聚烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚型表面活性剂的表面性能分析

合成了一系列不同聚合度的聚烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(HHL)型非离子表面活性剂。通过红外光谱,核磁共振等仪器对其结构进行表征,用表面张力法对不同聚合度的合成产物的表面性能进行研究,并对不同聚合度的表面活性剂的物理化学参数进行理论分析。结果表明:三聚烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚型非离子表面活性剂较相应单体的烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚表面活性剂,表面活性和吸附能力有较大的提升。     

Guerbet十四醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠的合成与表面活性

以Guerbet十四醇 (C14 GA)为中间体 ,经Williamson反应合成Guerbet十四醇聚氧乙烯醚醇〔C14 GA(EO) nH ,n =1,2 ,4〕 ,再经氯磺酸酯化及NaOH中和 ,得到阴离子表面活性剂Guerbet十四醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠〔C14 GA(EO) nS ,n =1,2 ,4〕。用IR、NMR和元素分析测定了所合成的表面活性剂的结构 ,并利用表面张力法测定了这些表面活性剂水溶液的表面活性。实验结果表明 :所合成的表面活性剂的结构分别为C14 GAEOS (A) ,C14 GA(EO) 2 S(B)和C14 GA(EO) 4 S(C) ;这些表面活性剂其临界胶束浓度CMC(mmol/L) ,在CMC时的表面张力γCMC(mN/m)和Krafft点 (℃ )分别为A :2 5 8mmol/L ,2 7 6mN/m ,5 9℃ ;B :0 80mmol/L ,2 6 4mN/m ,2℃和C :0 12mmol/L ,2 5 3mN/m ,0℃。均比常用的直链阴离子表面活性剂C12 H2 5SO4Na(8.6mmol/L ,4 1 2mN/m ,16℃ )有更低的CMC ,γCMC和Krafft点 ;聚氧乙烯基的引入 ,对降低CMC ,γCMC和Krafft点的效果随氧乙烯基团数目的增多 (由 1增至 4 )而加大。讨论了表面活性剂的结构和表面活性的关系     

一种环保型乳化剂复配体系的研究

研究了淀粉糖苷非离子表面活性剂与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸酯钠盐阴离子型表面活性剂、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚非离子表面活性剂的混合体系的乳化力的变化规律,找出复配体系的最佳配方,将其乳化性与常用的烷基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚进行比较。结果表明,复配后的体系有较低的表面张力,对菜油的乳化性与烷基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚相当,对变压器油的乳化性优于烷基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚。且该体系浊点高,泡沫稳定,乳化性能好。     

居贝特十四醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠盐的合成及表面性能

以正庚醇为起始原料,经过Guerbet、Williamson等一系列反应合成出了具有支链结构的居贝特十四醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠盐[C14GA(EO)nCH2COONa,n=1-4]。用IR、NMR测定了所合成的表面活性剂的结构;用滴体积法测定了其表面张力。结果表明:该类表面活性剂有比较好的表面性能,并且随着分子中氧乙烯(EO)单元数的增多,该系列表面活性剂[C14GA(EO)nCH2COONa,n=1-4]的临界胶团浓度(CMC)以及临界胶团浓度时的表面张力(γCMC)降低,分别为:10．50 mmol/L,27．87 mN/m;0．85 mmol/L,26．00 mN/m;0．75 mmol／L,25．20 mN/ m:0．59 mmol/L,25．18 mN/m。讨论了该类表面活性剂的结构与表面活性的关系。     

双辛酰胺乙基丁烷磺酸盐表面活性剂的合成及性能

以辛酸、二乙烯三胺为原料,氢氧化钾作催化剂,经酰胺化反应合成了中间体N,N-双辛酰胺乙基胺,将其溶解在甲苯-丙酮中再与过量的1,4-丁烷磺内酯反应,多次提纯后得到双辛酰胺乙基丁烷磺酸盐表面活性剂。采用FT-IR、ESI-MS、1HNMR对合成的中间体和目标产物进行了结构表征。使用悬滴法测试了所合成的表面活性剂在不同温度下的表面张力,结果表明,在25℃时该表面活性剂临界胶束浓度CMC为1.41×10-3mol/L,最低表面张力γCMC为26.78 m N/m,且随着温度的升高,CMC增加,γCMC、最大吸附量Γmax下降。加入0.2 mol/L的Na Cl后,CMC减小到4.20×10-4mol/L,γCMC下降为25.51 m N/m。     

硬脂酸单乙醇酰胺聚氧乙烯醚葡萄糖苷的合成及性能

以硬脂酸、单乙醇胺、环氧乙烷、葡萄糖为原料制备了不同环氧乙烷(EO)聚合度的硬脂酸单乙醇酰胺聚氧乙烯醚葡萄糖苷类非离子表面活性剂。该糖苷类表面活性剂在烷基和葡萄糖分子之间引入非离子表面活性剂中常见的亲水基团。通过IR和1HNMR对产物结构进行表征,并测试了该类表面活性剂的最低表面张力(γCMC)为30～38 mN/m,临界胶束质量浓度(CMC)为0.01～0.1 g/L。研究了EO聚合度(n)对产品表面物理化学性能的影响,随着n的增加,CMC、乳化性能、吸湿保湿性能均增加。不同聚合度的产物均有很好的泡沫性能和硬水稳定性。     

环氧乙烷(EO)链长对三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐性能影响的研究

以尿素为催化剂、氨基磺酸为硫酸化试剂,分别与系列三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚(农乳600~#、601~#、602~#、603~#)进行反应,合成了4种三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐表面活性剂。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对表面活性剂结构进行了表征。分别测试其在水溶液中的表面性能,并计算最大吸附量Γ_(max)、表面活性剂单位分子最小占据面积A_(CMC),形成胶束吉布斯自由能ΔG_(mic)和吸附吉布斯自由能ΔG_(ads)。结果表明:随着环氧乙烷(EO)链长的增加,三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐的γ_(CMC)(最低表面张力)增大,CMC(临界胶束浓度),Γ_*(max),A_(CMC),ΔG_(mic)和ΔG_(ads)均减小;硫酸盐产物的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)、增溶性、钙皂分散力、乳化力、去污力和润湿性逐渐增强,起泡性略有下降,而稳泡性几乎不变。最终,确定了EO链长与硫酸盐产物性能之间的构效关系。     

磺酸盐Gemini表面活性剂的合成与表面活性

以单链表面活性剂SCT及1,3-丙二胺为原料,通过一步取代反应,合成了4种含三嗪环的磺酸盐Gemini型表面活性剂Cn-3-Cn(n=6,8,12,14),测定了25℃时4种表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度CMC。结果表明,Cn-3-Cn的临界胶束浓度CMC均随着疏水烷基链长度的增加而减小,C12-3-C12(实际疏水基碳原子数为14)达到最小值7.23×10-5mol/L,当实际疏水基中碳原子数增加到16时,CMC有所增加。同传统单烷基离子型表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)相比,该类表面活性剂的CMC值低1～2个数量级,显示出很高的表面活性。此外,表面张力随着疏水烷基链长度的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,最低γcmc为35.48 mN/m。     

对-(月桂基)苄基均质聚氧乙烯醚丙烷磺酸钠的合成与表面活性

以苯为原料先后经酰化、黄鸣龙还原、氯甲基化及威廉逊成醚等反应制得4种具有不同氧乙烯数(其氧乙烯数为1~4)的对-(月桂基)苄基均质聚氧乙烯醚醇,再和1,3-丙烷磺内酯反应得到了对应的对-(月桂基)苄基均质聚氧乙烯醚丙烷磺酸钠。用ESI-MS和1HNMR确定了化合物的结构,用两相滴定法确定了产物中活性物的质量分数均大于99%。用W ilhelmy法测定了30℃时它们在水溶液中的临界胶束浓度(CMC)和临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γCMC),其CMC(mmol/L)和γCMC(mN/m)分别为:0.176,34.9;0.149,34.8;0.102,33.1;0.142,34.8。结果表明:该类表面活性剂随着氧乙烯基团的增加(1~3),其CMC和γCMC都逐渐减小,但当氧乙烯数继续增大时,两个物理量都开始增大。     

对-烷基-苄基聚氧乙烯醚羧酸甜菜碱的合成与表面活性

以脂肪酸、苯、二缩三乙二醇为原料,经酰化反应、黄鸣龙还原反应、氯甲基化反应、威廉逊成醚反应、卤化反应、季铵化反应,合成出了3个对烷基苄基聚氧乙烯醚羧酸甜菜碱两性离子表面活性剂。用IR、1HNMR和ESI-MS对产物进行了结构鉴定。用Wilhelmy-plate法测定了30℃时它们在水溶液中的临界胶束浓度(CMC)和临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γCMC)。实验表明,纯水溶液中表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为10-4～10-6mol/L,临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γCMC)为27～30 mN/m;随着苯环上长链烷基碳数(n=8、10、12)的增加,CMC分别为1.12×10-4、1.51×10-5、6.21×10-6 mol/L;γCMC分别为27.9、28.4、29.9 mN/m。结果表明,该类表面活性剂具有比较好的表面活性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。