Effect of ultrafine gradient cemented carbides substrate on the performance of coating tools for titanium alloy high speed cutting

Gradient cemented carbides usually used as substrate for coating tools, and the substrate has different gradient layer thickness and grain size, which would affect the cutting performance of the coating tools. In this study, different contents of Co and cubic carbonitride were added, the ultrafine gradient cemented carbides with different gradient layer thickness and grain size were prepared by one-step sintering, and then the CAT films (films containing Cr, Al and Ti, basically.) were deposited on alloy surface by Arc Ion Plating (AIP) in Ar gas atmosphere for titanium alloy high-speed cutting. The influence of Co and cubic carbonitride content on the microstructure of alloy and the cutting performance of coated tools was studied. The results show that the gradient layer thickness could be controlled by changing the Co and cubic carbonitride contents, and then affected the cutting performance. The coating tools enhanced cutting performance obviously by reducing the flank wear in the high-speed Ti-alloy cutting. A thinner gradient layer can be formed in alloys that with a lower Co addition, thus leading to tools chipping during high-speed cutting Ti-alloy. The wear resistance and the cutting performance of the tools could be improved by adding cubic carbonitride. The Co10Ti3-CAT coated tool has the best cutting performance. And the wear resistance of Co8Ti4-CAT coated tool can be increased by 50% compared to substrate.     

烧结工艺对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷性能的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷,利用金相图像分析系统和扫描电镜观察陶瓷表面孔洞和微观组织形貌,分析了热处理和烧结气氛工艺对不同碳氮比的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷性能的影响.结果表明:真空烧结后的热处理工艺可使Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的横向断裂强度提高10%以上,硬度也有不同程度的提高,其中Ti(C0.5 N0.5)基金属陶瓷适合采用低压工艺处理,Ti(C0.7 N0.3)基金属陶瓷适合采用热等静压工艺处理.氮气气氛烧结中,Ti(C0.5 N0.5)基金属陶瓷在氮分压值为2kPa时的横向断裂强度达到最大值,而硬度变化不明显,这可归因于合适的氮分压阻碍了金属陶瓷内氮化物的分解,提高了材料的致密度,细化了晶粒组织.     

Effect of ultra-fine TiC0.5N0.5 on the microstructure and properties of gradient cemented carbide

To increase the performance of cemented carbide, it was common to coat the wear surfaces with thin layers of hard materials. Cemented carbides with surface zone depleted of hard cubic phase and enriched in ductile binder phase were commonly used as the substrates. At the present, the so-called “gradient cemented carbides” were usually prepared by adding TiN or medium-sized TiCN, and a two-step sintering process including pre-sintering in nitrogen and gradient sintering in vacuum was usually adopted. In this paper, gradient cemented carbide based on WC–5.19 wt.%Ti–9.2 wt.%Co was prepared by simple vacuum sintering with the addition of 0.13 μm ultra-fine TiC_0.5N_0.5, compared with medium-sized TiN or TiCN. The result showed that gradient cemented carbide prepared with 0.13 μm ultra-fine TiC_0.5N_0.5 had better properties. With the increase of ultra-fine TiC_0.5N_0.5 content, the thickness of gradient surface zone decreased. TiCN coatings were deposited on gradient substrate and conventional substrate by moderate temperature chemical vapor deposition (MTCVD), respectively. Gradient substrate resulted in better adhesion and cutting performance.     

WC-(W,Ti)C-(Ta,Nb)C-Co涂层硬质合金的组织与性能

用控制烧结工艺制备了均质基体结构与梯度基体结构的WC-(W,Ti)C-(Ta,Nb)C-Co硬质合金,采用化学气相沉积工艺在合金表面涂上TiCN/Al203/TiN涂层,制备成相应的涂层硬质合金及刀片.运用金相观察、扫描电镜分析、三点抗弯强度测试及切削性能测试,研究了梯度基体结构对涂层WC-(W,Ti)C-(Ta,Nb)C-Co硬质合金的组织与力学性能影响.结果表明,采用梯度烧结工艺,可以在合金的表层形成梯度韧性区,该韧性区可以提高裂纹扩展阻力.所制备的梯度基体结构合金的抗弯强度明显超过均质基体结构合金,而相应涂层硬质合金刀片在保持耐磨性能的同时能显著提高抗冲击性能.     

脱β层厚度对CVD涂层硬质合金性能的影响

通过对WC-TiC-(Ta,Nb)C-Co硬质合金在1 300～1 380℃的渗氮气氛处理和随后的脱N烧结制得了不同脱β层厚度的合金基体,通过化学气相沉积(CVD)工艺制成从内到外依次为TiN/MT-TiCN/Al2O3/TiN的涂层硬质合金。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪、抗弯(TRS)和切削试验对合金基体涂层前后的组织特征与性能进行了研究。结果表明,随着脱β层厚度的增加,试样涂层前后的抗弯强度均增加,在厚度达到20μm以上时,增加不明显。CVD涂层硬质合金可转位刀片的抗冲击性能也有相应的规律,而耐磨性则基本上保持一致。     

含(W,Ti,Ta)C的超细硬质合金的性能及组织研究

本文在WC-8%Co(文中含量均为质量分数)、复合抑制剂(VC/Cr3C2)的基础上,添加不同配比的Cr3C2及(W,Ti,Ta)C,制备超细硬质合金。采用横向断裂强度检测、洛式硬度检测、SEM分析、TEM检测等方法,研究了Cr3C2和(W,Ti,Ta)C对超细硬质合金力学性能和组织结构的影响。结果表明:随着Cr3C2、(W,Ti,Ta)C的增加,晶粒大小没有显著变化,硬质合金的横向断裂强度减低,硬度提高。通过透射电镜观察,在WC-8%Co-4%(W,Ti,Ta)C-0.5%(VC/Cr3C2)硬质合金中发现了类似于孪晶的结构,并通过能谱证实了Cr3C2和(W,Ti,Ta)C的存在。WC-8%Co-4%(W,Ti,Ta)C硬质合金经1 390℃压力烧结后,硬度为93.8 HRA,抗弯强度为2 250 MPa,相对密度为99.7%。     

纳米复合WC-6Co粉末的快速烧结

以液相复合-连续还原碳化方法制备的纳米复合WC-6Co粉末为原料，采用放电等离子烧结（SPS），制取了超细硬质合金。利用扫描电镜、维氏硬度仪、洛氏硬度仪、密度测试仪、MTS陶瓷测试系统等，观察烧结体显微结构，测试其硬度、密度、断裂强度、矫顽磁力、磁饱和度。结果表明采用放电等离子烧结获得的烧结体的硬度HVl≥19500MPa，断裂强度TRS≥2800MPa，平均晶粒度150nm～300nm。制备了高强度、高硬度的超细WC-6Co硬质合金。     

基体梯度结构对TiN涂层硬质合金力学和切削性能的影晌

研究基体梯度结构对TiN涂层硬质合金力学和切削性能的影响;采用阴极弧蒸发涂层工艺分别在均质和梯度硬质合金基体上制备TiN涂层:运用金相观察、扫描电镜分析、三点抗弯强度测试、显微硬度测试和切削性能测试,研究基体梯度结构对TiN涂层硬质合金组织结构、力学性能和切削性能的影响.结果表明:基体结构梯度化后,TiN涂层表面形貌由平整状变为网状结构,显微硬度提高19%,抗弯强度提高6.1%;基体结构梯度化后,涂层硬质合金的结构发生变化、力学性能得到提高,涂层刀片的抗冲击性能和切削性能分别提高10%和15%左右.     

Microstructure and properties of CVD coated on gradient cemented carbide with different WC grain size

In this paper, cemented carbides with gradient surface enriched in Co phase and depleted of cubic phases were prepared by one-step vacuum sintering. The gradient cemented carbides of different WC grain size were used as the substrates of CVD coatings. The effects of WC particle size on the formation of gradient layer, microstructure and properties of the gradient cemented carbides were investigated. Besides, the influence of WC grain size and gradient layer on microstructure, growth and adhesion strength of the coatings were studied. The results showed that the thickness of surface gradient layer decreased with increasing WC particle size, which was attributed to the decreased diffusion paths and the increased diffusion distance. The interface between the surface gradient layer and the bulk was disordered due to abnormal grain growth of WC in ultrafine cemented carbide. The microhardness across the direction of the fcc-free (Face Center Cubic Free) surface layer to the bulk were similar in the three gradient cemented carbides, and could be expressed as: from the surface to the inner, the microhardness decreased firstly, then increased sharply around the interface, and subsequently dropped to the bulk level. The coating on the fcc-free surface layer was thicker than that on bulk, and the coating on the substrate with fine-sized WC grains is the thickest. The increase of the WC grain size in the substrate could improve the bonding strength of the coating. Furthermore, the presence of Co-rich layer could improve the bonding strength. However, bonding strength was poor for the grain size of ultrafine.     

Effect of powder particle size on gradient formation and grain growth in ultrafine crystalline gradient cemented carbide

Sinter-HIP combining vacuum and pressure in one-step sintering process has been applied to prepare ultrafine crystalline cemented carbide with a surface gradient layer enriched in binder. The effect of powder particle size on gradient formation and grain growth has been examined. The results show that the gradient layer thickness increases with decreasing WC and Ti(C,N) powder particle size. The number of abnormal WC grains increases with decreasing WC powder particle size. The formational mechanism of the gradient cemented carbide with ultrafine grains is discussed through analyzing the decomposability of nanoscale Ti(C,N), atomic diffusion and grain growth during one-step Sinter-HIP process.     

Microstructure and cutting performance of CrTiAlN coating for high-speed dry milling

Using a closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering system, the cemented carbide end mills were coated with a CrTiAlN hard coating, which consisted of a Cr adhesive layer, a CrN interlayer and a CrTiAlN top layer. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), micro indentation and scratch test. The cutting performance of the coated end mills were conducted by high-speed dry milling hardened steel (P20, HRC 45). The results indicates that the coating is composed of (Cr, Ti, Al)N columnar grains with nanolayers. The coating exhibits good adhesion to cemented carbide substrate and high microhardness of around 30 GPa. The coated end mills show significant improvement on tool life and much lower cutting force as compared to the uncoated ones. And the related mechanisms were discussed.     

Al含量对Ti1-xAlxN涂层组织结构、力学性能和铣削性能的影响

目的研究不同Al含量对Ti_(1-x)Al_xN涂层的影响,以获得铣削铸铁材料性能最佳的Ti AlN涂层。方法采用阴极电弧蒸发沉积法在WC-Co硬质合金表面制备两种不同Al含量的Ti_(0.5)Al_(0.5)N和Ti_(0.33)Al_(0.67)N涂层,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电子探针微区分析仪(EPMA)分析合金的微观组织和成分组成,通过CSM纳米硬度计和纳米划痕仪测定涂层的纳米硬度、弹性模量、抗塑性变形因子、显微硬度耗散系数MDP和划痕裂纹扩展阻力CPRs等性能指标,同时比较不同Al含量涂层刀片在铣削灰口铸铁HT250和球墨铸铁QT450时的性能和磨损机理。结果 Ti_(0.5)Al_(0.5)N和Ti_(0.33)Al_(0.67)N涂层主要物相均呈NaCl型面心立方结构,以(200)方向为择优取向,且高铝涂层的XRD衍射峰向高角度偏移量大于中铝涂层,说明高铝涂层具有更高的铝固溶量。与Ti_(0.5)Al_(0.5)N涂层相比,Ti_(0.33)Al_(0.67)N涂层的抗塑性变形因子较小,MDP和CPRs较大,表现出更优的塑性、韧性和膜基结合力。在铣削HT250和QT450时,Ti_(0.33)Al_(0.67)N涂层刀片的平均寿命分别为30、60 min,相比Ti_(0.5)Al_(0.5)N涂层,切削性能更好。结论对于Ti AlN涂层来说,提高Al的质量分数至67%可以获得更优的塑性、韧性和膜基结合力,在铣削HT250和QT450时,Ti_(0.33)Al_(0.67)N涂层刀片的切削性能较优。     

多弧离子镀TiAlSiN梯度涂层制备及切削性能

针对含Si超硬涂层与基体结合强度不足,切削过程中涂层易发生剥落从而导致涂层刀具切削性能低的问题,采用离子源增强的多弧离子镀技术在硬质合金刀具上制备了不同含Si层梯度结构的TiAlSiN梯度涂层。利用XRD、SEM、OM以及切削试验探讨不同含Si层梯度结构对涂层物相、表面形貌、膜基结合强度、摩擦磨损以及切削性能的影响。结果显示：不同含Si层梯度结构的TiAlSiN涂层主要由固溶的（Ti,Al） N和（Al,Ti） N相组成。其中,低Si直接过渡的TiAlSiN涂层（S3）呈现出较高的硬度、良好的膜基结合力、较低的涂层残余应力和摩擦因数。铣削结果显示,涂层刀具的切削磨损机理主要表现为粘着磨损。当切削速度为80 m/min时,低Si过渡涂层（S3涂层）表现出更高的切削长度（925 m）,显著高于S1涂层的525 m;当切削速度由80 m/min增加至110 m/min时,S3涂层切削长度增加到1650 m。对含Si刀具涂层进行梯度设计,可有效提高涂层的膜-基结合强度和涂层刀具的切削性能。     

用于金刚石涂层的梯度硬质合金的结构与性能

阐述了金刚石涂层及梯度硬质合金的发展概况,论述了金刚石涂层采用表层贫钴的梯度硬质合金作基体的构思。初步研制出表层贫钴梯度硬质合金YG6T并在其样品上制出了附着好的金刚石涂层。YG6T的结构为表面贫钴层-中间富钴层-芯部刚性层,表面层钴含量为3wt%左右,比内部低一倍以上,梯度硬质合金性能指标达到甚至超过常规硬质合金的要求。该材料的应用前景广阔,值得进一步试验推广。     

VC和碳含量对超细晶硬质合金室温和高温性能的影响

以原位还原碳化技术制备的WC-8Co复合粉和VC粉末为原料,采用低压烧结技术制备出超细晶硬质合金。系统研究了VC添加量和复合粉中碳含量对硬质合金的相组成、显微组织、室温和高温力学性能的影响。结果表明:硬质合金的晶粒尺寸、硬度和断裂韧性主要受VC添加量的影响,且随VC添加量的增加呈单调变化;抗弯强度随VC添加量的变化趋势与碳含量有关;压缩强度随温度的变化呈现先降低后升高的趋势;当WC-Co复合粉的碳含量为5.60%～5.68%(质量分数)、VC添加量不超过0.5%时,可分别制备出室温抗弯强度为4482MPa和600℃下抗压缩强度为4914MPa的高综合性能的超细晶硬质合金。基于微观组织特征的分析,结合弹-塑性有限元模型对应力分布的模拟,对超细晶硬质合金力学性能的变化规律及影响机理进行了分析。     

(Ti,Al)N单层和TiN/(Ti,Al)N复合涂层的切削性能研究

借助EDX、SEM、强度测试和切削实验研究了采用磁控溅射在硬质合金基体上沉积的(Ti,Al)N单层和TiN/(Ti,Al)N复合涂层的切削性能。研究表明,两种涂层均与基体结合紧密;TiN/(Ti,Al)N复合涂层则表现出更好的切削性能。     

Ti6Al4V合金表面火焰喷焊W_xC涂层耐磨性分析

采用"一步法"火焰喷焊技术在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备出由Ni60过渡层和W_xC+Ni60强化层组成的喷焊层。喷焊层在氩气气氛中冷却,避免了涂层的氧化。过渡层与基体结合良好,没有孔洞等缺陷;强化层中碳化钨颗粒呈弥散分布,与过渡层界面处存在大量的孔洞。喷焊层硬度为12. 3 GPa,相比基材,硬度提高了近3倍,摩擦系数降低60%以上。喷焊层与GCr15和Si_3N_4对磨后,对磨副GCr15和Si_3N_4磨损严重,而喷焊层无明显磨损,表现出优异的耐磨性。     

热丝CVD金刚石涂层膜基界面结合强度研究新进展

硬质合金基体金刚石涂层工具产业化应用的主要障碍之一在于涂层的膜基界面结合强度较差,易引发涂层早期脱落。提高膜基界面结合强度、保证刀具正常使用寿命,已成为金刚石涂层工具产业化亟待解决的主要问题。我们介绍了近年来在提高硬质合金基体金刚石涂层膜基界面结合强度方面所取得的一系列研究新进展,并提出了进一步改善其膜基界面结合强度的新思路,以促进热丝CVD金刚石涂层工具的产业化应用。      

钛过渡层与硬质合金基体表面结合状况对金刚石薄膜附着力的影响

以WC-6％Co为基体,采用磁控溅射法,在原始试样、酸腐蚀试样以及酸蚀后进行氢等离子体脱碳处理的试样上制备Ti过渡层,然后碳化过渡层为TiC。在热丝化学气相沉积装置中,制备金刚石薄膜。研究三种不同试样上的金刚石薄膜与基体的附着力。结果表明,在原始试样上的金刚石薄膜在冷却过程中自动脱落;在经等离子体处理后的试样上,金刚石薄膜与基体间附着力高于在经酸蚀处理的试样上的金刚石薄膜与基体附着力。造成这种现象的主要原因可能是等离子体脱碳还原处理降低WC晶粒表面能,增强Ti与WC间的结合强度,导致TiC过渡层与WC基体结合强度增加,从而增加金刚石薄膜附着力。     

抛光涂层硬质合金刀片加工钛合金的耐用度分析

目的提高涂层硬质合金刀具加工钛合金的切削性能及加工效率。方法采用化学机械抛光(Chemical Mechanical Polishing,CMP)对经过磨削加工的YG8硬质合金车削刀片前刀面进行抛光预处理,并使用CVD与PVD涂层工艺制备涂层。运用单因素试验法,对抛光涂层硬质合金刀片进行切削TC4钛合金的刀片耐用度试验,分析钛合金加工过程中刀具种类及切削参数变化对刀片耐用度的影响规律。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)分析刀片的磨损机理。结果经过化学机械抛光处理后,硬质合金刀片的平均粗糙度由87 nm降低为19 nm,降低幅度达78.2%。相同切削参数时,抛光CVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度最大程度上比磨削CVD硬质合金刀片提高了75%,抛光PVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度最大程度上比磨削PVD硬质合金刀片提高了8.3%。可见采用化学机械抛光对硬质合金刀片进行加工是提高刀片表面平整度及耐用度的重要途径。结论抛光CVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度优于磨削CVD硬质合金刀片,抛光PVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度优于磨削PVD硬质合金刀片。