基于3D人脸重建的光照、姿态不变人脸识别

待匹配人脸图像与库存原型图像之间姿态和光照的差异是自动人脸识别的两个主要瓶颈问题,已有的解决方法往往只能单独处理二者之-,而不能同时处理光照和姿态问题.提出了一种对人脸图像中的姿态和光照变化同时进行校正处理的方法,即通过光照不变的3D人脸重建过程,将姿态和光照都校正到预先定义的标准条件下.首先,利用先验的统计变形模型,结合人脸图像上的一些关键点来恢复较为精细的人脸3D形状.基于此重建的3D形状,进而通过球面谐波商图像的方法估计输入图像的光照属性并提取输入图像的光照无关的纹理信息,从而将光照无关的3D人脸完全重构出来,生成输入人脸图像在标准姿态和光照条件下的虚拟视图,用于最终的分类识别,实现了对光照和姿态问题的同时处理.在CMU PIE数据库上的实验结果表明,此方法可以在很大程度上提高现有人脸识别方法对于原型集合(gallery)和测试集合中图像在姿态和光照不一致情况下识别结果的正确性     

一种利用人脸对称性的光照归一化方法

光照归一化在光照鲁棒的人脸识别中被广泛使用.许多现有光照归一化方法将人脸图像视为自然图像,而忽略了人脸这一类特定物体的先验属性,因此很难从一幅具有侧光的人脸图像中恢复阴影区域中的人脸信息.提出了利用人脸对称性先验的光照归一化方法,在能量最小化框架下,对人脸图像的阴影区域进行光照归一化时参考其对称非阴影区域中的人脸结构信息,同时提出了无阴影信度图将二元最优化问题简化为一元最优化问题,以降低光照归一化方法的计算代价.在合成阴影和真实阴影人脸图像上的实验表明,利用人脸对称性的光照归一化方法能有效恢复图像阴影区域中的人脸特征,并对人脸误配准和非对称几何归一化具有一定的鲁棒性.     

基于球面谐波基图像的任意光照下的人脸识别

提出了一种基于球面谐波基图像的光照补偿算法,用以在任意光照条件下进行人脸识别.算法分两步进行：光照估计和光照补偿.基于人脸形状大致相同和每个人脸的反射率基本相等的假设,首先估计了输入人脸图像光照的9个低频谐波系数.根据光照估计的结果,提出了两种光照补偿方法：纹理图像和差图像.纹理图像为输入图像与其光照辐照图之商,与输入图像的光照条件无关.差图像为输入图像与平均人脸在相同光照下的图像之差,通过减去平均人脸在相同光照下的图像,减弱了光照的影响.在CMU-PIE人脸库和Yale B人脸库上的实验表明,通过光照补偿,不同光照下人脸图像识别率有了很大提高.     

任意光照下人脸图像的低维光照空间表示

本文提出一种不同光照条件下人脸图像的低维光照空间表示方法.这种低维光照空间表示不仅能够由输入图像估计其光照参数,而且能够由给定的光照条件生成虚拟的人脸图像.利用主成分分析和最近邻聚类方法得到9个基本点光源的位置,这9个基本点光源可以近似人脸识别应用中几乎所有的光照条件.在这9个基本光源照射下的9幅人脸基图像构成了低维人脸光照空间,它可以表示不同光照条件下的人脸图像,结合光照比图像方法,可以生成不同光照下的虚拟人脸图像.本文提出的低维光照空间的最大优点是利用某个人脸的图像建立的光照空间,可以用于不同的人脸.图像重构和不同光照下的人脸识别实验说明了本文算法的有效性.     

基于相关型图像传感器3维人脸成像的3维AAMs人脸识别方法的研究

主动外观模型是基于统计分析建立物体2维模型的有效方法,它融合了目标的形状和纹理信息。在基于相关型图像传感器3维人脸成像的基础上,提出了一种建立3维人脸模型的方法,该方法利用由相关型图像传感器得到的深度信息和与之对应的亮度信息将2维AAMs扩展为3维AAMs,融合人脸的形状,纹理和深度信息来构建3维人脸模型。人脸识别实验结果表明,该方法在不同人脸姿态,表情和光照条件下识别效果要优于Eigenface和2维AAMs。     

注意力引导下的面部动作单元级表情编辑方法——AUA-GAN

为解决图像转换过程中产生的伪影问题,利用生成对抗网络(GAN)生成逼真的人脸表情变化,提出了一种注意力引导下的面部动作单元(AU)级表情编辑方法.首先,在数据预处理部分加入正脸恢复模块,当输入图像的姿态偏转较大时,先经过正脸恢复再进行表情编辑,可以有效提高表情生成质量.其次,生成模块中的生成器和判别器网络内置注意力机制,使图像转换集中在人脸区域,忽略不相干的背景信息.最后,在公开数据库CelebA上训练模型,并选取CK+和CASIA-Face V5数据库进行图像生成实验.结果表明生成图像与目标图像间的结构相似性(SSIM)为0.804,生成图像的平均表情识别准确率为0.644,重建图像与真实图像间的SSIM为0.951.AUA-GAN可以在较好地保持原有身份信息的前提下,生成清晰准确的人脸表情变化.     

基于表情分解-扭曲变形的人工表情合成算法

为了能快速有效地生成任意强度的人脸表情图像，提出了一种鲁棒的可以生成带任意强度表情图像的人工表情合成算法，该算法首先通过施加高阶奇异值分解（HOSVD）来把训练集分解为个人、表情和特征3个子空间，并把它们映射到表情子空间中，用来合成任意人脸正面照片的任意强度、任意表情的图像；在生成图像时，不采用通常所使用的线性组合基图像生成法，而是对源图像进行扭曲变形，这不仅能使训练数据和计算量大为减少，还可以生成任意尺寸、任意背景、任意光照、任意色彩或任意姿势的表情图像，且通过二次插值，还可以得到任意强度的表情图像。实验证明，该算法效率较高，且生成的图像效果很好。     

面向单幅图像的逼真3D人脸重建方法EI北大核心CSCD

针对3DMM参数拟合方法生成的纹理过于粗糙、结果不够逼真的问题,提出一种基于深度学习的单幅图像逼真3D人脸重建方法.首先构建RP-Net回归网络和包含5万幅人脸图像的数据集,从输入图像中学习参数,并拟合人脸模型生成3D人脸几何;然后通过构造多层次的损失函数进行弱监督学习,包括低水平的像素损失、地标损失和高水平的身份损失;最后通过纹理映射的方式生成逼真的人脸纹理.在2个通用人脸数据集和1个人工生成的人脸数据集上与最近的3D人脸重建方法进行对比实验,并对影响重建的光照、表情和转向等因素进行实验,根据SSIM和PSNR对3D重建结果进行量化分析.实验结果表明,所提方法面向单幅图像可以生成准确的3D人脸形状和逼真的人脸纹理;与最近的3D人脸重建方法相比,该方法的训练时间和迭代次数分别降低了6%和13%,SSIM值增加0.005~0.010,PSNR值平均提高0.03~0.08 dB.     

可变光照条件下的人脸图像识别

对于人脸图像识别中光照变化的影响,传统的解决方法是对待识别图像进行光照补偿,先使它成为标准光照条件下的图像,然后和模板图像匹配来进行识别。为了提高在光照条件大范围变化时,人脸图像的识别率,提出了一种新的可变光照条件下的人脸图像识别方法。该方法首先利用在9个基本光照方向下分别获得的9幅图像来构成人脸光照特征空间,再通过这个光照特征空间,将图像库中的人脸图像变换成与待识别图像具有相同光照条件的图像,并将其作为模板图像;然后利用特征脸方法进行识别。实验结果表明,这种方法不仅能够有效地解决人脸识别中由于光照变化影响所造成的识别率下降的问题,而且对于光照条件大范围变化的情况,也可以得到比较高的正确识别率。     

未知光源参数的人脸光照恢复方法

数字人像技术在实际应用中有广泛的应用前景.在未知光源位置的非均匀光照射下的人脸光 照归一化问题是人脸识别技术的一大难题.对在未知光源位置的非均匀光照射下的正面人脸 图像提出了一种基于参考人脸模型的方法.它使用参考人脸模型估计人脸的光照阴影区域, 把人脸的纹理表示为训练图像模型的线性组合,根据人脸光照明亮区域的纹理信息,使用最 小二乘法估计出最优的线性组合系数,从而重建原图像人脸纹理实现人脸光照恢复.实验表 明这种方法对于阴影处的人脸信息恢复不仅是有效的而且是快速的.     

基于人脸标准化的纹理和光照保持3D人脸重构

现有人脸纹理重建方法对于人脸的皱纹、胡须、瞳孔颜色等重建效果往往不够细致.为了解决此问题,文中提出基于人脸标准化的纹理和光照保持3D人脸重构.首先对2D人脸图像标准化,使用光照信息和对称纹理重构人脸自遮挡区域的纹理.然后依据2D-3D点对应关系从标准化的2D人脸图像获取相应的3D人脸纹理,结合人脸形状重构和纹理信息,得到最终的3D人脸重构结果.实验表明文中方法有效保留原始2D图像的纹理和光照信息,重构的人脸更自然,具有更丰富的人脸细节.     

Virtual illumination grid for correction of uncontrolled illumination in facial images

Face recognition under uncontrolled illumination conditions is still considered an unsolved problem. In order to correct for these illumination conditions, we propose a virtual illumination grid (VIG) approach to model the unknown illumination conditions. Furthermore, we use coupled subspace models of both the facial surface and albedo to estimate the face shape. In order to obtain a representation of the face under frontal illumination, we relight the estimated face shape. We show that the frontal illuminated facial images achieve better performance in face recognition. We have performed the challenging Experiment 4 of the FRGCv2 database, which compares uncontrolled probe images to controlled gallery images. Our illumination correction method results in considerably better recognition rates for a number of well-known face recognition methods. By fusing our global illumination correction method with a local illumination correction method, further improvements are achieved.     

Face recognition under varying illumination based on a 2D face shape model

This paper proposes a novel illumination compensation algorithm, which can compensate for the uneven illuminations on human faces and reconstruct face images in normal lighting conditions. A simple yet effective local contrast enhancement method, namely block-based histogram equalization (BHE), is first proposed. The resulting image processed using BHE is then compared with the original face image processed using histogram equalization (HE) to estimate the category of its light source. In our scheme, we divide the light source for a human face into 65 categories. Based on the category identified, a corresponding lighting compensation model is used to reconstruct an image that will visually be under normal illumination. In order to eliminate the influence of uneven illumination while retaining the shape information about a human face, a 2D face shape model is used. Experimental results show that, with the use of principal component analysis for face recognition, the recognition rate can be improved by 53.3% to 62.6% when our proposed algorithm for lighting compensation is used.     

Face relighting using discriminative 2D spherical spaces for face recognition

As part of the face recognition task in a robust security system, we propose a novel approach for the illumination recovery of faces with cast shadows and specularities. Given a single 2D face image, we relight the face object by extracting the nine spherical harmonic bases and the face spherical illumination coefficients by using the face spherical spaces properties. First, an illumination training database is generated by computing the properties of the spherical spaces out of face albedo and normal values estimated from 2D training images. The training database is then discriminately divided into two directions in terms of the illumination quality and light direction of each image. Based on the generated multi-level illumination discriminative training space, we analyze the target face pixels and compare them with the appropriate training subspace using pre-generated tiles. When designing the framework, practical real-time processing speed and small image size were considered. In contrast to other approaches, our technique requires neither 3D face models nor restricted illumination conditions for the training process. Furthermore, the proposed approach uses one single face image to estimate the face albedo and face spherical spaces. In this work, we also provide the results of a series of experiments performed on publicly available databases to show the significant improvements in the face recognition rates.     

Elastic shape-texture matching for human face recognition

In this paper, a novel, elastic, shape-texture matching method, namely ESTM, for human face recognition is proposed. In our approach, both the shape and the texture information are used to compare two faces without establishing any precise pixel-wise correspondence. The edge map is used to represent the shape of an image, while the texture information is characterized by both the Gabor representations and the gradient direction of each pixel. Combining these features, a shape-texture Hausdorff distance is devised to compute the similarity of two face images. The elastic matching is robust to small, local distortions of the feature points such as those caused by facial expression variations. In addition, the use of the edge map, Gabor representations and the direction of the image gradient can all alleviate the effect of illumination to a certain extent.With different databases, experimental results show that our algorithm can always achieve a better performance than other face recognition algorithms under different conditions, except when an image is under poor and uneven illumination. Experiments based on the Yale database, AR database, ORL database and YaleB database show that our proposed method can achieve recognition rates of 88.7%, 97.7%, 78.3% and 89.5%, respectively.     

Reconstructing 3D Shape,Albedo and Illumination from a Single Face Image

The morphable model has been employed to efficiently describe 3D face shape and the associated albedo with a reduced set of basis vectors. The spherical harmonics (SH) model provides a compact basis to well approximate the image appearance of a Lambertian object under different illumination conditions. Recently, the SH and morphable models have been integrated for 3D face shape reconstruction. However, the reconstructed 3D shape is either inconsistent with the SH bases or obtained just from landmarks only. In this work, we propose a geometrically consistent algorithm to reconstruct the 3D face shape and the associated albedo from a single face image iteratively by combining the morphable model and the SH model. The reconstructed 3D face geometry can uniquely determine the SH bases, therefore the optimal 3D face model can be obtained by minimizing the error between the input face image and a linear combination of the associated SH bases. In this way, we are able to preserve the consistency between the 3D geometry and the SH model, thus refining the 3D shape reconstruction recursively. Furthermore, we present a novel approach to recover the illumination condition from the estimated weighting vector for the SH bases in a constrained optimization formulation independent of the 3D geometry. Experimental results show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed face reconstruction and illumination estimation algorithm under different face poses and multiple‐light‐source illumination conditions.     

Face recognition from a single training image under arbitrary unknown lighting using spherical harmonics

In this paper, we propose two novel methods for face recognition under arbitrary unknown lighting by using spherical harmonics illumination representation, which require only one training image per subject and no 3D shape information. Our methods are based on the result which demonstrated that the set of images of a convex Lambertian object obtained under a wide variety of lighting conditions can be approximated accurately by a low-dimensional linear subspace. We provide two methods to estimate the spherical harmonic basis images spanning this space from just one image. Our first method builds the statistical model based on a collection of 2D basis images. We demonstrate that, by using the learned statistics, we can estimate the spherical harmonic basis images from just one image taken under arbitrary illumination conditions if there is no pose variation. Compared to the first method, the second method builds the statistical models directly in 3D spaces by combining the spherical harmonic illumination representation and a 3D morphable model of human faces to recover basis images from images across both poses and illuminations. After estimating the basis images, we use the same recognition scheme for both methods: we recognize the face for which there exists a weighted combination of basis images that is the closest to the test face image. We provide a series of experiments that achieve high recognition rates, under a wide range of illumination conditions, including multiple sources of illumination. Our methods achieve comparable levels of accuracy with methods that have much more onerous training data requirements. Comparison of the two methods is also provided.     

Face Relighting from a Single Image under Arbitrary Unknown Lighting Conditions

In this paper, we present a new method to modify the appearance of a face image by manipulating the illumination condition, when the face geometry and albedo information is unknown. This problem is particularly difficult when there is only a single image of the subject available. Recent research demonstrates that the set of images of a convex Lambertian object obtained under a wide variety of lighting conditions can be approximated accurately by a low-dimensional linear subspace using a spherical harmonic representation. Moreover, morphable models are statistical ensembles of facial properties such as shape and texture. In this paper, we integrate spherical harmonics into the morphable model framework by proposing a 3D spherical harmonic basis morphable model (SHBMM). The proposed method can represent a face under arbitrary unknown lighting and pose simply by three low-dimensional vectors, i.e., shape parameters, spherical harmonic basis parameters, and illumination coefficients, which are called the SHBMM parameters. However, when the image was taken under an extreme lighting condition, the approximation error can be large, thus making it difficult to recover albedo information. In order to address this problem, we propose a subregion-based framework that uses a Markov random field to model the statistical distribution and spatial coherence of face texture, which makes our approach not only robust to extreme lighting conditions, but also insensitive to partial occlusions. The performance of our framework is demonstrated through various experimental results, including the improved rates for face recognition under extreme lighting conditions.     

基于标准肤色的人脸图像纹理合成与三维重建应用

本文提出一种基于单幅人脸图像并结合标准肤色的人脸图像纹理合成和三维重建算法.首先,利用ASM算法提取人脸特征点,并通过基于局部线性嵌入算法的编辑传播实现颜色转换,使图像人脸色调与三维人脸模型标准肤色一致.接着,将人脸图像五官区域与标准肤色图进行泊松融合,并考虑眉毛遮挡情况,利用人脸对称性或眉毛模板还原眉毛.尤其对于半遮挡眉毛,采用Li模型和角点检测相结合的方法重建眉毛轮廓,得到最终人脸纹理图.最后通过纹理映射将人脸纹理图映射到三维人脸模型上,得到较好的个性化三维人脸重建效果.实验表明,本文算法能够适用于不同复杂背景和光照条件下拍摄的人脸图像,具有较快的处理速度,能够应用于人脸实时重建产品中.