Moisture sorption isotherms of green chilli

The adsorption and desorption equilibrium moisture contents of green chilli were determined experimentally in relative humidity range of 11‐97% and at the temperatures of 20, 30, 40 and 50°C. The experimental procedure used was a dynamic method with periodically recording of sample mass. The effect of temperature on adsorption and desorption isotherms was found significant. Hystereses were observed for entire range of relative humidity and hysteresis loops decreased with the increase of temperature. Nine sorption isotherm models were fitted the experimental data at the temperatures of 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C. The modified Smith equation was the best fitted equation to the experimental data for relative humidity range of 11‐97% for the adsorption and desorption isotherms of green chilli.     

罗非鱼肉干燥过程平衡含水率模型研究

采用静态法测定罗非鱼肉在25、35、45、55℃温度和10%～85%相对湿度范围内的吸湿和解吸平衡含水率,分析温度和相对湿度对罗非鱼平衡含水率的影响。以相关系数和标准误差作为评价指标, 对Henderson模型、Chung-Pfost模型、Halsey模型和Oswin修正模型4个数学模型和平衡含水率曲线进行拟合,比较上述平衡含水率模型对实验数据的拟合精度,发现Oswin修正模型较适合于描述罗非鱼的平衡含水率曲线,并分别给出罗非鱼解吸和吸湿平衡含水率的Oswin表达式。     

Equilibrium moisture contents of a medicinal herb (Melissa officinalis) and a medicinal mushroom (Lentinula edodes) determined by dynamic vapour sorption

The measurement of moisture sorption isotherms is of great importance in the fields of food and agricultural engineering. Although the static gravimetric method is still commonly used, automated instruments for the determination of sorption isotherms have been designed to overcome some of the drawbacks associated with the standard method. The dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) is a modern technique which can produce sorption data with high accuracy under controlled conditions in a short period of time. The method was examined and validated by measuring the equilibrium moisture contents of lemon balm herb (Melissa officinalis L.) and Shiitake mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegl.] at a temperature of 25 °C in the range of 0-95% relative humidity. The experiments were performed in triplicate for a total of fifteen target values of relative humidity. A parallel exponential kinetics model (PEK-model) was used to evaluate the change in mass during the adsorption process of each relative humidity step. Additionally, the GAB model was tested for its effectiveness to describe the equilibrium MC/RH data of both products. The PEK-model fitted adequately to the experimental sorption kinetic data over the entire range of relative humidity. Sigmoid characteristic curves, type II pattern were obtained, as indicated by the C and K values of the GAB model. Differences in the hygroscopic characteristics of the two products tested were ascribed to differences in nature of the material.     

A mean moisture content-equilibrium relative humidity relationship for nine varieties of wheat

A mean moisture content-equilibrium relative humidity relationship for nine varieties of wheat at 25°C is presented, for which the curves were fitted by eye. The mean safe storage moisture content in equilibrium with 70% relative humidity (r.h.) for all the wheat varieties adsorbing moisture was 14.7% (wet weight basis) but if varietal differences and errors in measurement are taken into account, the moisture content of stored wheat may need to be as low as 13% to be safe from attack by mites. The hysteresis between adsorption and desorption reached a maximum of 0.7% moisture content at 40–50% r.h. Hysteresis was found to be statistically significant up to 75% r.h. Equilibrium moisture contents were calculated from data transformed using the Chung and Pfost equation and compared with the measured moisture contents.     

Effect of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite and temperature on desorption isotherms of previously frozen beef

Moisture desorption isotherms of beef were determined in the relative humidity range of 23 to 90% at 5, 15 and 25 °C and at 2.5% NaCl and 2.5% NaCl + 150 ppm NaNO₂ content. Desorption isotherms were found to be typical type II sigmoid. The water content at equilibrium was higher in beef with NaCl and NaCl + NaNO₂ than control samples. Experimental data were fitted to various mathematical models and it was found that the Peleg model was best in describing the equilibrium moisture content relationship for beef samples over the entire range of temperatures. The net isosteric heat of sorption was estimated from equilibrium desorption data, using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Isosteric heats of desorption were found to increase with decreasing moisture content.     

储藏条件下糙米水分扩散规律研究

为探讨储藏条件下糙米籽粒的水分扩散规律,以环境温度和相对湿度为影响因素,采用全因素组合试验方法设计试验,应用静态称重法对糙米籽粒进行了不同温度和相对湿度条件下的吸附与解吸试验,推导出储藏条件下糙米籽粒的水分扩散系数求解方程,求出不同储藏温湿度以及不同原始含水率条件下糙米籽粒的水分扩散系数,应用SAS软件拟合出关于储藏条件下糙米水分扩散系数的二次回归方程。结果表明:储藏环境温湿度及含水率显著地影响糙米水分扩散规律,研究结果可以为探讨糙米水分分布及传递机理提供理论参考。     

Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Oolong Tea

The sorption isotherms of Oolong tea were determined at temperatures ranging from 5 to 50 °C. Estimated parameters and fitting ability for nine equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) models were evaluated. The modified Oswin equations were found to be an adequate model of three parameters to describe the sorption data. The Andrieu model was the only adequate model of four parameters. In comparing the results of this study with previously published data, it was found that the sorption properties were affected by species and manufacture techniques. The Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model was not an adequate model as indicated by checking residual plots. The monolayer moisture content calculated from the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) model was lesser than that calculated from the GAB model. The errors of moisture content determined by measuring the ERH and temperature of samples was within 0.35%.     

Single-layer drying characteristics and colour kinetics of red chilli

Single‐layer drying experiments were conducted under controlled conditions of temperature, relative humidity (RH) and air velocity to find out the effects of drying conditions and blanching on the drying rate and colour of Thai red chilli. Drying rate increased with an increase of drying air temperature and a decrease of RH. Air temperatures above 65 °C affected the colour of red chilli. Red chilli should be dried at an air velocity equal to or just above 0.50 m s^?1. Above this value, the drying rate becomes independent of air velocity. RH and air velocity have no effect on the colour of red chilli. Faster drying rate and higher colour value was found for the blanched sample rather than the unblanched sample. The Newton and the Page equations were fitted to the experimental data. The Newton equation was found to describe the single‐layer drying of red chilli better than the Page equation.     

Moisture sorption characteristics of mango–soy-fortified yogurt powder

Moisture adsorption isotherms of plain yogurt, mango–soy-fortified yogurt (MSFY) and MSFY containing 0.4% gelatin stabilizer (MSFYG) powder were determined at 20, 30, 40 and 50°C. A gravimetric static method was used under 0.11–0.81 water activity ranges for the determination of sorption isotherms that were found to be typical type II sigmoid. Experimental data were fitted to five mathematical models viz. modified Henderson, modified Chung–Pfost, Oswin, Smith and Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB). It was found that both Oswin and GAB models were acceptable in describing equilibrium moisture content–equilibrium relative humidity (EMC–ERH) relationships for yogurt powder samples over the entire range of temperatures.     

Measurement and Modeling of Moisture Sorption Isotherm of Litchi (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.)

The equilibrium moisture contents of litchi (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.) were experimentally determined using the dynamic method at temperatures of 30, 40, and 50°C over a range of relative humidity values of 12 to 95%. Five models were tested to fit the experimental isotherm data of litchi. The GAB model fitted the best to experimental isotherm data. The agreement between experimental and predicted values of this model is excellent (RMSE 1.8 to 3.4%). The isosteric heats of sorption water were also determined from the equilibrium data using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and it was found to be a function of equilibrium moisture content.     

Moisture adsorption isotherms of guar (Cyamposis tetragonoloba) grain and guar gum splits

Moisture adsorption isotherms of guar grain and guar gum splits were determined at 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C and 23-96% relative humidities using gravimetric method. The sorption data were fitted to six well-known sorption isotherm models (modified Chung-Pfost, modified Halsey, modified Henderson, modified Oswin, Chen-Clayton, and GAB models) using non-linear least square method. The GAB model was found the most satisfactory for representation of the equilibrium moisture content data for guar grain and guar gum splits. The equilibrium moisture content of guar gum splits was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of guar grain. The isosteric heat of sorption was determined from the equilibrium moisture adsorption data using Clausius-Clapeyron type equation. Exponential relationship described well the dependence of isosteric heat of sorption on the equilibrium moisture content. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory applied to sorption isotherms indicated enthalpy controlled sorption process.     

Moisture sorption isotherms of sorghum malt at 40 and 50 °C

The desorption and adsorption equilibrium moisture isotherms of sorghum malt at the temperatures of 40 and 50 °C, over the water activity range of 0.1-0.9, were determined using the static gravimetric method. A non-linear regression programme was used to fit five moisture sorption isotherm models [Modified Henderson, Modified Chung-Pfost, Modified Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB), Modified Halsey and Modified Oswin] to the experimental data. The models were compared using the standard error of estimate, mean relative percentage deviation, fraction explained variation and residual plots.The Modified Chung-Pfost model was found to be the best for predicting the desorption equilibrium moisture content, while the adsorption equilibrium moisture content was best predicted by the Modified Oswin model. The desorption and adsorption water activities were found to be best fitted by the Modified Oswin model.The moisture sorption isotherms were sigmoidal in shape and showed a marked effect of temperature. The span of the moisture sorption hysteresis loop formed, decreased with increase in temperature, while the size increased with increase in temperature.     

贮藏温湿度对糙米平衡含水率的影响

为解决糙米贮藏过程中含水率随贮藏温湿度变化的问题,应用静态称重法对糙米籽粒进行了不同温度和相对湿度条件下的吸附与解吸平衡含水率试验,分析了温度、相对湿度对糙米平衡含水率的影响规律.利用SAS软件处理试验结果,拟合了Henderson等5种经典模型的参数并评价了拟合效果,确定了最佳拟合模型及其优化参数.结果表明,修正GAB模型及其优化参数组合最适合描述糙米籽粒的吸附和解吸平衡含水率,其相关系数分别为0.998 3和0.9977.     

谷物湿热平衡新模型及热力学特性的研究

建立谷物平衡水分与相对湿度在不同温度下的关系模型,并利用小麦、玉米、水稻、大米的静态平衡试验数据进行拟合。结果表明,该方程适合描述小麦、玉米、水稻、大米的等温线,可直接求解出谷物的平衡水分。另外,根据所建立的模型,预测了不同温度条件下的安全储藏水分,并对谷物的热力学性能进行了分析:吸着等热值随着平衡水分值的减小而增加,解吸等热值增加更为显著;解吸和吸附过程中吸着等热值均高于水汽化潜热;平衡水分大于25%后,吸着等热值趋于稳定,与汽化潜热值接近;根据分析所得数据,拟合了小麦、稻谷、玉米解吸与吸附过程的吸着等热曲线回归方程,为以能量化的观念实施粮仓作业管理,实现高效、合理、节能储粮提供了有利依据。     

Effect of gamma-ray irradiation on modeling equilibrium moisture content of wheat

ABSTRACT:  The experimental research found that gamma irradiation dose affected the equilibrium moisture content of wheat at the same relative humidity and temperature of ambient. Values of the equilibrium moisture content decreased with an increasing dose of γ-ray irradiation during both adsorption and desorption. These were due to the changes of wheat starch granules and their water bound ability caused by different irradiation doses. Factor of irradiation dose was added in 3 widely used models for modeling the equilibrium moisture content of irradiated wheat, and the parameters in models were estimated based on the experimental data. Based on the study of correlation coefficient, mean relative error, and standard error the modified Chung–Pfost equation and the modified Henderson equation were found to fit the desorption and adsorption isotherms for wheat, respectively, in the range of experiment at conditions studied.     

The sorption isotherms of maize meal

Summary. The equilibrium moisture contents of the three main grades of South African maize meal over a range of 1.4-90.7% relative humidity (r.h.) were determined at 30°C. It was found that the fat content of maize meal influenced the moisture content at equilibrium, i.e. the higher the fat content, the lower the equilibrium moisture content for a specific relative humidity. Both desorption and adsorption isotherms for maize meal were found to be sigmoid and the effects of hysteresis were encountered in all cases. On prolonged storage mould growth occurred in maize meals held in an atmosphere of 84% r.h. and higher. From the sorption isotherms the maximum r.h. at which maize meal could be stored without the danger of mould contamination could be predicted.     

Sorption equilibrium moisture and isosteric heat of adsorption of Chinese dried wheat noodles

Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) data for dried wheat noodles of ten Chinese varieties were collected by a gravimetric method at 11–96% equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) and 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C. Five models were fitted to the sorption data, namely the modified Chung Pfost equation (MCPE), modified Henderson equation (MHE), modified Guggenheim Anderson deBoer equation (MGAB), modified Oswin equation (MOE), and a polynomial equation. The best fitting equations were MGAB and the polynomial equation. At a constant ERH, the EMC decreased with increasing temperature, despite the minor effect of temperature on the sorption isotherms of dried noodles. Initially, the isosteric heats of adsorption for dried wheat noodles decrease rapidly with increasing sample moisture content (m.c.); however, after the moisture content is more than 15% of the dry basis (d.b.), they decrease slowly with increasing m.c. The heat of vaporization of Chinese dried wheat noodles approaches the latent heat of pure water at a moisture content of ∼20% d.b., which is ∼2500 kJ/kg. The isosteric heats of sorption of Chinese dried noodles predicted by MCPE and MHE models at lower temperatures were higher than those at higher temperatures. When the equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) is 60%, the safe-storage moisture content of Chinese dried wheat noodles are 11.74% and 11.57% d.b. at 25 °C and 35 °C, respectively. Among ten varieties of dried wheat noodles, the egg-flavoured noodle had the highest onset temperature (T_o), peak temperature (T_p), and conclusion temperature (T_c) of gelatinization, but the golden-silk egg noodles had the highest peak enthalpy of gelatinization. The gelatinization T_o, T_p, and T_c of golden-silk egg noodles were the lowest. Most of the ten varieties of dried wheat noodles demonstrated similar thermal properties and hygroscopic behaviour.     

The moisture content/equilibrium relative humidity relationship and oil composition of rapeseed

The moisture content/equilibrium relative humidity relationships of a British winter-sown rapeseed variety Hektor, a British spring-sown variety Gulle and a Canadian variety Tower, were found to be similar. The adsorption moisture contents at 25°C in equilibrium with 70% relative humidity, conventionally accepted as the threshold for the growth of fungi, ranged from 8.3% for Tower to 7.5% for Hektor. The three varieties have similar oil contents, but Tower has a low content of erucic acid and glucosinolates.     

Moisture absorption characteristics of food thickeners used for the management of swallowing dysfunctions

Six commercial food thickeners, based on starch, and guar and xanthan gums, were investigated for their moisture absorption properties. The thickeners were exposed to 100% relative humidity as well as soaked in water for selected time periods. The gum-based thickeners dissolved in water to yield 100% water solubility index. The water absorption index of the starch-based thickeners ranged from 14.7 to 18.0 g/g dry solids of thickener. The starch-based thickeners sorbed less moisture than the gum-based ones, with the xanthan gum-based thickeners having the highest sorptive ability on mass basis. The Peleg model was the most suitable (r ²=0.966–0.997) of the sorption models investigated to describe the sorption data. The diffusion rate constant of the thickeners ranged from 8.7 to 13.5 day%⁻¹, while the equilibrium moisture content was between 35.7 and 46.8%. The sorptive ability explained viscosity development in some of the thickeners, but was unsuitable in fully describing comparisons of the solutions viscosities of starch-based and xanthan gum-based thickeners.