水冷套管式CO_2气冷器的设计及实验研究

本文设计了一台CO_2套管式气冷器并对其进行了换热特性的实验研究。该气冷器采用逆流三重套管,CO_2在内管流动,冷却水在内外管间流动。实验研究了不同CO_2质量流量、入口压力和冷却水温度对传热系数、换热量和换热器效能系数的影响。实验结果表明,随着CO_2质量流量的增加,传热系数和换热量均呈先增后减的趋势,换热器效能系数逐渐减小;CO_2质量流量不变时,传热系数、换热量和换热器效能系数均随气冷器CO_2入口压力的升高而逐渐增大;随着冷却水温度的升高,传热系数、换热量和换热器效能系数均逐渐减小。     

Alternative evaluation of liquid-to-suction heat exchange in the refrigeration cycle

This paper advances a thermodynamic study of the effects of the liquid-to-suction heat exchange in vapor compression refrigeration cycles. The analysis was carried out for refrigerants of current interest, such as R134a, R22, R290, R410A, R600a and R717 assuming the cooling capacity as a constraint so that the evaporating pressure is free to vary. It is shown that the coefficient of performance may either increase or decrease when an internal heat exchanger is introduced into the cycle, depending not only on the working pressures, the heat exchanger effectiveness, the specific heat ratio, and the available latent heat to produce additional refrigerating effect, but also on the change experienced by the evaporating pressure. The thermodynamic conditions required for performance improvement are also discussed.     

Characterisation of the hydraulic maldistribution in a heat exchanger by local measurement of convective heat transfer coefficients using infrared thermography

A methodology was developed to characterise the heat exchangers' performance decrease due to two-phase flow maldistribution. It consists in measuring the spatial distribution of the local heat transfer coefficients with a rapid, non-invasive and fluid independent method. The method is based on the infrared (IR) thermography measurement of the temperature response to an oscillating heat flux. The amplitude of the measured temperatures is compared to the solution of an analytical model. The problem is solved iteratively to obtain the heat transfer coefficients. This method has been applied to evaluate the uneven phase distribution of an air–water mixture in a compact heat exchanger. The exchanger is composed of seven multiport flat tubes, a vertical downward header and horizontal channels. Experiments were performed for mass flux from 29 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ to 116 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and for quality from 0.10 to 0.70.     

滴形管换热性能的实验研究

采用特殊形状和表面的管子是最为常用、有效的强化换热手段。本文基于滴形管换热器回收天然气锅炉排烟余热,提出了烟气侧的换热系数实验关联式。通过改变换热管间的排列间距,在不同烟气流量下,对圆管和滴形管的换热性能及影响因素进行了分析。与实验数据比较,验证了实验关联式可正确反映凝结换热的特性。结果表明:不同烟气量通过滴形换热管的压损小于圆管,约为圆管的0.33~0.38倍;烟气温度降大于圆管;冷却水通过滴形管的温升高于圆管;换热系数滴形管比圆管的提高约7%,表明滴形管的换热性能优于圆管。因此对于有凝结换热过程发生时,滴形换热管具有强化换热的作用。     

Indoor unit fault detector for a multi-split VRF system in heating mode

A multi-split VRF system operates unsteadily most of time due to the constantly varying refrigerant flow rates of associated indoor units. VRF systems require a different approach from conventional techniques to detect faults, which have developed based on steady-state operations. In this paper, two fault detection techniques are proposed. Their advantage is that they do not require the test data to be preprocessed to obtain steady-state data. The first technique is applied to detect heat exchanger fouling by a state observer, and the other technique is used to detect valve sticking by temperature variance. These techniques were not chosen haphazardly but were derived from physical reasoning. Their validity was confirmed by test data. The methodology developed in this study can be applied similarly to other HVAC equipment that operates mostly in transient states.     

Heat exchanger for subcooling liquid nitrogen with a regenerative cryocooler

A heat exchanger for continuously subcooling liquid nitrogen in contact with a regenerative cryocooler is analytically investigated as a next step of our recent experimental works. Since the coldhead of regenerative cryocooler has a limited surface area, a cylindrical copper cup is attached as extended surface, and a tube for liquid flow is spirally wound and brazed on the exterior surface of cylinder. Different sizes of heat exchangers are fabricated and tested with a single-stage GM cooler to cool liquid nitrogen from 78 K to 66 K. Analytical model is developed for the heat exchanger effectiveness and thermal resistance, and the results are compared with the experimental data. It is concluded that there exists an optimum for the height and diameter of cylindrical heat exchanger to maximize the cooling rate with a given unit of cryocooler.     

Experimental and numerical study of the compact heat exchanger with different microchannel shapes

Experimental and numerical analysis of heat transfer and fluid flow in the compact heat exchanger has been done in this paper. In an open circuit wind tunnel, developed on purpose for this investigation, the measurement of working media temperatures and mass flow rates for heat exchanger with microchannel coil has been accomplished. In accordance with the heat exchangers used for experiments, numerical 3D simulation of adequate geometry shapes has been done. With utilization of air/water side numerical simulation, more detailed results have been achieved in relation to the simulation that assumes constant temperature or constant heat flux on the pipe wall. Good agreement between experimentally measured and numerically calculated results has been accomplished. The influence of different microchannel shapes on heat transfer effectiveness and pressure drop has been studied numerically. Comparison of results has been made accompanied by the discussion and final conclusions.     

管带式换热器动态调节性能研究

建立管带式换热器的动态数学模型，采用Matrixx进行仿真，比较改变入口液体流速与入口液体温度时的出口气体温度的响应，分析其动态性能，以确定最佳调节方案。仿真结果表明：气体侧的出口温度在改变液体侧入口速度时，开始时响应较快，但经过较短时间后，即使改变液体侧的入口流速，气体侧的出口温度基本不再改变。气体侧的出口温度对改变液体侧入口温度的响应惯性较大，但它能随液体侧入口温度的变化而变化。因此，改变液体的入口温度能对气体的出口温度进行调节。     

R404A与CO2复叠式制冷系统的理论分析

本文针对所建立的新型R404A／CO2复叠式制冷设备进行了理论研究,该系统可提供零下40℃以下的低温环境。根据R404A和CO2的物性特征及复叠式循环流程,通过数值模拟寻找一定工况下CO2低温级的最佳冷凝温度及二者的最佳质量流量比,分析冷凝蒸发器的工作温度、CO2侧蒸发温度、R404侧的冷凝温度等对R404A／CO2复叠式系统COP的影响。结果表明,为了提高循环效率并保证循环的安全运行,应尽可能地升高低温段蒸发温度、降低高温段冷凝温度,缩小冷凝蒸发器的传热温差,环保工质R404A和CO2的复叠式制冷系统在低温制冷条件下有良好的发展前景。     

涂覆MIL-101(Cr)干燥剂的翅片管换热器的实验研究

干燥剂涂层换热器(DCHE)是一种新开发的翅片管表面带有干燥剂涂层的换热器,它可以同时处理潜热和显热.为了获得更高的性能,高孔隙度的金属有机框架(MOF)被引入到设计中.本文通过水浴法成功合成MIL-101(Cr)材料,并对材料进行X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附测试、水蒸气吸脱附曲线、电镜扫描等系列物理表征.制作...     

Temperature distribution and efficiency assessment of different PVT water collector designs

The aim of this work was to study different hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collectors. Numerical simulation of the collectors was carried out using a 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model. A set of experiments was conducted using a box-type PVT collector to validate the obtained computed data. Simulation results for water outlet temperature, especially at the lower flow rates, were closer to the measured data compared with average module surface temperature. Based on the simulation results, the spiral flow designs of heat exchanger provided the most uniform temperature distribution for module surface and the highest temperature gradient was observed with the direct flow designs. A hot zone was generated on the module surface of the direct flow box-type collector and the results indicated that the hot zone was considerably declined using cross-fins inside the box-type heat exchanger. The highest heat transfer to the ambient occurred with the spiral flow design and the box type heat exchanger presented a relatively low heat losses. The cross-fined box type and the spiral flow designs of the PVT collector had the highest electrical efficiencies at the different test conditions.     

Experimental investigation and analysis of composite silica-gel coated fin-tube heat exchangers

Desiccant coated heat exchanger provides a promising option for desiccant cooling system, since it can handle sensible load and latent load simultaneously within one component. It is fabricated by coating desiccant material on the surface of conventional fin-tube heat exchanger. In order to enhance the performance of conventional silica gel coated heat exchanger (SGCHE), a novel composite silica gel coated heat exchanger (CCHE) is proposed and fabricated. An experimental setup is built to test and compare the dynamic performance of SGCHE and CCHE. Influences of main operation parameters including water temperatures and inlet air conditions on system performance are analyzed in terms of average dehumidification capacity (D_avg) and thermal coefficient of performance (COP_th). Optimization of cycle switch modes is also discussed. Experimental results show that CCHE has better dehumidification performance compared with SGCHE. In addition, pre-cooling before dehumidification process is found to be advantageous to both D_avg and COP_th.     

圆柱型翅片管换热器变工况传热性能模拟与分析

基于分排参数模型,本文建立了圆柱型翅片管换热器的性能仿真计算模型,对换热器的传热性能进行计算,并进行实验验证。结果表明:换热量的平均相对误差最大,为6.31%;出风干球温度的平均相对误差最小,为0.61%。计算所得各性能参数与实验值吻合良好。根据仿真模型,对不同制冷工况下的换热器进行计算,研究了循环风量、水质量流量、进风干球温度以及进水温度的变化对换热性能的影响。分析换热器的变工况特性可预测其非设计工况下的换热性能,并为换热器的运行工况调节提供依据。     

Effects of vapor injection techniques on the heating performance of a CO2 heat pump at low ambient temperatures

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of vapor injection techniques on the heating performance of a CO₂ heat pump. The performances of the flash tank vapor injection (FTVI), sub-cooler vapor injection (SCVI) and FTVI with a suction line heat exchanger (FTSX) cycles were measured and analyzed with variations of the outdoor temperature, compressor frequency, and injection mass flow rate. At the outdoor temperature of −15 °C and compressor frequency of 55 Hz, the heating capacity and COP of the optimized SCVI cycle were 12.1% and 12.7% higher than those of the optimized FTVI cycle, respectively, because the total mass flow rate in the SCVI cycle was higher than that in the FTVI cycle by the large temperature and pressure differences in the sub-cooler of the SCVI cycle. In addition, the optimum injection flow rate ratios in the vapor injection CO₂ cycles yielding the maximum COP were determined at various compressor frequencies.     

Effects of liquid refrigerant injection on the performance of a refrigeration system with an accumulator heat exchanger

Liquid refrigerant injection technique can be a very effective method for controlling subcooling and the compressor discharge temperature of a refrigeration system at high ambient temperatures. In this study, the effects of liquid refrigerant injection on the performance of a refrigeration system with an accumulator heat exchanger were investigated by varying the liquid injection rate at the conditions of constant expansion valve opening in the evaporator and constant total flow rate. During the tests, the ambient temperature was maintained at 43 °C. With the increase of the liquid injection rate, the subcooling at the inner heat exchanger outlet increased and the superheat at the accumulator outlet decreased. However, unacceptable results such as the increase of the compressor discharge pressure and decrease of the system performance were also observed depending on the control method applied. To obtain high system performance and reliability, optimum control methods for liquid injection in the accumulator heat exchanger are suggested. The liquid injection technique for the refrigeration system with an accumulator heat exchanger was found to be an effective method for controlling adequate subcooling and the compressor discharge temperature of the refrigeration system at high ambient temperatures.     

Nanofibrous membrane-based absorption refrigeration system

This paper presents a study on the efficacy of highly porous nanofibrous membranes for application in membrane-based absorbers and desorbers. Permeability studies showed that membranes with a pore size greater than about one micron have a sufficient permeability for application in the absorber heat exchanger. Membranes with smaller pores were found to be adequate for the desorber heat exchanger. The membranes were implemented in experimental membrane-based absorber and desorber modules and successfully tested. Parametric studies were conducted on both absorber and desorber processes. Studies on the absorption process were focused on the effects of water vapor pressure, cooling water temperature, and the solution velocity on the absorption rate. Desorption studies were conducted on the effects of wall temperature, vapor and solution pressures, and the solution velocity on the desorption rate. Significantly higher absorption and desorption rates than in the falling film absorbers and desorbers were achieved.     

Performance evaluation of a heat pump cycle using NARMs by a simulation with equations of heat transfer and pressure drop

Simulation analyses for a vapour compression heat pump cycle using nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures (NARMs) of R22 and R114 are conducted under the condition that the heat pump thermal output and the flow rate and inlet temperatures of the heat sink and source water are given. The heat transfer coefficients of the condensation and evaporation are calculated with empirical correlations proposed by the authors. The validity of the evaluation method and the correlations is demonstrated by comparison with experimental data. The relations between the coefficient of performance (COP) and composition are shown under two conditions: (1) the constant heat transfer length of the condenser and evaporator; and (2) the constant temperature of refrigerant at the heat exchanger inlet. The COP of the NARMs is higher than that of pure refrigerant when the heat transfer lengths of the condenser and evaporator are sufficiently long.     

Investigation the effects of different heat inputs supplied to the generator on the energy performance in diffusion absorption refrigeration systems

This study aims to investigate experimentally the effects of three different heat inputs supplied to generator on the energy performance of the diffusion absorption refrigeration system. To achieve this goal, a conventional diffusion absorption refrigeration system, in which electrical resistance as heat input is employed, is taken a model, which is experimentally scrutinized under different heat inputs, 62, 80 and 115 W, but at the same ambient temperatures and the same filling rate of three-component working fluid. In the analyses, the energy losses rejected to ambient from rectifier, condenser, absorber, solution heat exchanger as well as other components such as solution tank and pipes, the energy gain by evaporator and also energy performance is investigated. While the highest energy performance is calculated for DAR-62 W system as 0.36, the lowest energy performance is calculated for DAR-115 W system as 0.30.     

Vapor absorption by LiBr aqueous solution in vertical smooth tubes

Heat and mass transfer in a falling film vertical in-tube absorber was studied experimentally with LiBr aqueous solution. The presented results include the effect of solution flow rate, solution subcooling and cooling water temperature on the absorption in a smooth copper tube 16.05 mm I.D. and 400 mm long. The experimental data in the previous report for a 1200-mm-long tube was also re-examined and compared. It was demonstrated by the observation of the flow in the tube that the break down of the liquid film into rivulets leads to deterioration of heat and mass transfer at lower film Reynolds number or in longer tubes. An attempt to evaluate physically acceptable heat and mass transfer coefficients that are defined with estimated temperature and concentration at the vapor–liquid interface was also presented.     

空调器用换热器的换热量衰减率测试方法

为了快速评估空调器用换热器长期运行后的换热量衰减情况,本文提出一套通过测试换热器加速积尘前后的换热量来预测其换热量衰减率的测试方法。该测试方法中,采用负反馈模式精确调节换热器迎风面的粉尘浓度,能够在加速积尘时间内维持换热器迎风面粉尘浓度的稳定性;通过对加速积尘循环空间与换热量测试风道进行一体化设计,能够在不需要移机时实现加速积尘与换热量测试之间的切换。在入口空气温度为45℃、流速为1. 5 m/s,入口水温为21℃、流速为0. 5 m/s的工况下对该测试方法的可靠性和一致性进行了验证,结果表明:换热器迎风面粉尘浓度能够稳定维持在目标浓度120 mg/m3,波动范围在±20%内;对4种具有不同结构的换热器样件进行了多次换热量衰减率测试,其换热量衰减率相对偏差均在±10%之内,表明该测试方法具有较好的一致性。