An investigation into the aspheric ultraprecision machining using the response surface methodology

Aspheric ultraprecision machining is increasingly important to the manufacturing industry. The performance of aspheric optical components manufactured by mass-production is largely dependent on the form error of molds and dies. It is believed that productivity of a machining process could be improved if the form error is predictable. In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to derive predictive models of rough and compensation cuttings for an aspheric convex mold, with an outer aperture of ϕ12 mm and curve height of 0.6 mm. Two control factors, the depth of cut and spindle speed, were selected for study. The 2K factorial design with four center points was adopted. Two linear models for both rough and compensation cuttings were derived experimentally based on the form errors obtained. The models adequacy was examined through ANOVA (analysis of variance) results for the surface responses. It was found that the linear model of rough cutting is adequate, reflected by the significant regress coefficients and the high R² value. However, the model of compensation cutting was found to be inadequacy.     

超精密非球面镜面模具直轴磨削的研究

研究了非球面镜面模具直轴超精密磨削技术,给出了非球面镜面模具超精密加工机理、算法原理、软硬件结构、系统实现、工艺分析及实例应用,开发了小型超精密非球面镜面加工系统SGTCAM1.0.研究结果表明,系统原理正确,加工出的非球面光学零部件形状误差在100 nm以下,表面粗糙度在5 nm以下,达到纳米级加工精度.开发的系统使用方便,成本低.     

切点跟踪数控曲轴磨床的研究与开发

采用切点跟踪磨削技术研制高速、高效和高精度的数控磨床,已成为曲轴磨削加工总体技术发展的趋势.对切点跟踪数控磨床设计的关键结构部件进行研究与开发,基于西门子840D数控系统对数控曲轴磨床加工控制软件的开发进行研究.     

大口径非球面反射镜误差分离组合加工技术

为了解决大口径非球面反射镜材料去除效率与面形收敛效率之间的矛盾,提出了基于高低阶面形误差分离的组合加工技术。首先,分析了不同尺寸磨头对不同周期面形误差的控制能力。然后,比较了不同磨头的收敛效率与加工时间之间的关系。最后,根据大口径非球面反射镜加工过程中面形误差的特点,将大口径非球面反射镜的面形误差分离为低阶面形误差与高阶面形误差,使用不同加工方式分别对高、低阶面形误差驻留时间进行求解。通过多种加工方式组合加工的方法建立了具有针对性的加工策略,有效提高加工效率。结合工程实例,对一块口径为2.04m的非球面SiC反射镜进行了加工试验,单个组合加工周期内面形收敛效率达到61.2%。结果表明,高阶与低阶面形误差均得到较好的去除。材料去除效率与面形收敛效率均得到提高,达到了良好的效果,满足加工需求。     

叶片机器人砂带磨抛点云匹配算法优化

为解决机器人磨抛路径中工件坐标系难以计算的问题及校正工件装夹误差,将三维点云配准技术应用到叶片机器人砂带磨抛系统中。由三维激光扫描仪扫描工件型面获得工件点云,采用基于主成分分析(PCA)的全局配准算法和改进的迭代最近点(ICP)算法完成了扫描点云和工件模型离散点云间以及不同工件扫描点云间的匹配,以获取工件坐标系和校正工件装夹误差。相关仿真和试验结果表明,优化后的算法在匹配速度与精度上有了长足改进,且加工后产品精度和质量都能满足实际加工要求。     

回转形体点云的旋转轴线自动提取

固体火箭发动机推力线的测定是航天器精密安装领域的一项关键技术,也是回转形体旋转轴线提取的一种代表性应用。针对现有相关方法存在的结果不够客观、可靠性不高且适应性欠缺等问题,提出了一种基于表面法矢约束的回转形体点云旋转轴自动提取方法。首先,计算形体点云的表面法矢,通过设置最小二乘法矢计算标准差阈值剔除非可靠点集,用以对旋转轴计算结果进行质量保证;然后,选用可靠点作为种子点,依据种子点同纬点集法矢之间的特殊关系对此点集进行筛选,并对提取的同纬点集进行平面拟合和空间圆拟合,得到旋转轴初值;最后,根据点云表面法矢与旋转轴之间的位置关系列出最小二乘平差的目标函数,通过迭代平差求解初值的改正数,从而得到最终的旋转轴提取结果。通过实验测试,利用模拟数据和实测数据对方法的准确度和精密度进行验证。实验结果显示:有效采样间隔点云的旋转轴提取结果偏斜量达到0.01°以内,横移量达到0.02mm以下,表明提出的方法正确,可以实现对回转形体点云旋转轴线的高可靠性自动提取。     

Error analysis of drill point geometry inspection using radial-view silhouette images

The conical ground drill point geometry can be described by five parameters, which are measured with the simple inspection method using radial-view silhouette images. This paper deals with error analysis of the inspection method. Different types of errors may occur while taking radial-view silhouette images of the drill point geometry. All possible setup errors have been considered and deviations from the true values of the geometrical parameters have been calculated. The sensitivities of the geometrical parameters and common angular parameters of the drill with the errors have been analyzed to develop a practical apparatus of the inspection system.     

Extreme negative rake angle technique for single point diamond nano-cutting of silicon

Experiments were conducted to evaluate cuts made with the rake face of the tool and the clearance face. The technique involved cutting in the corresponding opposite directions, i.e., forward with the rake face and backward with the clearance face. Cutting of single crystal silicon with both the rake and the clearance face resulted in a smooth ductile cut, with no evidence of fracture. This cutting technique may prove useful for furthering our understanding of the ductile machining of brittle materials.     

Effect of material microstructure and tool geometry on surface generation in single point diamond turning

There is a strong desire in industry to improve surface finish when performing ultra-precision, single point diamond turning (SPDT) to reduce the amount of post process polishing required to meet final product specifications. However there are well known factors in SPDT which limit achievable surface finish. This paper focuses on the role of material microstructure, including grain boundary density and the presence of inclusions, as well as tool design on surface roughness using the concept of size effect. Size effect can be described as an interplay between the material microstructure dimension and the relative size of the uncut chip thickness with respect to the cutting edge radius. Since one of the controllable parameters in size effect is grain size and dislocation density, controlled studies were performed on samples whose microstructure was refined by mechanical strain hardening through rolling and a friction stir process (FSP). The use of the ultra-fine grained workpiece prepared using an FSP was observed to reduce side flow as well as grain boundary and inclusion induced roughness. The role of tool geometry on material induced roughness was investigated using a tool with a rounded primary cutting edge and a flat secondary edge. The use of the flat secondary edge was observed to improve surface finish when machining a flat surface. This improvement was primarily attributed to a reduction in side flow and material microstructural effects. By combining these approaches an average surface roughness R_a value of 0.685 nm was achieved when SPDT a flat surface. Furthermore the custom tool has the potential to significantly improve the productivity of SPDT by allowing for a much higher feed rate while still achieving a high quality surface finish.     

An edge reversal method for precision measurement of cutting edge radius of single point diamond tools

A method, which is referred to as the edge reversal method, is proposed for precision measurement of the cutting edge radius of single point diamond tools. An indentation mark of the cutting edge which replicates the cutting edge geometry is firstly made on a soft metal substrate surface. The cutting edge of the diamond tool and its indentation mark, which is regarded as the reversal cutting edge, are then measured by utilizing an atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The cutting edge radius can be accurately evaluated through removing the influence of the AFM probe tip radius, which is comparable to the cutting edge radius, based on the two measured data without characterization of the AFM probe tip radius. The results of measurement experiments and uncertainty analysis are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method.     

A flexure-based tool holder for sub-μm positioning of a single point cutting tool on a four-axis lathe

A tool holder was designed to facilitate the machining of precision meso-scale components with complex three-dimensional shapes with sub-μm accuracy on a four-axis lathe. A four-axis lathe incorporates a rotary table that allows the cutting tool to swivel with respect to the workpiece to enable the machining of complex workpiece forms, and accurately machining complex meso-scale parts often requires that the cutting tool be aligned precisely along the axis of rotation of the rotary table. The tool holder designed in this study has greatly simplified the process of setting the tool in the correct location with sub-μm precision. The tool holder adjusts the tool position using flexures that were designed using finite element analyses. Two flexures adjust the lateral position of the tool to align the center of the nose of the tool with the axis of rotation of the B-axis, and another flexure adjusts the height of the tool. The flexures are driven by manual micrometer adjusters, each of which provides a minimum increment of motion of 20 nm. This tool holder has simplified the process of setting a tool with sub-μm accuracy, and it has significantly reduced the time required to set a tool.