Condensation in two phase and desuperheating zone for R1234ze(E), R134a and R32 in horizontal smooth tubes

Condensation is usually assumed to begin when the bulk enthalpy reaches the saturated vapor enthalpy, which leads to discontinuity of heat transfer coefficient calculation in modeling. This paper addresses the discontinuity by showing the presence of condensation in desuperheating region when the wall temperature decreases below the saturation temperature at any operating condition. The experiments have been conducted with R134a, R1234ze(E) and R32 for mass fluxes of 100–300 kgm⁻² s⁻¹, saturation temperatures of 30^°C–50 °C and from x = 0.05 to superheat of 50 °C in a horizontal smooth tube with 6.1 mm inner diameter. R134a is observed to have approximately 10% higher and 20% lower HTC compared to R1234ze(E) and R32 respectively. Cavallini correlation predicted the data within an accuracy of 12% while Kondo-Hrnjak correlation predicted HTC for condensation in de-superheating zone within accuracy of 23%.     

Thermodynamic assessment of high-temperature heat pumps using Low-GWP HFO refrigerants for heat recovery

Reducing energy consumption by utilizing heat recovery systems has become increasingly important in industry. This paper presents an exploratory assessment of heat pump type heat recovery systems using environmentally friendly refrigerants. The coefficient of performance (COP) of 4 cycle configurations used to raise the temperature of heat media to 160 °C with a waste heat at 80 °C is calculated and compared for refrigerants R717, R365mfc, R1234ze(E), and R1234ze(Z). A multiple-stage “extraction” cycle drastically reduces the throttling loss and exergy loss in the condensers, resulting in the highest COP for R1234ze(Z). A cascade cycle using R1234ze(Z) and R365mfc has a relatively high COP and provides practical benefits. Even under adverse conditions, the primary energy efficiency is greater than 1.3 when the transmission end efficiency of the electric power generation is 0.37. The assessment demonstrated that high-temperature heat pumps are a promising approach for reducing primary energy consumption for industrial applications.     

新型制冷剂R1234ze(E)及其混合工质研究进展

低GWP值制冷剂R1234ze(E)(trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene)作为R134a较为理想的替代品而被关注,但其单一成分的热力学性能和传输特性并不理想,在R1234ze(E)中混入R32成分可以有效改善其热力学性能。本文概述了低GWP值工质R1234ze(E)及其与R32混合物的热物性特征、传输特性及系统运行性能方面的研究现状,并与目前常用的制冷工质进行比较分析,指出R1234ze(E)与R32混合工质有望成为新型低GWP值替代工质。     

Theoretical energy performance evaluation of different single stage vapour compression refrigeration configurations using R1234yf and R1234ze(E) as working fluids

R1234yf and R1234ze(E) have been proposed as alternatives for R134a in order to work with low GWP refrigerants, but this replacement results generally in a decrease of the performance. For this reason, it is interesting to explore ways to improve the system performance using these refrigerants. In this paper, a comparative study in terms of energy performance of different single stage vapour compression configurations using R1234yf and R1234ze(E) as working fluids has been carried out. The most efficient configuration is the one which uses an expander or an ejector as expansion device. On the other hand, using an internal heat exchanger in a cycle which replaces the expansion valve by an expander or an ejector could produce a detrimental effect on the COP. However, for all the configurations the introduction of an internal heat exchanger produces a significant increment on the cooling capacity.     

Surface tension of low GWP refrigerants R1243zf,R1234ze(Z), and R1233zd(E)

The surface tension of R1243zf, R1234ze(Z), and R1233zd(E) were measured at temperatures from 270 K to 360 K by an experimental apparatus based on the differential capillary rise method. The deviation between the measured surface tension of R134a and R245fa and the calculated surface tension with REFPROP 9.1 (Lemmon et al., 2013) was ±0.13 mN m⁻¹, which is less than the estimated propagated uncertainty in surface tension of ±0.2 mN m⁻¹. Eleven points, thirteen points, and ten points of surface tension data were provided for R1243zf, R1234ze(Z), and R1233zd(E), respectively, in this paper. The measured data and the estimated surface tension using the methods of Miller, 1963, Miqueu et al., 2000, and Di Nicola et al. (2011) agree within the standard deviation of ±0.43 mN m⁻¹. The empirical correlations that represent the measured data within ±0.14 mN m⁻¹ were proposed for each refrigerant.     

R1234ze(E) flow boiling inside a 3.4 mm ID microfin tube

R1234ze(E) has a GWP<1 and a normal boiling temperature approximately 7.3 °C lower than that of R134a; it represents an interesting candidate for its replacement as working fluid in refrigerating machines. The refrigerant charge minimization in refrigerating and air conditioning equipment is a key issue for the new environmental challenges. Mini microfin tubes represent an optimal solution for both heat transfer enhancement and charge minimization tasks. This paper presents an experimental study of R1234ze(E) flow boiling inside a mini microfin tube with internal diameter at the fin tip of 3.4 mm. The experimental measurements were carried out at constant saturation temperature of 30 °C, by varying the refrigerant mass velocity between 190 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and 940 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, the vapour quality from 0.2 to 0.99 at three different heat fluxes: 10, 25, and 50 kW m⁻². The experimental results are then compared with those obtained for the more traditional R134a.     

微圆管内R1234ze(E)流动沸腾的环状流特性模拟研究

本文建立了制冷剂R1234ze(E)在微圆管内流动沸腾过程中的环状流模型,对传热和气液两相流动压降进行了模拟研究。综合考虑重力、表面张力及气液界面剪切力的影响,模拟分析了周向液膜不均匀分布特性及该特性对流动与换热的影响,经验证,计算结果与已有实验结果吻合较好,此外还研究了不同因素对环状流区域表面传热系数与压降的影响。模拟结果表明：在流动起始区域,截面液膜厚度的分布受重力作用影响,随着流动沸腾过程的进行,该影响作用开始减弱,且有重力作用时的环状流平均表面传热系数高于无重力作用时的环状流平均表面传热系数,随着重力加速度的增加,环状流的平均表面传热系数不断增大;随着质量流速的增大,表面传热系数与压降均随之增大;随着管径增大,表面传热系数与压降均随之减小。     

R1234ze(E)在多元醇脂油中溶解度的实验研究

R1234ze(E)（1,1,1,3-四氟丙烯）是当下具有较强替代潜能的环保制冷剂之一,本文搭建了溶解度测试实验系统,对R1234ze(E)在两种多元醇脂油中的溶解度进行测试,测试的温度范围为40~80 ℃,压力范围为0.123~0.360 MPa。采用PR状态方程和MHV2混合规则及NRTL活度系数模型对实验结果进行关联计算,得到不同温度下的交互系数及计算值与实验值的平均相对误差。结果表明,R1234ze(E)在两种多元醇脂油中的溶解度均随着温度的升高而降低,且R1234ze(E)在两种多元醇脂油中的平衡压力与溶解度之间存在立方函数关系。在两种多元醇酯油中,计算值与实验值的平均相对误差分别为1.68%和1.11%,可较好的描述R1234ze(E)在两种多元醇酯油中的相平衡行为。     

R1234yf热泵技术综述与潜力分析

为了满足逐步严苛的环保法规要求,R1234yf成为车用热泵制冷剂R134a的热门替代制冷剂之一。本文对R1234yf热泵技术的研究进行了综述与分析,其GWP<1,各方面性质均符合车用热泵系统的工作需求。在传热效果上,R1234yf的沸腾传热性能略优于R134a,且冷凝过程压降比R134a低5%~10%,优于R134a系统。在诸多R1234yf和R134a系统的仿真和实验研究中,R1234yf热泵性能略低于R134a,但可以通过优化零部件、强化补气、改善工况等方式使其与R134a十分接近甚至超越。R1234yf低压饱和压力比R134a高约15%,可以适配更高的压缩机转速,低温下制热性能比R134a更好,且较低的压缩机排气温度使系统工作更为稳定,强化补气的效果也优于R134a。因此,R1234yf在车用热泵中具有较好的工作性能和发展前景,可以作为R134a的替代制冷剂。     

Measurements of PρT properties,vapor pressures,saturated densities,and critical parameters for R 1234ze(Z) and R 245fa

Pressure-density-temperature (PρT) properties, vapor pressures, and saturated liquid and vapor densities for refrigerants R 1234ze(Z) (cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene; CF₃CHCHF) and R 245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane; C₃H₃F₅) were measured with two types of isochoric methods. Pressure was measured with a digital quartz pressure transducer. Temperature was measured with 25 Ω standard platinum resistance thermometer on the ITS-90 temperature scale. Density was calculated from the mass of sample and the inner volume of pressure vessel. By using the present vapor pressure data, new vapor pressure correlations for R 1234ze(Z) and R 245fa have been formulated. In addition, the critical temperature T_c, critical density ρ_c, and critical pressure P_c were directly determined on the basis of direct observation of the meniscus disappearance.     

R1234ze/HCs非共沸混合工质热泵系统循环性能分析

在热泵热水器名义工况下,本文建立了热泵系统循环热力学模型,利用EES程序对混合工质R1234ze/HCs及对应的纯工质热泵系统循环性能进行了对比分析。结果表明:R1234ze/R600在质量分数(20/80)和R1234ze/R600a在质量分数(40/60)存在最优配比,对应的最大制热COP_h分别为3. 41和3. 32,而R1234ze/R290则呈现单调下降趋势。R1234ze/R600(20/80)系统的制热COP_h比R1234ze/R600a(40/60)、R1234ze、R290、R600、R600a系统分别高2. 7%、17%、0. 09%、16. 3%和17. 8%,排气温度为76. 9℃,冷凝压力为0. 711 MPa,压比为6. 32,有望成为新型替代工质。     

Condensation of refrigerants in a multiport tube with rectangular minichannels

This study investigated the condensation heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of refrigerants R134a, R32, R1234ze(E), and R410A in a horizontal multiport tube with rectangular minichannels, in the mass velocity range of 100–400 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and saturation temperature set at 40 and 60 °C. The effect of mass velocity, vapor quality, saturation temperature, refrigerant properties, and hydraulic diameter of rectangular channels on condensation characteristics is clarified. A new correlation is proposed for predicting the frictional pressure drop for condensation flow in minichannels. A heat transfer model for condensation heat transfer in rectangular minichannels is developed considering the flow patterns and effects of vapor shear stress and surface tension. Then, based on this model, a new heat transfer correlation is proposed. The proposed correlations successfully predict the experimental frictional pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients of the test refrigerants in horizontal rectangular minichannels.     

Flow boiling of non-azeotropic mixture R32/R1234ze(E) in horizontal microfin tubes

Flow boiling of a potential refrigerant R32/R1234ze(E) in a horizontal microfin tube of 5.21 mm inner diameter is experimentally investigated. The heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop are measured at a saturation temperature of 10 °C, heat fluxes of 10 and 15 kW m^?2, and mass velocities from 150 to 400 kg m^?2 s^?1. The HTC of R1234ze(E) is lower than that of R32. Degradation in the HTC of the R32/R1234ze(E) mixture is significant; the HTC is even lower than that of R1234ze(E). The HTC is minimized at the composition 0.2/0.8 by mass, where the temperature glide and the mass fraction distribution are maximized. A predicting correlation based on Momoki et al. (1995) associated with the correction methods of Thome (1981) to consider the mass transfer resistance and Stephan (1992) to consider the additionally required sensible heat is proposed and validated with the experimental results.     

Condensation heat transfer coefficients of R1234yf on plain, low fin, and Turbo-C tubes

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of HFC134a and R1234yf are measured on a plain, low fin, and Turbo-C tubes at the saturated vapor temperature of 39 °C with the wall subcooling of 3-8 °C. R1234yf is a new alternative refrigerant of low greenhouse warming potential for replacing HFC134a, one of the greenhouse gases in Kyoto protocol, used extensively in automobile air conditioners and other refrigeration systems. Test results show that the condensation HTCs of R1234yf are very similar to those of HFC134a for all three surfaces tested. For the development of heat transfer correlations, thorough property measurements are needed for R1234yf in the near future.     

Experimental two-phase heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drop inside mini-channels during condensation with R1234yf and R134a

The present paper reports condensing two-phase flow pressure drop gradient and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) inside a mini-channel multiport tube with R1234yf and R134a. Several models available in the literature are used to compare predictions of these two fluids. Experimental data are analysed to get the influence of saturation temperature, mass flux, vapour quality and fluid properties. HTC values of R1234yf seem to be lower than R134a under similar conditions. Two-phase flow pressure drops are also lower in the case of the new refrigerant R1234yf.     

Experimental study of an R1234ze(E)/R134a mixture (R450A) as R134a replacement

This work presents an experimental analysis of a non-flammable R1234ze(E)/R134a mixture (R450A) as R134a drop-in replacement. While R134a has a high GWP value (1430), the R450A GWP is only 547. The experimental tests are carried out in a vapour compression plant equipped with a variable-speed compressor. The replacement suitability has been studied combining different operating conditions: evaporation temperature, condensation temperature and the use of an internal heat exchanger (IHX). The drop-in cooling capacity of R450A compared with R134a is 6% lower as average. R450A COP is even higher to those resulting with R134a (approximately 1%). The discharge temperature of R450A is lower than that of R134a, 2K as average. The IHX has a similar positive influence on the energy performance of both fluids. In conclusion, R450A can be considered as a good candidate to replace R134a.     

Development and validation of a micro-fin tubes evaporator model using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids

This paper presents a model of shell and tube evaporator with micro-fin tubes using R1234yf and R134a. The model developed for this evaporator uses the ε-NTU method to predict the evaporating pressure, the refrigerant outlet enthalpy and the outlet temperature of the secondary fluid. The model accuracy is evaluated using different two-phase flow boiling correlations for micro-fin tubes and comparing predicted and experimental data. The experimental tests were carried out for a wide range of operating conditions using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids. The predicted parameter with maximum deviations, between the predicted and experimental data, is the evaporating pressure. The correlation of Akhavan– Behabadi et al. was used to predict flow boiling heat transfer, with an error on cooling capacity prediction below 5%. Simulations, carried out with this validated model, show that the overall heat transfer coefficient of R1234yf has a maximum decrease of 10% compared with R134a.     

冷冻冷藏用制冷剂R404A的替代品对比分析

基于现有的R404A涡旋式压缩机,模拟分别采用R404A,R407A,R407F,R134a和R1234ze制冷剂时的压缩机性能,计算5种制冷剂系统的理论循环COP,并对各典型工况进行对比分析。计算结果表明,R407A和R407F可直接应用于R404A压缩机,而R134a和R1234ze替代R404A时压缩机设计变更较大,4种制冷剂系统能效均较R404A系统有较大提高。     

HFO1234ze(E) vaporisation inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE): Comparison with HFC134a and HFO1234yf

This paper investigates the effects of heat flux, saturation temperature, and outlet conditions on HFO1234ze(E) boiling inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger (BPHE). The effect of the heat flux on the heat transfer coefficients was remarkable. Similar consideration applies for outlet condition effects whereas the impact of saturation temperature was found to be lower. The frictional pressure drop shows a linear dependence on the refrigerant kinetic energy per unit volume. The two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficients were compared with a new model for refrigerant boiling inside BPHE (Longo et al., 2015): the mean absolute percentage deviation between calculated and experimental data is 7.2%. The present data points were compared with those of HFC134a and HFO1234yf previously measured inside the same BPHE under the same operating conditions: HFO1234ze(E) exhibits heat transfer coefficients very similar to HFC134a and HFO1234yf and frictional pressure drops slightly higher than HFC134a and HFO1234yf.     

小通道钎焊板式冷凝器性能仿真与实验研究

本文针对当量直径为1.5 mm的小通道钎焊板式冷凝器的换热和压降特性进行了仿真和实验研究。采用有限体积法建立了一维稳态分布参数模型,对R134a和R1234yf两种制冷剂在板间冷凝换热的性能进行仿真模拟,并对模型进行了实验验证。实验结果表明:本文所建立的仿真模型精度较高,换热性能平均误差为4%,压降平均误差为16%,可用于分析换热器的整体性能。最后用此模型仿真对比了R134a和R1234yf在小通道钎焊板式换热器内的冷凝换热特性,结果显示,在相同工况下,用R1234yf替代R134a,传热系数平均下降9%,压降平均下降8%。