Dielectric response of wet muscovite measured along the cleavage planes

Dielectric response of muscovite mica is measured as a function of frequency and humidity. The frequencies are varied from 10 mHz-10 kHz and the relative humidity (RH) of the atmosphere surrounding the samples changes from 0%–97%. The results of measurements show the presence of a low-frequency dispersion and a loss peak which could be related to the charge carriers either moving across limited distances or hopping between two sites. Previous address: The former Chelsea College, London University, London. UK.     

Dielectric properties of on-chip-cured polyimide films

Spin-coated polyimide thin films were locally cured using microelectromechanical system microhotplates as an alternative approach to the conventional wafer-level curing process. The on-chip cured polyimide films were characterized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The polyimide was found to be fully cured at a temperature over 350 °C for 1 h. The dielectric properties of 350 °C-cured polyimide films were measured over broad frequency, temperature, and humidity ranges. As is expected for most polymer materials, the dielectric constant decreased with increasing frequency due to dielectric relaxation, which may be due to the fact that multiple relaxation times (i.e., several types of polarization), rather than a single one are involved. The dissipation factor was very low and nearly flat for excitation frequencies less than 1 MHz. Both the dielectric constant and the dissipation factor increased with increasing temperature from 10 °C to 90 °C, and relative humidity (RH) from 30%RH to 95%RH, with a steeper slope at lower frequencies. These results indicate that on-chip-cured polyimide films have weak low frequency dispersion due to the aging effect at high temperature and humidity.     

Synthesis of nanocomposites using glasses and mica as templates

Various nanocomposites were synthesized using either a silica-based glass or mica crystallites as the medium. In some cases by an oxidation or a sulfidation treatment a core-shell nanostructure could be generated. Iron-iron oxide core-shell structured nanocomposites exhibited excellent humidity sensing behaviour. Gold-gold sulfide core-shell nanorods exhibited a number of optical absorption peaks which arose because of their structural characteristics. Nanoparticles of silver and silver oxide could be aligned in a polymethylmethacrylate film by an a.c. electric field of 1 MHz frequency. The composites showed large sensitivity to relative humidity. Lead sulfide nanowires of diameter, 1.2 nm, were grown within the nanochannels of Na-4 mica. These exhibited a semiconductor to metal transition at around 300 K. This arose because of high pressure generated on the nanowires. Copper sulfide nanowires grown within the Na-4 mica channels showed metallic behaviour. Silver core-silver orthosilicate shell nanostructures developed within a silicate glass medium showed discontinuous changes in resistivity at some specific temperatures. This was explained as arising due to excitation of Lamb modes at certain pressures generated because of thermal expansion mismatch of the core and the shell phases. Optical properties of iron core-iron oxide shell nanocomposites when analysed by effective medium theory led to the result of a metal non-metal transition for particle diameters below a critical value. Similar results were obtained from optical absorption data of silver nanoparticles grown in a tetrapeptide solution.     

桐马环氧玻璃丝粉云母绝缘材料的耐盐雾湿热老化特性

为了研究海洋能电机主绝缘材料耐盐雾湿热老化能力,对电机多胶模压（Resin-Rich Molding,RRM）桐马环氧玻璃丝粉云母（Tong-ma Epoxy Glass Fiber Power Mica,TEGM）绝缘材料进行模拟海洋气候的盐雾湿热老化试验,测试了不同老化周期下材料的吸水率变化,并结合扫描电子显微镜（Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM）的观测结果分析了材料老化前后微观形貌的变化。利用宽频介电阻抗谱仪测试不同老化周期和不同测试温度下的TEGM绝缘材料的频域介电参数变化,并运用电介质极化理论分析老化前后的微观结构形态变化和宏观介电性能之间的关系。研究结果表明,TEGM绝缘试样老化过程中的吸水性呈现快速吸湿、缓慢吸湿和饱和吸湿3个阶段;随着老化时间的延长,材料相对介电常数和介质损耗因数呈上升趋势,利用频域介电谱（Frequency Domain Spectroscopy,FDS）曲线可较好反映绝缘材料的老化状态;通过对测试数据的拟合,得到老化绝缘材料的介电参数与材料吸水率在低频下存在的二次方程关系。     

频率和温度对陶瓷湿敏元件感湿特性的影响

研究了工作频率和温度对TiO₂－K₂O－LiZnVO₄陶瓷薄膜湿敏元件感湿特性的影响．结果表明：在低湿区,元件的阻抗随频率增大、温度升高而减小,感湿灵敏度随频率增大、温度降低而显著减小,感湿特性曲线出现平台;在高湿区,频率和温度对元件感湿特性的影响可以忽略,感湿特性曲线线性良好．分析了陶瓷薄膜的极化现象,发现极化现象导致薄膜的微观电容在低温低湿时对湿度变化不敏感．据此解释了极化现象引起频率和温度对元件感湿特性影响的内在机理．     

钢纤维水泥基材料吸波性能实验与隐身效能分析

采用远场雷达散射截面法测试的功率反射率为表征吸波性能的指标,研究了素砂浆的吸波性能以及钢纤维长度、钢纤维掺量、复掺铁氧体、表面处理、温度和湿度等因素对钢纤维砂浆吸波性能的影响;同时根据所推导的隐身效能评价公式计算了钢纤维砂浆的隐身能力.研究表明:掺入钢纤维可以提高砂浆的低、高频吸波性能;合适的纤维长度和体积掺量是提高砂浆吸波性能的决定性因素;温、湿度升高,钢纤维砂浆的吸波性能下降;复掺的铁氧体分布在试件表层时,钢纤维砂浆的吸波性能下降,而分布在整个试件内时,可提高低频段的吸波性能;表面开浅槽可以在较宽的频段内提高吸波性能,表面开深槽可使低频吸波效果明显提高;吸波效果较好的钢纤维砂浆在2.6～4GHz的频段内,其雷达最大探测距离可降低到素砂浆的84%～89%.     

Microresonator interference fiber-optic sensor of relative air humidity

A novel type of fiber-optic sensor of relative air humidity is developed on the basis of the micromechanical silicon microresonator and silica gel. The output signal of such a sensor in the frequency form has low sensitivity to variations in the laser-source power and to random attenuations in the fiber. In the case of purely optical excitation of oscillations of the resonator, the sensitive element of such a sensor is completely passive because it does not contain any electronic circuits and components. The sensor showed high sensitivity at a relative humidity less than 75%, possibility to operate at temperatures below freezing, and low dependence of readings on air temperature. The dependence of the humidity mass adsorbed by silica gel on the relative air humidity was found to be linear, which simplifies sensor calibration.     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of extruded magnesium alloy AZ80-T5 in a 5% NaCl environment

The corrosion fatigue behavior of extruded AZ80-T5 magnesium alloy has been investigated in three different environments: (1) a low humidity environment (35-40% relative humidity), (2) a high-humidity environment (80% relative humidity), and (3) a 5 wt.% NaCl environment. Fatigue tests were conducted under axial loading at a stress ratio of −1 and at a frequency of 20 Hz. It was found that in both the high-humidity environment and in the 5 wt.% NaCl environment the fatigue strength was reduced relative to the low humidity environment, especially in the NaCl environment: the reduction rates of fatigue limit under high humidity and NaCl environments were 18%, and 78%, respectively. The reduction of fatigue strength under the corrosive environments was attributed to the pit formation and growth. At low stress amplitudes, multiple pits were formed and coalesced to form a large pit under NaCl environment. A fatigue crack nucleated when the pit grew to the critical size.     

一种谐振式露点测量方法

针对大气湿度测量问题,提出一种基于谐振式的露点测量方法,并设计了一套独立的露点传感装置.利用QCM原理将石英晶体谐振器作为湿敏元件,用半导体制冷器对其进行制冷,使其表面出现结露现象,导致石英晶体谐振器的谐振频率出现突变,以此达到对露点的识别,同时测取结露时刻石英晶体表面的温度,从而获得当前环境下的露点温度.通过实验验证了此方法的可行性与准确性,并将获取的实验数据与实际提供的环境数据进行对比分析,相对湿度误差达到±1.37%RH,此方法具有精度和灵敏度双高的优点,并且成本低、可操作性强.     

基于无机卤化物钙钛矿湿度传感器的呼吸率监测系统

呼吸率检测中存在主观因素强、信号提取复杂、设备不易获取和有线连接不方便测试者移动等问题.人体呼吸周期为3 s～6 s,呼吸气流是呼吸动作的最直接反应,与周围空气存在湿度差.本文采用研制的新型无机卤化物钙钛矿湿度传感器测量呼吸率,克服了市面上湿度传感器响应和恢复时间长(10 s以上)的问题.系统使用Zigbee无线通信传...     

The flex fatigue of polyamide and polyester fibres

The flex fatigue of nylon and polyester fibres is measured by pulling them backwards and forwards over a pin in an environmental chamber. The fatigue lives vary over a 20-fold range as temperature and humidity changes. For nylon 6, the plots show a consistent increase to a maximum value and then a decrease as the temperature is increased from 20–120 °C. The peak lifetimes occur at higher temperatures at lower humidities. The results for nylon 6.6 show peaks at intermediate humidities, but little change at low and high humidities. The peak life temperature increases as humidity decreases for nylon 6.6, but is unchanged for polyester. The nylon 6 results follow the same trend as the loss modulus in variation with temperature and humidity, with a high loss correlating with a long life. A possible reason for this and the influence of other complicating factors, are discussed.     

Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensor Using Pd/Porous GaAs Schottky Contact

This paper investigates the suitability of porous GaAs as a semiconductor material for sensing humidity. The authors have developed two types of sensors based on Pd/porous GaAs and Pd/GaAs Schottky contacts for humidity measurements. It was found that the porosity on GaAs wafer promoted the sensing properties of the contact used as highly sensitive humidity sensor toward different amounts of relative humidity operated at room temperature. On the contrary, the Pd/GaAs sample operated at room temperature exhibited negligible sensitivity to relative humidity. The advantages of using porous GaAs for Schottky humidity sensor are the following: high sensitivity, low response time, and insignificant dependence on temperature. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the Pd/porous GaAs Schottky humidity sensor exhibited a saturation current value of 8.5times10^-10 A under dry condition (5% relative humidity). This was increased to 7.0times10^-9 A when submitted to a relative humidity of 25%. The saturation current was further increased considerably to 3.0times10^-7 A as the relative humidity was increased to 95%. This is more than two orders of magnitude increase in saturation current compared to dry condition. A parameter called humidity sensitivity was defined using the current value at a fixed forward voltage of 0.2 V to present the sensitivity of the sensor. Response times are reported to discuss the adsorption and desorption characteristics of the device. Pd/porous GaAs sensor operated at room temperature showed a fast response time of 2 s and a sensitivity value of 93.5% in the presence of 25% relative humidity. Furthermore, the influence of increase in relative humidity as well as heating effects on the responsivity of the sensor is described. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the Pd/porous GaAs sample exhibited highly porous structures     

大气垂直探测仪光谱定标

为了大气垂直探测仪能够进行精确的光谱测量,对其进行光谱定标.大气垂直探测仪使用面阵探测器,由于离轴像元接收的光线不平行于光轴,使仪器函数发生变化.本文针对大气垂直探测仪使用的16x4元面阵探测器理论分析给出仪器函数,讨论其对光谱定标的影响,并将利用理论分析结果及利用气体吸法测得的光谱,对大气垂直探测仪进行了光谱标定,光谱定标精度达10-5.采用面阵探测器的干涉仪,边缘视场像元所测光谱会向低频漂移,因此必需研究干涉仪的仪器函数,从而消除光谱漂移对边缘视场光谱定标的影响.     

Tribological behaviour of C-alloyed transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) coatings in different environments

W-S-C films were deposited by non-reactive sputtering from a carbon target incrusted with WS₂ pellets in the eroded zone. This process allows depositing coatings with a wide range of compositions, with a precise control of their carbon content. Before the deposition, a Ti interlayer was interposed between the film and the substrate to improve the final adhesion. The carbon content in W-S-C system was varied from 29 at.% to 70 at.%, which led to an hardness enhancement from 4 GPa up to 10 GPa where the maximum hardness was reached in films with a carbon content between 40 at.% and 50 at.%. The tribological behaviour of the coatings was evaluated by pin-on-disk testing, in environments with different humidity levels. Generally, the tribological performance of W-S-C coatings in environments with moderate to high humidity is better for coatings with high carbon content. Friction coefficients, as 0.05 or lower could be reached at low humidity ranges (<7%) to all compositions. However, for higher humidity values, friction coefficient increased up to 0.30 in the W-S-C film with low carbon content whereas it was kept approximately constant for the others compositions.     

自供能柔性氧化石墨烯湿度传感器的喷墨印刷制备及性能研究

呼吸频率及呼吸模式检测可用于医疗诊断以及人体健康评估。传统的医学检测器件体积大、能耗高、使用不便捷。针对高性能、低成本、便携式电子产品的迫切需求, 本工作利用氧化石墨烯材料自发极化后对湿度敏感的特性, 通过喷墨印刷方法制备了一种可以实现自供能的平面型湿度传感器。所制备的传感器对湿度响应呈现为线性关系, 并且具有优异的灵敏度、快速响应和恢复特性、多次循环稳定性和长期老化稳定性等特性。基于该传感器可以实现对于人体呼吸频率和呼吸模式等的检测。制备的湿度传感器具有制作简单、成本低、不易受人体行动及外界环境干扰等优点, 适用于实时监测呼吸频率和呼吸模式。     

Humidity-sensitive electrical properties and switching characteristics of BN films

This paper reports on the electrical properties of polycrystalline boron nitride (BN) films deposited on silicon substrates in a B₂H₆---NH₃---H₂ system. Virgin (unformed) samples exhibit humidity-sensitive electrical resistances. A current obeying Ohm's law at low humidities and low fields becomes space-charge-limited at high humidities and high fields. Some of the properties fundamental to their use as humidity sensors are also examined. After electroforming, BN films in the form of Ag/BN/Si/Al sandwiches begin to exhibit threshold switching only in atmospheres containing moisture. This switching behavior depends not only on the humidity but also on the sweep speed, the frequency of oscillation and the polarity of the applied sawtooth voltage pulse trains. A revised form Dearnaley's filamentary model is proposed.     

The Effect of Humidity on Photochemical Hardening of Bichromated Coatings

Biochromated coatings of both albumen and gum arabic were successively conditioned to two relative humidifies. One half of each sample was exposed during the first conditioning and the remaining half during the second conditioning. The influence of relative humidity on the sensitivity was obtained without complications due to changes in the dark reaction rate with relative humidity. Samples exposed at low humidities always showed greater sensitivity than samples exposed at the higher humidity. This difference was, however, most marked when the low humidity preceeded the high, confirming that a high humidity also speeds up image after hardening.     

Analysis of the low frequency damping observed at medium and high temperatures

Isothermal internal friction measurements performed versus frequency exhibit often a large damping rise at very low frequency (10⁻² to 10⁻⁴ Hz). This increasing is found for experiments at very high temperature above 0.7T_M, (T_M=melting point) similarly to the so-called high temperature background obtained during measurements at fixed frequency and often described in the literature. In some cases, as for instance in cold work metals or metallic alloys, such low frequency background occurs at lower temperature (0.3 T_M<T<0.7T_M) and disappears after high temperature sample annealing. This exponential background depends on the sample microstructure and can be analysed with the Schoeck’ model. On the contrary, experiments performed at temperature close to the melting point or the liquidus temperature for metallic alloys exhibit a peak. The high temperature background measured for instance at 1 Hz, is only the lower part of a peak and does not correspond to an exponential increase. This fact explains why none of the different expressions proposed in the literature is able to describe properly the experimental high temperature background.     

High temperature fatigue crack growth in a cobalt base superalloy

The rates of fatigue crack propagation of a cobalt base superalloy (HS 188) were measured at 75, 1112, 1400 and 1600°F as a function of the range of the stress intensity factor ΔK. Test frequencies were 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 Hz. At each elevated temperature there is a critical frequency below which the crack growth rate is oxidation and creep dependent, increasing with decreasing frequency. The mode of fracture changes from transgranular at high frequencies to intergranular at low frequencies.     

Dielectric,humidity behavior and conductivity mechanism of Mn<Subscript>0.2</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>0.3</Subscript>Zn<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> ferrite prepared by co-precipitation method

Mn–Ni–Zn ferrite with the chemical formula of Mn_0.2Ni_0.3Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ was prepared by co-precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the prepared sample crystallizes in the cubic spinel structure with the space group of Fm3m. The morphological analysis of the sample was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dielectric properties of Mn_0.2Ni_0.3Zn_0.5Fe₂O₄ ferrite were studied in a frequency range from 20 Hz to 10 MHz and at a temperature range from 293 to 733 K. The dielectric constant decreases with the increasing frequency for all the temperature values chosen. The AC conductivity mechanism was found the small polaron type of conductivity, and in addition to that, the DC conductivity can be explained by Arrhenius type conductivity. According to the dielectric results, relaxation process fits Cole–Cole model. Finally, the effect of the relative humidity upon the impedance of the sample was discussed for a frequency range between 20 Hz and 10 MHz. It is found that the impedance values decrease almost linearly with the increasing % RH (relative humidity) values at low frequencies, while the impedance of the sample is independent of % RH at high frequencies.