用Mathematica解热量传递过程中的数学问题

本文建议用数学软件Mathematica计算热量传递过程,包括用符号运算功能推导保温层临界直径,用曲线拟合法处理传热实验数据,用积分法求取传热系数为温度函数时的换热面积,用Solve等命令求解换热和保温过程所产生的非线性方程,用DSolve命令求解非稳态传热过程产生的微分方程等等。同时绘制出有关函数图形,准确、形象地展示计算过程和结果,方便教师讲解和学生理解,避免复杂、繁琐、耗时的手工计算,提高学生利用计算机解决热量传递问题的能力。     

多流股换热器网络的识别与构造

多流股换热器网络是一种新型的换热器网络。本文用改进的遗传／模拟退火算法优化综合双流股换热器网络，在此基础上进行多流股换热器网络识别和构造的研究。使网络中单个多流股换热器的换热面积最大，总的多流股换热器的换热面积也最大作为将以双流股换热器为换热设备的换热网络综合成多流股换热器网络的一个标准。通过流股匹配矩阵的使用，说明程序自动实现多流股换热器网络的识别和构造过程。文献实例证明本文提出的多流股换热器网络识别和构造方法对降低网络年度化费用是有效的。     

Model based control of compact heat exchangers independent of the heat transfer behavior

Compact heat exchangers have a wide range of applications where standard control strategies typically rely on the knowledge of the heat transfer model and thus on the overall heat transfer coefficient. In particular for compact plate heat exchangers, the overall heat transfer coefficient strongly varies with the manufacturer's plate design and has to be identified by means of extensive measurements. This paper presents an alternative approach for the control of compact heat exchangers which can be implemented without the knowledge of the heat transfer behavior and is robust against changes in the coolant supply system. For this, a model based control strategy is presented which relies on the total thermal energy stored in the fluids of the heat exchanger as control variable instead of the outlet temperature. Furthermore, two methods are developed in order to estimate the total thermal energy, one based on a Kalman Filter and the other one on quasi-static considerations. Finally, the proposed control and estimation strategies are validated by means of simulation and measurement results on an industrial plate heat exchanger.     

Characterization of the thermodynamic cycle of a MEMS-based external combustion resonant engine

The thermodynamic cycle of a resonant, MEMS-based, micro heat engine is characterized. The micro heat engine is an external combustion engine made of a cavity encapsulated between two membranes. The cavity is filled with saturated liquid–vapor mixture working fluid. Heat is added to and rejected from the engine at a frequency corresponding to the resonant frequency of the engine. Both pressure–volume and temperature-entropy diagrams are used to investigate the thermodynamic cycle of the resonant micro heat engine. The results show that the working cycle is nearly rectangular in shape and consists of two constant temperature processes and two constant volume processes. We hypothesize that major sources of irreversibility in the engine are heat transfer over finite temperature differences during heat addition and rejection, heat transfer into and out of engine thermal mass, viscous losses due to liquid working fluid motion, and heat escape from the engine to the surroundings. The maximum pressure and volume changes measured inside the engine cavity are 45?Pa and 0.55?mm³, respectively. The results show that for a heat addition of 1?mJ, the engine operates over a very small temperature difference. The small operating temperature difference is mostly attributable to the large thermal storage of the engine structure, the membranes and the wicks. The measured second law efficiency of the micro heat engine is 16?%.     

大容器水沸腾换热特性测试系统开发

沸腾换热是传热学中的重要内容,为了更好地研究大容器水的沸腾换热现象,开发了大容器水沸腾换热特性测试系统。阐述了大容器沸腾换热的传热学原理,并在此基础上完成了测试系统的研制,在.NET开发平台下运用面向对象的设计方法开发了相应的测控软件,对测试结果进行了分析。     

城市热岛遥感研究进展

随着城市化进程的加快,城市热岛问题越来越突出,对城市居住环境和生态系统产生了极为不利的影响。探讨了城市热岛的研究方法,对国内外学者有关城市热岛的研究成果进行了分类汇总,提出了城市热岛研究中存在的问题和难点,并对城市热岛遥感研究的趋势和方向进行了展望。     

Effect of Heat Transfer Law on the Ecological Optimization of a Generalized Irreversible Carnot Engine

The optimal ecological performance of a irreversible Carnot engine with the losses of heat-resistance, heat leak and internal irreversibility, in which the transfer between the working fluid and the heat reservoirs obeys a generalized heat transfer law Q ∝ δ(Tⁿ), is derived by taking an ecological optimization criterion as the objective, which consists of maximizing a function representing the best compromise between the power and entropy production rate of the heat engine. Some special examples are discusses. A numerical example is given to show the effects of heat transfer law, heat leakage and internal irreversibility on the optimal performance of the generalized irreversible heat engine. The results can provide some theoretical guidance for the designs of practical engine.     

Benefit of heat acclimation is limited by the evaporative potential when wearing chemical protective clothing.

Heat acclimation-induced sweating responses have the potential of reducing heat strain for chemical protective garment wearers. However, this potential benefit is strongly affected by the properties of the garment. If the clothing ensemble permits sufficient evaporative heat dissipation, then heat acclimation becomes helpful in reducing heat strain. On the other hand, if the garment creates an impenetrable barrier to moisture, no benefit can be gained from heat acclimation as the additional sweating cannot be evaporated. Ten subjects were studied exercising on a treadmill while wearing two different chemical protective ensembles. Skin heat flux, skin temperature, core temperature, metabolic heat production and heart rate were measured. It was found that the benefit of heat acclimation is strongly dependent on the ability of the body to dissipate an adequate amount of heat evaporatively. The evaporative potential (EP), a measure of thermal insulation modified by moisture permeability, of the clothing ensemble offers a quantitative index useful to determine, a priori, whether heat acclimation would be helpful when wearing protective clothing system. The data show that when EP is < 15%, heat acclimation affords no benefit. An evaporative potential graph is created to aid in this determination.     

土壤水热耦合运移数值模型研究进展

土壤水热耦合运移的数值模型研究是在二十世纪五十年代在等温水分运动模型的基础上发展起来的 ,该模型的建立不仅可用于预测农田水热的分布情况 ,从而为农业生产决策服务 ,而且可用于工业生产建筑中的地下产热问题和垃圾填埋场土地填筑中垃圾腐化产热问题的解决 ,因而具有广泛的应用价值 .本文对五十年代以来国内外土壤水热耦合数值模型的主要研究发展进行了介绍 ,并指出现今的模型应注意的问题 .     

Analysis of the overall efficiency of a PEFC with a bioethanol-solar-reforming system for individual houses

The development of a bioethanol reforming system for fuel cells (FBSR) using sunlight as a heat source was investigated. The FBSR was introduced into standard individual houses for numerical analysis. In this paper, operation of the system was analyzed by introducing two-dimensional heat diffusion equation of the catalyst layer. The supply electric power and heat were investigated using the energy-demand characteristic in a standard house in March and August in Sapporo, Japan. The overall efficiency of the production of electricity and heat power was determined by examining its thermal output characteristic. The amount of hydrogen production, the production-of-electricity characteristic, and the thermal output characteristic were examined using meteorological data in March and August. The overall efficiency of the system, defined as the rate of power and heat output compared to the amount of solar heat collected, was measured on the representative days.     

A microchannel heat exchanger design for microelectronics cooling correlating the heat transfer rate in terms of Brinkman number

Microchannel heat exchangers are a well known device in the application of microelectronics cooling. In this paper, liquid microchannel heat exchangers were designed and investigated with varying channel width in order to find the maximum cooling efficiency when combined with pumping performance. A recently developed correlation of heat transfer rate in terms of Nusselt number and Brinkman number was adopted to predict cooling efficiency of the microchannel heat exchanger and was compared with the experimental results. Conventional heat transfer theories and numerical commercial code were also used to predict the cooling efficiency. The measured minimum thermal resistance of the microchannel heat exchanger showed a good agreement with the prediction from the new correlation, whereas calculation results from conventional theories and numerical code showed large divergence. It can be seen that the microchannel heat exchanger can be optimized when combined with pumping performance. In addition, the new correlation of heat transfer rate in terms of Brinkman number can be quite a useful tool in design of microchannel heat exchanger.     

Calculation of the sensible heat flux of the global ocean using satellite data

The sensible heat flux of the global ocean is derived using satellite data of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) precipitable water, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sea-surface temperature (SST) and scatterometer wind speed. Prior to heat flux derivation, the air temperature over the sea surface in the global ocean is obtained with an iterative solving technique applied to a simplified equation that specifies the relationship among boundary-layer parameters. It is found that a bias exists between the calculated air temperature and the climatology data, which is corrected by a linear model based on the climatology of air temperature. Using the corrected air temperature and the bulk formula, we calculate the sensible heat flux from January 1992 to October 1998. The heat flux calculation is consistent with previous results. An error analysis suggests that based on the bulk formula, the uncertainty caused by the air temperature is comparable with the error components from the SST and wind. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is used to extract the temporal and spatial characteristics of the calculated sensible heat flux. The first EOF is characterized by a winter and summer oscillation with an annual cycle, the second shows another annual cycle in spring and autumn oscillation, the third EOF is related to the El Niño and La Niña cycle, reflecting a certain relationship between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and the global ocean sensible heat flux, and the fourth EOF indicates an increasing trend with a quasi-biennial oscillation and atmospheric influences.     

A remote sensing study of the urban heat island of Houston,Texas

Radiative surface temperature maps of Houston, Texas were derived from satellite sensor data acquired at approximately 0400 LST on 27 separate occasions over a two-year period. Urban-rural temperature differences were determined for 21 of these cases by modelling the urban heat island as a twodimensional Gaussian surface superimposed on a planar rural background. The purpose of this study was to characterise the complete urban heat island in magnitude and spatial extent without the use of in situ measurements and to determine whether a correlation exists between heat island magnitude and rural temperature. The urban heat island magnitude was found to be inversely correlated with rural temperature, while the spatial extent was found to be independent of both heat island magnitude and rural temperature.     

Simulation of a high-power LED lamp for the evaluation and design of heat dissipation mechanisms

High-power LED lamps have been under intense development in recent years. However, issues related to heat dissipation on the LED chip continue to plague research efforts. Heat generation increases with the power of the LED chip and heat accumulation is exacerbated by the plastic casinge of the lamp. Accumulated heat can seriously shorten the lifespan of an LED device. Consequently, manufacturers are constantly seeking ways to improve heat dissipation via heat transfer mechanisms. Little analysis has been performed on coupling the fluid field and heat dissipation inside LED lamps. Using FLUENT software, this study developed a simulation method for LED lamps in order to investigate thermal and fluid fields inside a lamp. The simulation results of an 8 W LED lamp predicted a chip temperature of 75.1 °C and maximum air velocity of 97.3 mm/s within the lamp with two sets of air circulation. The proposed model facilitates new fin designs and the determination of the optimal inner-shell thickness with the proposed design of a LED lamp having 36 fins and an inner-shell thickness of 1 mm for increased heat dissipation.     

双丝共熔池GMAW焊接熔池流场和温度场数学模型

基于对焊接熔池内流体的流动和热传递过程的分析,建立描述三维双丝共熔池GMAW焊接熔池流场和温度场的准稳态控制微分方程组,并将控制方程组离散化,为GMAW焊接过程的计算饥模拟提供基础。     

Application of the relative summary climatic indices during work in heat for ergonomic purposes

A new method was elaborated for the evaluation of work-heat load. Two indices of heat stress were introduced, the so-called 'climatic heat'--Hcl (a sum of convective, radiation, respiration and maximum evaporation heat), and the 'total heat'--Htot (a sum of metabolic and climatic heat). It is an adapted thermal balance equation in which the evaporation heat was replaced with maximum evaporation heat. This enabled the quantification of climatic load also in the normothermic region, where stored heat S=0. The applicability of these indices is given by the fact that so-called heat heart rate (HRh) is in good correlation with them. The above mentioned indices were used in the relative values of the 'quotient of heat stress' (Qdif,H) and of the 'grade of heat strain' (Gdif,H). These variables are basically a relation between real load and 'permissible' load to which a healthy adult male can be exposed for 8 h without an increase in his body temperature. In this paper, equations for calculation of those relative values according to heat stress indices are introduced. The relative indices show how many times is the real HRh larger (or smaller) than its permissible value (= 20 min(-1)). By joining the relative heat stress indices with the relative work load indices (Qdif,W and Gdif,W, respectively) the index of work-heat load is obtained. The permissible work heart rate (= 30 min(-1)), which corresponds with the energetic output in males (approximately 250 W). The work-heat strain grade (Gdif,WH) can be used for the quantification of load, for the determination of the rest allowance, of the necessary recovery time and for the determination of a suitable regime of work and rest in general. The permissible values of climatic elements under a given physical load, and the admissible duration of exposure under different climatic conditions and different muscle load intensities can be determined.     

基于热调度消纳风电的户式相变蓄热电采暖热容量研究

传统研究方法在研究户式相变蓄热电采暖热容量时,准确性很低。为了解决这一问题,基于热调度消纳风电提出了一种新的户式相变蓄热电采暖热容量研究方法,首先通过系统备用功率分析了热电模式下户式相变蓄热系统接纳风电能力,进而给出了风电供热调度模型,该模型根据显热蓄热热容量,潜能蓄热热容量和化学反应蓄热三种户式相变蓄热方式进行电采暖热容量研究。与传统研究方法进行实验对比,结果表明,给出的方法准确率可以达到99.82%,传统的研究方法准确率为90.53%,所提方法误差率更小,具有更广阔的发展空间。     

A method for the identification of nonlinear components of the thermal conductivity tensor for anisotropic materials

A method is proposed for the numerical solution of coefficient inverse problems on nonlinear heat transfer in anisotropic materials used for heat shielding in the aerodynamic heating of hypersonic craft (HC). The main characteristics of anisotropic heat-shielding materials at high temperatures are the components of a nonlinear thermal conductivity tensor that are to be restored based on the results of the experimental measurements of the temperature in space-time nodes. The proposed method is based on the alternating direction method with extrapolation of the numerical solution of heat transfer problems, the method of parametric identification, and the gradient descent method. The results have been obtained for the reconstruction of components of a thermal conductivity tensor for carbon-carbon composite material using the experimental values of the nonlinear heat conduction of these materials. The method can be employed for restoring other numerous thermophysical characteristics of composite materials. The obtained results of the numerical experiments on the identification of components of a thermal conductivity tensor of composite materials in a two-dimensional space are presented and discussed.     

A Novel Benzocyclobutene-Based Device for Studying the Dynamics of Heat Transfer During the Nucleation Process

A novel microelectromechanical device has been developed to study the details of the heat transfer mechanisms involved at the nucleation site for the nucleate boiling process. This device enables quantifying the magnitude, time period of activation, and specific areas of influence of different mechanisms of heat transfer from the surface with a resolution several times greater than previously reported. This is achieved through the use of an array of embedded temperature sensors within a carefully designed dual-layer (silicon and benzocyclobutene) wall which allows for the accurate calculation of local heat flux, circumventing difficulties encountered when using existing methods. The sensors are radially distributed around the nucleation site. Heat is supplied to the wall by a thin film heater fabricated on the outer nonwetted surface. Single bubbles are generated at the center of the array while the temperatures and the bubble images are recorded with a sampling frequency of 8 kHz. The temperature data provided the necessary thermal boundary conditions to numerically calculate the surface heat flux with an unprecedented radial resolution of 22-40 mum. Fabrication, characterization, and the ability of the developed device to elucidate the heat transfer aspects of the nucleation process are demonstrated.     

柔性换热网络综合方法研究

过程物流参数的不确定性,要求综合具有柔性的热交换网络。本文在作者曾提出的换热网络柔性分析及柔性改进技术的基础上,将超结构理论、探试规则和回路化简法相结合,提出了一种探试调优式的柔性换热网络综合方法。结果表明该法能够综合得出最优的柔性换热网络。