Analysis of precision deburring using a laser —An experimental study and FEM simulation

The purpose of this study is to develop an effective methods for automated deburring of precision components. A high power laser is proposed as a deburring tool for complex part edges and burrs. For the laser experiments, rectangular-shaped carbon steel and stainless steel machined specimens with burr along one side were prepared. A 1500 Watts CO₂ laser was used to remove burrs on the workpieces. The prediction of the heat affected zone (HAZ) and cutting profile of laser-deburred parts using finite element method is presented and compared with the experimental results. This study shows that the finite element method (FEM) analysis can effectively predict the thermal affected zone of the material and that the technique can be applied to precision components.     

Laser hole cutting in Kevlar: modeling and quality assessment

Machining of Kevlar laminates with conventional methods results in poor end-product quality and excessive specific energy requirement for machining. However, laser machining has considerable advantages over the conventional methods due to precision and rapid processing. In the present study, laser hole cutting into Kevlar laminates with different thicknesses and properties is carried out. The laser output power, frequency, and cutting speed are varied during the hole-cutting experiments. The specific energy requirements for cutting, thermal efficiency of the cutting process, and kerf width are formulated and predicted for various laser parameters and Kevlar properties. The cut quality is associated with the damage size around the holes cut and statistical analysis is carried out to examine the affecting parameters on the damaged size. It is found that specific energy requirement is significantly lower than that of the conventional drilling method. The damage size is affected significantly by the laser irradiated power. The quality of holes, as judged by the percentage of damage size around the cut edges cut by a laser beam, is considerably improved compared to the conventional methods.     

汽车用冷轧钢板的激光切割

对不同厚度汽车用冷轧钢板用激光进行切割试验。通过切割参数的适当控制，可以在高的切割速度下得到高质量切割面。并讨论了切割工艺参数对切口状态、热影响区、粗糙度等切割质量的影响。     

MODELLING OF HOLE TAPER AND HEAT AFFECTED ZONE DUE TO LASER BEAM PERCUSSION DRILLING

Determination of hole taper and extent of heat affected zone is a challenging task for manufacturing engineers from the quality and accuracy point of view of the laser-drilled hole especially in reflecting materials like aluminum. In this article, an axisymmetric finite element method-based thermal model has been developed for the determination of the transient temperature distribution in the aluminum sheet, which is further used for determination of hole profile, hole taper and extent of heat-affected zone during laser beam percussion drilling. Simulation results showing the effect of pulse width, pulse frequency, and peak power on hole taper and extent of heat affected zone incorporating the temperature dependent thermal properties and phase change have been presented. The developed model is also capable of predicting the hole profile through the isotherm generated along the depth of hole due to repeated laser pulses. The predicted values of hole taper are compared with the experimental results. It is found that the effect of pulse width on hole taper is more prominent than the peak power and extent of heat affected zone increases with the increase of pulse width, pulse frequency but it decreases with the increase of peak power.     

Investigation of surface integrity in dry machining of Inconel 718

Machining of advanced aerospace materials have grown in the recent years although the diffucult-to-machine characteristics of alloys like titanium or nickel-based alloys cause higher cutting forces, rapid tool wear, and more heat generation. Therefore, machining with the use of cooling lubricants is usually carried out. To reduce the production costs and to make the processes environmentally safe, the goal is to move toward dry cutting by eliminating cutting fluids. This objective can be achieved by using coated tool, by increasing cutting speed, and by improving the product performance in term of surface integrity and product quality. The paper addresses the effects of cutting speed and feed on the surface integrity during dry machining of Inconel 718 alloy using coated tools. In particular, the influence of the cutting conditions on surface roughness, affected layer, microhardness, grain size, and microstructural alteration was investigated. Results show that cutting conditions have a significant effect on the parameters related to the surface integrity of the product affecting its overall performance.     

Two-dimensional contour cutting of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride using a novel laser/water jet hybrid process

In the laser/water jet hybrid machining (LWJ), a novel process applicable to brittle materials, the laser beam creates a groove through evaporation and causes solid-state phase transition through heating and shock waves while the water jet performs quenching. Both laser and water jet induce stresses and phase changes that lead to cutting via crack formation and controlled fracture mechanism through the rest of the thickness. While LWJ is very well documented by our group for one-dimensional cutting, it remains as a challenge for two-dimensional cutting because of the changing direction of the crack in relation to the laser beam path. In this paper, a focused continuous wave CO₂ laser (400?W) was combined with abrasive-free water jet at 0.4–1.4?MPa (60–200?psi) to generate and steer the controlled crack in two directions in polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tool blanks. A 42.33-mm/s (100?in./min) cutting speed was used in all the tests. The direction of the cracks generated by LWJ was changed to 60°, 108°, 120°, 135° and made to follow a curve with 1?mm radius in accordance with the standard tool shapes. The cut quality was investigated at the point of change in the crack direction using optical profilometer, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicated that successful cuts were made with obtuse angles (120° and 135°) in contrast to acute angles (60°). The crack propagation in the heat affected zone, where the phase transition from c-BN to a new phase has occurred, is responsible for the inability to obtain good quality cuts in the acute angle cases. A preliminary graphical representation that explains the observed experimental results is formulated.     

An Experimental Analysis and Optimisation of the CO2 Laser Cutting Process for Metallic Coated Sheet Steels

An experimental investigation is presented which analyses the CO2 laser cutting process for difficult-to-cut metallic coated sheet steels, which are called GALVABOND. It shows that by proper control of the cutting parameters, good quality cuts are possible at high cutting rates. Plausible trends of the energy efficiency (percentage of energy used in cutting) with respect to the various process parameters are analysed. Visual examination indicates that when increasing the cutting rate to up to 5000 mm min⁻¹ , kerfs of better quality than those produced using the parameters suggested in an early study can be achieved. Some kerf characteristics such as the width, heat affected zone and dross, in terms of the process parameters are also discussed. A statistical analysis has arrived at the relationships between the cutting speed, laser power and workpiece thickness, from which a recommendation is made for the selection of optimum cutting parameters for processing GALVABOND material.     

Microgrooving and microthreading tools for fabricating curvilinear features

This paper presents techniques for fabricating microscopic, curvilinear features in a variety of workpiece materials. Microgrooving and microthreading tools with cutting widths as small as 13 μm are made by focused ion beam sputtering and used for ultraprecision machining. Tool fabrication involves directing a 20 keV gallium beam at polished cylindrical punches made of cobalt M42 high-speed steel or C2 tungsten carbide to create a number of critically aligned facets. Sputtering produces rake facets of desired angle and cutting edges having radii of curvature equal to 0.4 μm. Clearance for minimizing frictional drag of a tool results from a particular ion beam/target geometry that accounts for the sputter yield dependence on incidence angle. It is believed that geometrically specific cutting tools of this dimension have not been made previously. Numerically controlled, ultraprecision machining with microgrooving tools results in a close match between tool width and feature size. Microtools are used to machine 13-μm wide, 4-μm deep, helical grooves in polymethyl methacrylate and 6061 Al cylindrical workpieces. Microgrooving tools are also used to fabricate sinusoidal cross-sectional features in planar metal samples.     

碳纤维增强复合材料水导激光切割试验研究

采用正交试验方法对影响水导激光切割碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）的关键工艺参数进行了深入研究,得出了进给速度、水射流速度、脉冲频率和激光功率对切割CFRP的影响规律,并用直接对比法和极差分析法所得最优参数进行单次划槽切割对比。研究结果表明：在极差分析法所得最优参数下切割CFRP时,切缝深度增大3.2%、切缝宽度减小9.2%、切缝锥度减小11.8%、线粗糙度减小40.2%。通过与干式激光加工方法对比发现,水导激光加工技术在切割CFRP方面优势明显,由于水射流的冲刷和冷却作用,材料切割表面几乎无热影响区和纤维拔出。另外,采用正交试验所得最优工艺参数实现了4 mm厚度CFRP的无锥度切割。     

On the contribution of primary deformation zone-generated chip temperature to heat partition in machining

In machining, the percentage of heat flux that enters the cutting tool can have a critical impact on tool wear especially in dry cutting or high speed machining. In previous work, heat partition was evaluated by iteratively reducing the secondary deformation zone heat flux to the tool until the finite element simulated temperatures matched the experimental measured rake face temperatures. This follow-on work quantifies the contribution of primary zone heat flux to heat partition in machining. In this study, an analytical model was used to evaluate the rise in chip temperature due to primary deformation zone heat source. The heat partition and thermal modelling on the rake face was then conducted with an appropriate initial rake face temperature. Thus primary zone heat loads and shear-force-derived secondary zone heat flux were applied in finite element transient heat transfer analysis to evaluate heat flux into the cutting tool. External dry turning of AISI/SAE 4140 with tungsten carbide-based multilayer TiCN/Al₂O₃-coated tools was conducted for a wide range of cutting speeds between 314 and 879 m/min. Results further support the dominance of secondary zone heat flux on heat partition. The contribution of primary zone heat generation to the cutting tool heat flux in machining was less than 9.5 %. These findings suggest that, to address the thermal problem in machining, research and development should also focus on reducing friction on the rake face (e.g. coating innovations) and reducing contact areas (e.g. rake face design) in addition to the modification of shear angle and hence primary zone heat intensity.     

PTFE材料正交切削切屑成形特性研究

为了研究PTFE材料在切削过程中的成屑机理,设计了单因素正交切削实验以及准静态力学实验。首先,基于剪切平面理论和断裂理论,以切削速度、切削厚度为变量,提出了PTFE材料的连续切屑及切屑毛边成形机理;然后通过分析毛边高度和间距,探究切削参数对毛边形态的影响规律;最后,利用分形理论对切削力稳定性进行分析,揭示了毛边数量、出现频率与切削力稳定性的关系。结果表明,PTFE连续切屑的产生是因为切削过程中材料真实压缩应变未超过断裂屈服应变,毛边的产生则是因为切屑边缘片层状结构处裂纹的形核与扩展。此外,切削参数会影响毛边生成,在切削速度100 mm/min、切削厚度0.3 mm工况下,切屑毛边数量最少、出现频率最小,切削力最稳定。研究结果可为PTFE材料切削过程毛边抑制和表面加工质量优化提供参考。     

The effect of continuous and pulsed beam modes on cut path deviation in diode laser cutting of glass

During laser cleaving of brittle materials, with the controlled fracture technique, thermal stresses are generated which induce the crack and extend it along the cutting path, subsequently causing material separation. One of the problems in laser cutting of glass with this technique is the cut path deviation at the leading and the trailing edges of the glass sheet. Previous work with a continuous beam diode laser has shown the deviation to be partly due the high magnitudes of thermal stresses generated near the edges of the sheet. This paper reports on the effects of using a pulsed diode laser to cut soda lime glass. The effect of pulse parameters and cutting speed on the quality output variables such as cut deviation angle and surface finish are studied. Finite element modelling is also used to simulate the effects of the moving beam on stress generations to facilitate the understanding of the process mechanisms, and the results are compared with the experimental data. This work shows how to minimise the cut path deviation at the edges by reducing thermal stresses using optimum pulsed diode laser parameters and providing additional flexibility to the process.     

A new reverse engineering method to combine FEM and CFD simulation three-dimensional insight into the chipping zone during the drilling of Inconel 718 with internal cooling

ABSTRACT

The use of cooling lubricants in metal machining increases both the tool life and the quality of workpieces and improves the overall sustainability of production systems. In addition to fulfilling these main functions, the focus of machining processes is also related to the reduction of environmental pollution. This can for example be achieved by an optimized arrangement of the cutting tool cooling channels. Therefore, the active cutting edges of the tool should be effectively supplied with a sufficient amount of cooling lubricant. An analysis of the tribological stress is rather difficult because the complex contact zone is inaccessible. Hence, optical investigations are often limited to only observing the chip formation or analyzing the process without considering the influence of the chips.

This article presents an innovative method, which enables a deeper three-dimensional insight into the chip formation zone during drilling with internal cooling channels, considering the cooling lubricant distribution and chip formation. The chip formation simulation based on the finite element method and the computational fluid dynamics flow simulation are combined. In this way, the differences between the different geometric models that do not allow any joint generation of numerical information due to missing interfaces are overcome.     

Enhancing the machining performance by cutting tool surface modifications: a focused review

In machining, cutting tools suffer from severe surface wear, especially in the cutting of difficult-to-cut materials. A major cause of tool wear is the friction generated at the tool-work and tool-chip interfaces, which produces a great deal of frictional heat and abrasion. In order to extend tool life and improve the quality of machined components, a host of techniques have been applied to modify the rake and flank faces of cutting tools. These techniques aim at providing cutting tools with improved resistance to external loading, better tribological performance and/or better chemical stability. This article presents a review of the fundamentals behind which the friction and wear in machining are reduced by modifying the cutting tool surface with the commonly used techniques, such as surface coating, high energy beam treatment, and surface texturing. The effects of these surface modifications on improving the cutting performance are also analyzed. Future research directions are finally discussed.     

Tool wear and hole quality investigation in dry helical milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

This paper focused on combined study on the evolution of tool wear and its influence on borehole quality in dry helical milling of Ti-6Al-4V. The carbide tools with TiAlN coating were used in this experimental investigation. The tool wear characteristics both at front and periphery cutting edges were investigated using an optical microscope and SEM-EDS techniques. The experimental results demonstrate that the combined effects of chipping/fracture, diffusion, and oxidation have significant bearings on front cutting edge failure, while the flank wear was predominant at the periphery cutting edges. The cutting speed was correlated with tool failure mechanizes, and the different wear rates at front and periphery cutting edge caused different variation trends of cutting force in thrust and horizontal direction during hole-making process. The quality of machined holes was evaluated in terms of geometry accuracy, burr formation, and surface roughness. The exit-burrs of machined hole were closely correlated with front cutting edge wear. However, high hole quality was observed even the near end of tool life from the point of view of diameters, roundness error, and surface finish due to the smooth wear pattern at periphery cutting edges. Severe tool wear at front cutting edges will cause excessive exit-burrs, but it has no obvious effect on geometry and surface roughness in helical milling of Ti-6Al-4V.     

平头螺旋刃立铣刀切削力预报模型的建立与数值仿真(一)——刀具几何参数对铣削力的影响

铣削力对刀具变形、工件变形、刀具寿命、加工表面质最均有重要影响,是计算切削功率,设计和使用机床、刀具、夹具和优化加工工艺不可缺少的依据,并直接影响切削热的产生.由于缺乏精确的切削力信息,在生产车间实际加工中通常采用较保守的加工条件,致使加上效率降低和生产成本提高.因此建立可靠的切削力预报模型,在实际加工之前预测出切削力...     

平头螺旋刃立铣刀切削力预报模型的建立与数值仿真(二)——切削参数对铣削力的影响

铣削力对刀具变形、工件变形、刀具寿命、加工表面质量均有重要影响,是计算切削功率,设计和使用机床、刀具、夹具和优化加工工艺不可缺少的依据,并直接影响切削热的产生.由于缺乏精确的切削力信息,在生产车间实际加工中通常采用较保守的加工条件,致使加工效率降低和生产成本提高.因此建立可靠的切削力预报模型,在实际加工之前预测出切削力...     

径向基神经网络在三维激光切割中的应用

分析了RBF神经网络的特点，并研究了它在三维激光切割中的应用，利用该神经网络及其变形可以预测切缝的宽度，也可以根据输入参数对试样的挂渣与否进行判定。比较了三雏激光切割中切割倾角和切割方向对切割质量的影响，从而实现切割质量的预测和优化工艺参数的选取以指导实际的切割过程。     

折叠式准封离型CO2激光器及其在切割和焊接中的应用

为满足激光切割、焊接对高光束质量激光器的迫切需求,开发了一种折叠式准封离型有自主知识产权的高光束质量、高稳定性、高可靠性、低消耗、长寿命千瓦级CO2激光器.目前已批量生产,成功应用于激光切割与焊接生产,打破了高光束质量激光器长期被国外产品垄断局面.     

Evaluation of cutting quality of PMMA using CO2 lasers

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a versatile thermoplastic that is well suited for engineering and many common applications. This article presents a study to evaluate the effect of the processing parameters (laser power and cutting velocity) under the quality of the cut of PMMA. A plan of experiments was established considering CO₂ laser cutting with prefixed processing parameters in plates of PMMA with 6 mm thickness. The objective was to evaluate the quality of the cut (surface roughness, dimensional precision and heat affected zone-HAZ) in linear and complex 2D cutting. The obtained results show that PMMA in complex 2D cutting presents dimension of HAZ between 0.12 to 0.37 mm, without burr and low surface roughness Ra?<?1 μm. The results present good repeatability.