodes which were surgically implanted into the uterine wall before parturition. During the whole treatment period FM inhibited endogenous PG-production by more than 80% (p < 0.05). The suppressive effect of FM was maximal 4 h after the last injection and lasted no longer than 8 h. PGF2 alpha-suppression clearly decreased spontaneous uterine motility and reduced the myometrial response to ocytocin (5 IU i.v.) and PGF2 alpha (15 mg i.v.). Treatment with FM did not interfere with uterine involution, the return to cyclicity and the first postpartal cycle length. Also, no obvious effects were seen on catecholamine concentrations which fluctuated during parturition without regularly representing the actual stress situation. Our results demonstrate that FM is able to effectively inhibit PGF2 alpha-secretion as well as uterine activity in the cow. Further evaluation of FM as a tocolyticum or in the treatment of uterine infections is required.     

Effect of propranolol and nifedipine on maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice: individually and in combination

To clarify the influence of the head-up position on cerebral oxygen metabolism during laparoscopy with CO2 insufflation in 12 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, changes in the concentrations of cerebral oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), deoxyhemoglobin (Hb), total hemoglobin (total Hb) and oxidized cytochrome aa3 (Cyt aa3) were measured by use of near-infrared laser spectroscopy. Anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide (66%), oxygen, and sevoflurane. Pneumoperitoneum was maintained at an intraabdominal pressure of 10-12 mm Hg by use of CO2. Minute ventilation was adjusted to maintain end-tidal CO2 tension (P(ET)CO2) between 35 and 40 mm Hg during the procedure. Patients were moved from supine to the head-up (20 degree) position before intraabdominal manipulation. The concentration of HbO2 decreased significantly when patients were moved to the head-up position and 30 min thereafter. It remained significantly low after they were returned to the supine position and at the end of surgery. The concentration of Hb was unchanged during the study. Therefore, the concentration of total Hb decreased significantly when patients were moved to the head-up position, as well as 30 min thereafter. It remained significantly low after they were returned to the supine position and at the end of surgery. The concentration of Cyt aa3, however, did not change significantly during the study. These results suggest that the head-up position during laparoscopic cholecystectomy decreases cerebral HbO2 and total Hb.     

Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3 deazauridine individually and in combination on the replication of Japanese B encephalitis virus

We have tested the potencies of the competitors of glucose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, and of uridine, 3-deazauridine, on the inhibition of Japanese B encephalitis virus multiplication in BHK-21 cell cultures. The relative effectiveness of the viral inhibitors were evaluated individually and in combination in relation to cytotoxicity as a measure of the selectivity of inhibition. When the drugs were administered individually, the antiviral activity was masked by the cytotoxic effect on the host. By combining the two drugs, it was possible to inhibit Japanese encephalitis virus production at noncytotoxic concentrations. The effects of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and 3-deazauridine on the growth inhibition of BHK-21 cells in cultures were only additive, while they were clearly synergistic on the inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus production. Thus, it was possible to achieve an increased antiviral effect without a significant increase in cytotoxicity. Although the precise biochemical mechanism of the antiviral activity of these antimetabolites in combination is not known, our results indicate the potential value of this approach in viral chemotherapy.     

Ibuprofen treatment of endotoxin-induced mastitis in cows

Ibuprofen treatment was compared with saline solution treatment in an endotoxin-induced experimental model of bovine mastitis. Acute mastitis was induced in healthy lactating Holstein cows (n = 12) by intramammary inoculation of 1 mg of Escherichia coli 026:B6 lipopolysaccharide in a single quarter per cow. Cows were assigned at random to ibuprofen (25 mg/kg of body weight, IV, n = 6) or 0.9% sodium chloride solution control (1.25 ml/kg, IV, n = 6) treatment groups. Ibuprofen or saline solution was administered once, 2 hours after endotoxin administration. The clinical course of endotoxin-induced mastitis and hematologic, clinical biochemical, and plasma mineral changes were monitored and compared between ibuprofen-treated and control cows. Clinical monitoring and blood sample collection were performed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours after endotoxin challenge. Rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rates were significantly (P < or = 0.05) increased in saline treated cows, compared with cows treated with ibuprofen. Blood eosinophil count and serum phosphorus, sodium, and total carbon dioxide concentrations were significantly (P < or = 0.05) decreased in saline-treated cows, compared with cows treated with ibuprofen. Ibuprofen treatment did not significantly change ruminations per minute, electrical conductivity of milk, quarter size, or quarter inflammation. The remaining hematologic, serum biochemical, plasma mineral, and coagulation values also were not changed significantly in response to ibuprofen treatment. Untoward effects attributed to ibuprofen administration were not observed. These results indicate that ibuprofen may provide empiric relief of clinical signs of coliform-induced mastitis.     

Comparison of two regimens for the treatment of clinical bovine mastitis caused by bacteria sensitive to penicillin

The efficacies of two regimens for the treatment of acute clinical mastitis were compared in a randomised multi-centre field trial in Norway, using 657 cows. The purpose was to determine whether repeated intramuscular injections of penicillin G for three days were more effective than a single injection, when given in combination with intramammary treatment for five days. The results were evaluated on the basis of clinical and microbiological examinations and cell count determinations of quarter milk samples taken at the initial visit and four weeks later. There were no significant differences between the effects of the treatments, either for all the cows, or for subgroups of the cows based on age, stage of lactation, and systemic reaction, or the type of causal bacteria.     

Comparison of photodynamic therapy with cryotherapy in the treatment of Bowen's disease

The efficacy and suitability of photodynamic therapy (PDT) was compared with that of cryotherapy in the treatment of 40 lesions of Bowen's disease. Lesions were randomized to receive either cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen, or PDT using a portable desktop lamp incorporating a 300 W xenon short arc discharge source. A porphyrin precursor, 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA), was applied topically 4 h before irradiation in the PDT group. Each lesion received 125 J/cm2 at a fluence rate of 70 mW/cm2. All patients were reviewed at 2-monthly intervals and treatments repeated if required. Cryotherapy produced clearance in 10 of 20 lesions after one treatment, the remaining 10 lesions requiring two or three treatment applications. PDT resulted in clearance of 15 of 20 lesions after one treatment and of the remaining five lesions after a second treatment. The probability that a lesion cleared after one treatment was greater with PDT than cryotherapy (P < 0.01). Cryotherapy was associated with ulceration (five of 20), infection (two of 20) and recurrent disease (two of 20); no such complications occurred following PDT. PDT using a non-laser light source and topical 5-ALA appears to be at least as effective as cryotherapy in the treatment of Bowen's disease with fewer adverse effects.     

Comparison of the safety and efficacy of a combination analgesic Myprodol and Ponstan in the treatment of dental pain

A comparison of the efficacy of Myprodol, a combination analgesic (Ibuprofen, Paracetamol and Codeine phosphate) and Ponstan (Mefenamic acid) was undertaken in a randomised double blind trial of 52 patients who underwent surgical removal of impacted or unerupted teeth. Pain scores were measured for patients pre- and post operatively by means of a visual analogue scale and data was analysed using the BMPD package on the ISM main frame computer at the Medical Research Council. The results indicated that although Myprodol and Ponstan were equally adequate and well tolerated in the control of post operative dental pain, Myprodol exceeded Ponstan in duration of analgesia and in the degree of pain intensity control experienced by the patient.     

Long-term results of two schedules of treatment for toxic multinodular goitre with radioiodine therapy

Results of the long-term effects of two schedules of radioiodine therapy I131 in 130 toxic multinodular goitre patients were evaluated. Seventy five patients (group I) were treated with low doses and 55 patients (group II) with calculated high doses adjusted for thyroid weight (0.5-1 mci/g) and radioiodine uptake. Follow up (mean +/- SEM) was 4.5 +/- 0.4 years and 4.8 +/- 0.6 years respectively (P > 0.1). At the end of follow up, hyperthyroidism was successfully reversed in 78% (Group I) and 82% (Group II). In group I hypothyroidism was present in 5% of patients, while it was 12.5% in group II patients. The total dose per gram of thyroid tissue was not significantly different in both the groups (.058 mci +/- .0054 VS .073 +/- .0054 mci/g). However in group II the number of I131 administration was significantly lower (1.5 +/- 0.2) than in group I (3.2 +/- 0.4). The percentage of patients who were adequately treated in Group II with single dose was more as compared in group I (62% in group II versus 40% in group I). Euthyroidism was reached in a shorter time after treatment in group II (median time 0.8 year in group II Vs 1.1 yrs in group I) It is concluded that radioiodine is an effective treatment for toxic multinodular goitre with a significant low incidence of post therapy hypothyroidism in patients treated with low doses as compared to higher doses of radioiodine therapy.     

Superovulation in llamas (Lama glama) with pFSH and equine chorionic gonadotrophin used individually or in combination

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of pFSH and/or equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) for inducing superovulation in llamas. Sixteen adult llamas weighing on average 130 kg (range 110-140) and which had been showing signs of oestrus for 5 days were randomly allocated to three treatment groups and one control group (n = 4). Llamas in Group A received eCG (500 IU, i.m.) once daily for 3 days, those in Group B received pFSH i.m., in decreasing doses every 12 h for 5 days for a total of 220 mg, while those in Group C received eCG (500 IU, i.m.) once, and pFSH (total of 156 mg, i.m.) in decreasing doses for the next 4 days. Llamas in Group D (control) received saline (5 ml, i.m.) every 12 h for 5 days. All llamas were allowed to be mated on the evening of Day 5 and were given hCG (750 IU, i.m.) at that time; a second mating was carried out 12 h later. A non-surgical ova/embryo collection technique was performed 7 days after the first mating and then the ovarian response was evaluated by way of laparoscopy. All 16 llamas were mated successfully. The mean (SEM) number of ovulations (7.3 +/- 3.1) in Group B was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the other groups (1.5 +/- 0.5, 2.0 +/- 0.7, and 0.3 +/- 0.3 for groups A, C and D, respectively). The number of follicles > 10 mm at the time of ova/embryo collection was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the groups treated with eCG. A total of 21 ova/embryos was recovered from the all flushed llamas, corresponding to 47.7% of corpora lutea observed. Of the 21 ova, 15 were fertilised; 13 of those were classified as excellent blastocysts and the remaining 2 were classified as dead or degenerating. Results demonstrate that llamas can be successfully ovarian superstimulated while expressing behavioural oestrus and suggest that pFSH is more effective than eCG to induce superovulation.     

厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪复方制剂治疗原发性高血压有效性及安全性的Meta分析

目的:利用Meta分析方法探讨厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪复方制剂治疗原发性高血压的有效性及安全性,为其临床应用提供依据.方法:计算机检索Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验资料库(2010年第03期)、Ovid-medline全文数据库(1966-2010.09)、PubMed数据库(1948-2010.09)、EMBASE数据库(1966-2010.09)、中国学术文献总库(CNKI)(1979-2010.09)、万方数字化期刊库(1981-2010.09)及维普数据库(VIP) (1989-2010.09),手工检索相关文献,按纳入与排除标准选择试验、评价质量,提取资料,并用RevMan 4.2软件对数据进行Meta分析.结果:共初检出516篇文献,经筛选最终纳入5篇6项关于厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪治疗原发性高血压的随机双盲对照研究.有效性:χ2=7.50,df=5,P=0.19,Z=7.23(P<0.00001),合并OR=2.26,95%CI [1.81,2.82];安全性:χ2=7.82,df=5,P=0.17,Z=1.11(P=0.27),合并OR=0.87,95%CI [0.68,1.11].结论:厄贝沙坦氢氯噻嗪复方制剂治疗原发性高血压与对照组比较具有较高的有效性及相似的安全性.     

Guidelines for prevention and therapy in ecological animal farms as in the example of bovine mastitis

In ecological farming mastitis is the dominating disease in dairy cattle. The regular prophylactic use of antibiotics in farm animals is forbidden, in therapy antibiosis is restricted. A solution of this problem could be a program of systematic homeopathic prophylaxis as well as a standardised homeopathic treatment. The example of chronic catarrhal staph.-aureus-mastitis shows that there is only a certain expectancy of success by homeopathy as well as by any other medication, if the medication is combined with necessary sanitation measures. The prognosis for a homeopathic treatment is less favourable if the sanitation measures are realised incompletely. The possible negative effects of a false homeopathic medication are described.     

Contribution to the treatment of acute bovine mastitis with cefquinome

The recombinant human colony-stimulating factors, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are hematopoietic cytokines that increase neutrophil number and enhance their function. In patients with HIV infection, G-CSF and GM-CSF have reversed or prevented neutropenia even during periods of full-dose myelotoxic therapy. Both colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) also have improved defects in neutrophil function in the setting of HIV infection. In non-neutropenic animal models of opportunistic bacterial or fungal infections, use of CSFs has increased survival. Future clinical applications of CSFs may include the adjunctive treatment of specific HIV-related opportunistic infections in addition to an expanding role in the treatment of HIV-associated neutropenia and defects in neutrophil function.