基于高温熔盐储热的火电机组灵活性改造技术及其应用前景分析

[目的]在分析常规火电机组灵活性改造方案存在问题的基础上,提出了一种新型的灵活性改造技术方案,即在传统的"锅炉-汽机"热力系统中嵌入大容量高温熔盐储热系统,削弱原本刚性联系的"炉机耦合",实现火电机组深度调峰和灵活运行.[方法]根据汽、水和熔盐的不同热力特性,利用热力平衡原理,建立了"锅炉-高温储热-汽机"一体化热力系...     

蒸汽加热熔盐换热试验研究

电力系统新形势要求火电机组实施灵活性改造,其中一种有效方式是增加储热装置。为提高系统效率,研究了利用蒸汽直接加热熔盐的储热方案,通过熔盐储换热试验平台,对不同工况下的系统充热流程、蒸汽加热熔盐的传热特性和能量转换效率进行了试验研究。结果表明：蒸汽加热熔盐储热方案是可行的,单向循环模式和连续循环模式都可以稳定地加热各个温度段的熔盐;低温时熔盐泵功耗比中高温时增加约6%;高温时换热器的总传热系数比低温时增加约15%。     

我国火电机组灵活性现状与技术发展

电力发展"十三五"规划中明确要求充分挖掘现有系统调峰潜力,增强火电机组的灵活性,大幅度接纳新能源入网。文中阐述了我国火电机组缺乏灵活性的现状与潜在压力,主要从系统储热改造和调峰运行策略的角度介绍了国内外关于提升火电机组灵活性技术的发展状况,其中丹麦提升火电机组灵活性技术的实例有借鉴启示,并初步提出了我国火电机组灵活性改善的路径建议。     

基于熔盐储热的燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组灵活运行策略

为提高燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组运行的灵活性,提出一种熔盐储热耦合燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组运行的方式,并给出了灵活运行策略。结果表明,这种运行方式可以有效提高燃气能源利用率,并且可以根据终端用能情况进行灵活调整。在保证燃机高效运行的基础上,可以充分利用启动、变负荷、停机过程中的燃机乏气余热进行储热,可操作性强。以终端供热情况为例,计算了耦合熔盐储热和未耦合熔盐储热时联合机组的经济收益,发现耦合熔盐储热时机组的运行收益是原来的11.8倍。提出的运行方式为高效灵活的燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组运行提供了一种研究思路。     

辅助火电机组调峰系统的储热参数设计研究

目的  为适应原有火电机组对新能源电力消纳的需求,提高其调峰能力是关键因素之一。 方法  储热系统作为燃煤热电机组“热电解耦”的重要方式,评价其参数匹配性具有工程参考价值。文章采用一种耦合储热装置来增加燃煤机组深度调峰能力的方法,并结合热负荷以及电负荷的功率曲线,对储热装置参数的影响规律展开了系统研究。 结果  结果表明：以区域负荷曲线为典型案例,随着储热罐的储热容量和充放热速率参数的提高,储热系统对机组的热负荷调节能力先逐渐提升并在分别在112.75 MW和129 37 MW·min时达到上限,此时深度调峰参数为77 MW左右;此外,储热容量与充放热速率具有一定的匹配关联,二者中瓶颈因素将直接制约系统的深度调峰性能。 结论  通过对储热和放热边界情景的积分,精确的展示了储热罐在辅助调峰过程的中作用,同时结合其运行策略的优化设计能够进一步分析储热辅助调峰系统的参数匹配关系,为后续火电机组耦合储热系统的参数设计提供参考。     

集成熔盐储热燃煤发电系统的灵活性与能耗特性分析

集成熔盐储热是有望大幅提高燃煤发电机组运行灵活性的有效手段。本文针对集成熔盐储热的燃煤发电系统,建立了变工况模型与火用分析模型,针对以再热蒸汽为热源且加热熔盐后分别返回低压缸入口和凝汽器的两种熔盐储热系统,研究获得了燃煤机组运行灵活性和能耗特性的变化规律。结果表明：采用不同储热系统构型对燃煤机组的灵活性与能耗特性的影响差异明显。集成两种熔盐储热系统,燃煤机组的最低工作负荷从额定负荷的30%分别降低到20.58%与24.43%,系统火用损失则分别增加了48.67 MW与18.7 MW。     

大型斜温层储热罐在火电厂灵活性调峰中的应用分析

以华能丹东电厂引进的大型斜温层储热罐为例,详细介绍了储热罐的原理、结构及实际应用情况。面对国内能源结构的深入调整,碳达峰、碳中和目标日益临近,火电调峰将成为常态,储热罐的应用及其与火电机组的有效配合,不但实现了热电解耦,有效增加了供热负荷,还为火电机组灵活性调峰创造了先机。实践表明,经过国产化及优化,储热罐有效蓄热量设计值5 040。0GJ,实测值5 324.7GJ,斜温层厚度设计值1.500m,实测值0.850m,丹东电厂通过储热罐的应用,在保证供暖的情况下,单机负荷率由20% 继续下降至12.85%（45MW）,并保持连续运行,创造了火电机组深度调峰的典范,验证了斜温层储热罐在火电厂深度调峰中的保低负荷供热以及顶尖峰压低谷的作用,为火电灵活性改造技术提供了切实可行的方案参考。     

基于低压缸零出力的330 MW机组深度调峰改造研究

为了响应我国火电机组灵活性改造要求,适应东北电网电力辅助服务市场运营规则,保障市区供热发展,缓解机组热-电之间矛盾,对某330 MW供热机组低压缸零出力技术进行改造,确定汽轮机本体及辅机系统技术改造的主要工作内容和安全技术措施,通过对比分析机组改造前、后的供热与调峰特性,综合计算总体经济收益。结果表明：在保证机组安全运行的前提下,采用低压缸零出力技术可以提高机组运行灵活性,积极参与电网深度调峰,经济性较好。     

供热系统加储热后的调峰灵活性分析

国内供热机组通常"以热定电"的方式运行,这种运行方式为满足热用户的需求,限制了供热机组的调峰灵活性。给电厂配置储热罐实现"热电解耦"可以增大供热机组调峰灵活性。为此,建立了供热系统加储热后的几何模型和数学模型,提出了根据用户热量计算抽汽量的迭代方法,并分析了显式储热装置的最大储热量和最大放热量影响因素,最终将以上分析应用于某330MW供热机组的不同调峰情况进行定值计算。进行定值计算的意义是能够定量描述储热罐对机组低负荷运行的影响,为机组低负荷改造提供数据支撑。     

200MW机组热电解耦方案研究

随着火电机组由承担基本负荷转变为调峰能源,提高火电机组的调峰能力亟待研究。我国北方地区冬季供暖,热电联产机组冬季需达到最低电负荷保证居民采暖,按照"以热定电"方式运行。为提高某北方200 MW机组供热负荷及热电解耦能力,对比光轴、低压缸零出力两种方案的热经济性及技术经济性,分析了不同方案的优、缺点。与传统的供热改造方案相比,低压缸零出力技术具有投资费用低,热经济性好,运行方式灵活,风险可控的特点。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.