十六烷值改进剂对乙醇-柴油发动机放热率与排放的影响

研究了十六烷值改进剂对轻型高速柴油机燃用乙醇柴油燃料时放热率与排放特性的影响．在含15％乙醇的柴油中加入不同量(0、0．2％和0．4％)的十六烷值改进剂,并在一台高速柴油机上分别对这些燃料进行了试验研究．结果表明：柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油后,动力性有一定程度降低,但是热效率得到较大幅度改善,烟度和氮氧化物排放有很大程度的降低;在乙醇-柴油中加入适量的十六烷值改进剂,柴油机的动力性有所恢复,烟度和氮氧化物进一步降低,中低负荷下CO和HC排放得到很大改善．乙醇柴油燃料的着火延迟增加,燃烧持续期缩短,大负荷下最大放热率增加;加入一定量的十六烷值改进剂,中高负荷下的燃烧特性可以恢复到柴油机的水平,但是在低负荷下与纯柴油仍然有一定的差别．     

低十六烷值柴油在高速柴油机上的着火和燃烧特点

作者对胜利油田原油炼制的十六烷值为40～34的五种低十六烷值柴油在高速直喷式柴油机上作了试验研究。本文给出了这些柴油的物化特性、着火特性和燃烧放热特性。阐述了柴油十六烷值降低后,柴油其他特性及柴油机着火和燃烧特性的变化规律。     

有机硝酸酯类柴油十六烷值改进剂的研究

研制了一种成分为脂环旋硝酸酯的柴油十六烷值改进剂，并测定出这种改进的一系列理化性质。分析了有机硝酸酯缩短着火滞燃期的化学理。实机研究了这种改进剂对柴油十六烷值和燃烧特性的改善效果，以及柴油机燃油消耗量和烟度的影响，研究结果表明，脂环旋硝酸酯作为柴油十六烷值改进剂具有很高的使用价值。     

十六烷值改进剂对航空煤油着火的影响

研究了2-乙基己基硝酸酯、乙二醇二甲醚、碳酸二甲酯、草酸二丁酯和硬脂酸甲酯5种十六烷值改进剂对国产3号(RP-3)航空煤油喷射着火特性和衍生十六烷值的影响．在改变环境温度的条件下,测试和计算了燃料喷雾燃烧过程中的压力和放热率,并基于燃油喷雾着火过程的着火延迟和燃烧延迟等指标评估其着火趋势．结果表明：5种十六烷值改进剂的添加都可以提升RP-3航空煤油的低温反应活性,使压力上升过程和放热过程提前,缩短燃油喷雾的着火延迟和燃烧延迟,促进燃料着火,但随着初始环境温度的升高,各改进剂对于燃料着火的促进作用逐渐减弱;在5种十六烷值改进剂中,2-乙基己基硝酸酯效果最好,少量添加即可显著提高RP-3航空煤油的着火倾向,其他4种改进剂的效果相近且较为有限,需在目前试验的基础上大幅提高添加比例才可达到理想效果．在不考虑环境因素的前提下,2-乙基己基硝酸酯是RP-3航空煤油十六烷值改进剂的理想选择,当其添加质量分数为0.4%时,混合燃料的衍生十六烷值与柴油相当．     

十六烷值对欧-Ⅳ柴油机燃烧与排放性能的影响

在一台满足欧Ⅳ排放法规的高压共轨增压中冷柴油机上使用7种不同十六烷值柴油进行试验,发动机不做任何调整,以分析十六烷值对柴油机性能的影响.结果表明:十六烷值每上升一个单位平均造成欧Ⅳ柴油机燃油消耗率降低0.2%、PM降低0.6%、HC和SOF降低1.5%,十六烷值提高时动力性和NOx、DS排放影响不明显.十六烷值上升造成欧Ⅳ柴油机预喷着火始点提前,对燃烧持续期和放热规律形状无显著影响.     

十六烷值对甲醇/生物柴油燃烧过程的影响

通过添加十六烷值改进剂,配制了十六烷值分别为45.5、49.5、54.5的甲醇/生物柴油.在186,F柴油机上,测量了标定转速、最大转矩转速时,柴油机燃用柴油、甲醇/生物柴油的示功图,考察了十六烷值对柴油机燃烧过程的影响.结果表明,当甲醇/生物柴油的十六烷值从45.5增加到54.5,在标定工况时,滞燃期从12°,CA缩短到10°,CA,燃烧持续期从33°,CA增加到36°,CA,缸内最大压力从7.75,MPa增加到8.39,MPa,瞬时放热率峰值从39.97,k J/(°,CA)提高到42.68,k J/(°,CA);最大转矩工况时,滞燃期从12°,CA缩短到9°,CA,燃烧持续期从31°,CA增加到35°,CA,缸内最大压力从8.08,MPa增加到8.48,MPa,瞬时放热率峰值从36.13,k J/(°,CA)提高到41.37,k J/(°,CA).     

基于放热率分析的乙醇柴油燃烧特性的研究

对高速轻型车用柴油机燃用乙醇柴油燃料的放热率和燃烧特性进行了研究,并对多种比例乙醇柴油的排放特性进行了考察。研究表明:在乙醇柴油的十六烷值恢复到原柴油的条件下,乙醇柴油的预混燃烧延长,扩散燃烧缩短,总的燃烧持续期缩短;高负荷下的着火延迟接近柴油,但在中低负荷仍然与柴油有较大的差距;乙醇柴油的最大瞬时放热率低于柴油。在排放方面,乙醇柴油能够同时降低烟度和NOx排放,但在中低负荷下的CO和HC略有上升。     

柴油十六烷值改进剂的使用性能与应用

主要介绍了柴油十六烷值改进剂的作用机理、种类和应用情况,并详细介绍了不同的十六烷值改进剂的特点。十六烷值改进剂受热分解产生活性自由基,使得柴油的自燃活化能大大降低,从而缩短发动机燃烧的滞燃期,改善发动机的燃烧性能。     

燃料着火性对小型柴油机燃烧特性的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况控制系统,研究了燃料着火性对小型柴油机稳态及恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下燃烧特性的影响规律.结果表明,在稳态和恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下,燃料十六烷值对燃烧参数的影响具有类似的规律.随燃料十六烷值的降低,着火始点延迟,滞燃期增加,燃烧速率加快,燃烧持续期减小,但预混燃烧期和预混合燃烧量增加,缸内压力峰值、放热率峰值及压力升高率升高.     

直喷式柴油机燃烧低十六烷值柴油的研究

通过实测直喷式柴油机燃烧不同十六烷值柴油时的缸内压力示功图,以此计算出相应的燃烧放热规律。通过分析影响放热规律的有关参数,确定了对几项因子通过试验匹配来进行直喷式柴油机燃用低十六烷值柴油机的初步研究。以试验研究为基础,利用神经网络的非线性映射性能得出了燃用低十六烷值柴油机时几个参数的调整方案。     

燃油性质与喷油参数对陶瓷隔热复合机燃烧过程的影响

摘要在定容燃烧装置与B1135型单缸机上,对陶瓷隔热复合机的燃烧过程进行了试验研究.结果表明,由于陶瓷隅热复合机的压缩终点温度和压力很高,使滞燃期过短,空气粘度高,着火点在喷油嘴孔口附近,初期火焰横贯喷注,使空气与燃油混合条件差,因而仍沿用常规发动机燃烧系统参数时,燃烧过程恶化、燃油消耗率上升.采用减小喷油嘴孔径、增多喷孔数以改善空气与燃油的混合条件,以及采用低16烷值、低粘度燃油以获得滞燃期加长、着火点远离孔端等措施.对改善陶瓷隔热复合机燃烧过程具有良好的效果.     

单酯类燃料组成与结构对燃料特性的影响

生物柴油是一种可再生的国产绿色替代能源，来自于植物油单酯衍生物。脂肪酸酯作为发动机燃料的可行性来自于其分子结构和较高的能量密度。燃料的热值主要取决于燃料中C、H、O等元素的质量分数。作为柴油的品质参数之一，十六烷值同样适用于替代燃料生物柴油。脂肪酸链中的不饱和键是导致CN下降的最重要因素。不饱和键的数目及位置对燃料特性参数CN、IV、低温流动性和氧化安定性等都具有重要的影响。     

Remarkable improvement of NOx–PM trade-off in a diesel engine by means of bioethanol and EGR

In order to realize a premixed compression ignition (PCI) engine, the effects of bioethanol–gas oil blends and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on PM–NO_x trade-off have been investigated focusing on ignition delay, premixed combustion, diffusion combustion, smoke, NO_x and thermal efficiency. The present experiment was done by increasing the ethanol blend ratio and ethanol and by increasing the EGR ratio in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. It is found that a remarkable improvement in PM–NO_x trade-off can be achieved by promoting the premixing based on the ethanol blend fuel having low evaporation temperature, large latent heat and low cetane number as well, in addition, based on a marked elongation of ignition delay due to the low cetane number fuel and the low oxygen intake charge. As a result, very low levels of NO_x and PM, which satisfies the 2009 emission standards imposed on heavy duty diesel engines in Japan, were achieved without deterioration of brake thermal efficiency in the PCI engine fuelled with the 50% ethanol blend diesel fuel and the high EGR ratio. It is noticed that smoke can be reduced even by increasing the EGR ratio under the highly premixed condition.     

Combustion performance and emission reduction characteristics of automotive DME engine system

This article is a condensed overview of a dimethyl ether (DME) fuel application for a compression ignition diesel engine. In this review article, the spray, atomization, combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics from a DME-fueled engine are described, as well as the fundamental fuel properties including the vapor pressure, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, and the bulk modulus. DME fuel exists as gas phase at atmospheric state and it must be pressurized to supply the liquid DME to fuel injection system. In addition, DME-fueled engine needs the modification of fuel supply and injection system because the low viscosity of DME caused the leakage. Different fuel properties such as low density, viscosity and higher vapor pressure compared to diesel fuel induced the shorter spray tip penetration, wider cone angle, and smaller droplet size than diesel fuel. The ignition of DME fuel in combustion chamber starts in advance compared to diesel or biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine due to higher cetane number than diesel and biodiesel fuels. In addition, DME combustion is soot-free since it has no carbon–carbon bonds, and has lower HC and CO emissions than that of diesel combustion. The NO_x emission from DME-fueled combustion can be reduced by the application of EGR (exhaust gas recirculation). This article also describes various technologies to reduce NO_x emission from DME-fueled engines, such as the multiple injection strategy and premixed combustion. Finally, the development trends of DME-fueled vehicle are described with various experimental results and discussion for fuel properties, spray atomization characteristics, combustion performance, and exhaust emissions characteristics of DME fuel.     

Analysis of ignition delay by taking Di-tertiary-butyl peroxide as an additive in a dual fuel diesel engine using hydrogen as a secondary fuel

Ignition delay (ID) is one of the important parameters that make influenced on the combustion process inside the cylinder. This ignition delay affects not only the performances but also the noise and emissions of the engine. In this regards the experiments were conducted on single cylinder 4–stroke compression ignition research diesel engine, power 3.50 kW at constant speed 1500 rpm Kirloskar model TV1 with base fuel as diesel and hydrogen as secondary fuel with and without Di-tertiary-butyl-peroxide (DTBP). Experiments were conducted to measure the ignition delay of the dual fuel diesel (DFD) engine at different load conditions and substitution of diesel by hydrogen with or without DTBP and then it was compared with predicted ID given by Hardenberg-Hase equation and modified Hardenberg-Hase equation.The experimental values of ignition delay were compared with theoretical ignition delay which was predicted on the basis of Hardenberg-Hase equation by considering mean cylinder temperature, pressure, activation energy and cetane number and variations are found in between 6.60% and 21.22%. While, the Hardenberg-Hase equation was modified (by considering variation in activation energy) for DFD engine working on diesel as primary fuel and hydrogen as secondary fuel shows variations 1.20%–11.96%. Furthermore, with DTBP it gives variation up to 18.01%. It was found that ID decreases with increase in percentage of DTBP and hydrogen in air-fuel mixture. This might be due to the cetane improver nature of DTBP, pre-ignition reaction rate and energy release rate of hydrogen fuel. The polytropic index get increased by addition of (Di-tert butyl peroxide) DTBP. Similarly, 5% Di tertiary butyl peroxide reduces Ignition delay.     

Performance characteristics of a glowplug assisted low heat rejection diesel engine using ethanol

Conventional diesel engines with ethanol as fuel are associated with problems due to high self-ignition temperature of the fuel. The hot surface ignition method, wherein a part of the injected fuel is made to touch an electrically heated hot surface (glowplug) for ignition, is an effective way of utilizing ethanol in conventional diesel engines. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of thermal insulation on ethanol fueled compression ignition engine. One of the important ethanol properties to be considered in the high compression ratio engine is the long ignition delay of the fuel, normally characterized by lower cetane number. In the present study, the ignition delay was controlled by partial insulation of the combustion chamber (low heat rejection engine) by plasma spray coating of yttria stabilized zirconia for a thickness of 300 μm. Experiments were carried out on the glowplug assisted engine with and without insulation in order to find out the possible benefits of combustion chamber insulation in ethanol and diesel operation. Highest brake thermal efficiency of 32% was obtained with ethanol fuel by insulating the combustion chamber. Emissions of the unburnt hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxides were higher than that of diesel. But the smoke intensity and was less than that of diesel engine. Volumetric efficiency of the engine was reduced by a maximum of 9% in LHR mode of operation.     

柴油机燃用柴油/二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料滞燃期研究

开展了柴油机燃用柴油/二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料滞燃期的研究,并基于发动机试验数据拟合了一个适合柴油/二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料滞燃期的预测关系式。研究结果表明,改进后的关系式比已有的滞燃期预测关系式更能准确地预测柴油/二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料着火滞燃期。研究发现混合燃料实际十六烷值随含氧量增加而降低,但降低幅度小于基于燃料质量比例推算出的数值,认为基于燃料质量比例对混合燃料十六烷值推算与实际存在较大差异。     

柴油中溶入甲烷对发动机燃烧排放特性的影响

设计了几种不同甲烷含量的甲烷／柴油混合燃料,在实用柴油机上对它们的燃烧和排放特性进行了试验研究。研究结果表明,根据柴油中甲烷含量的不同,溶气对比油耗和热效率有正反两方面的影响;溶有甲烷的柴油与纯柴油相比有较长的着火滞燃期和较低的最大放热率;柴油中甲烷的溶解量越大,滞燃期越长,最高放热率越低;与纯柴油相比,溶有甲烷柴油的NOx排放降低,HC排放增加;在较高的甲烷溶解度时,NOx和烟度排放能够同时降低。