Optimization and Modeling of Apple Juice Cross-flow Microfiltration with a Ceramic Membrane

The performance of a 0.2 μm ceramic membrane for clarification of depectinized apple juice was studied. The results showed that the flux was higher at high feed velocities (14.6 m/seC) and high temperatures (50°C), and the transmembrane pressure was a positive factor only at high temperatures. The juice flux at optimal conditions was between 400–500 kg/hr.m². Filtration of juice with pectin resulted in flux decreases of 40–50% compared to deoectinized juice. Periodic back-flushing during processing at optimal conditions, i.e., high temperature, high feed velocity and low pressure, did not significantly increase the juice flux.     

Cross-flow Microfiltration with Gas Backwash of Apple Juice

Cross-flow microfiltration (MF) was applied for clarification of commercially pressed depectinized apple juices and pectin containing artificial apple juice suspensions under continuous low pressure inlet conditions (35 kPa - 209 kPa). Periodic gas backwash (air or N₂) removed solids from exteriors of 0.2 μm cut-off hollow fiber polypropylene membranes. Flux and nephelos turbidity units (NTU) of filtrates for both commercial juices and artificial juices were evaluated. Commercial juices after vacuum filtration and MF had 100–110 L/m²/hr flux during 2 hr operation. Low pectin (1%) artificial juices had ～70 L/m²/hr flux during 1.5 hr. NTUs of filtrates from all treatments were <0.69. All filtrates were commercially sterile.     

膜技术在苹果汁加工中的应用

应用平板式超滤技术对苹果浊汁进行了过滤澄清和除菌。研究了巴式杀菌酶解或未酶解的苹果浊汁、未巴式杀菌未酶解的苹果浊汁、温度对膜通量的影响,超滤组件形式、操作参数对3种不同预处理料液的滤液质量的影响及反渗透系统的浓缩效果。结果表明:平板式超滤膜通量能满足工业需求且大于管式超滤膜,操作温度宜为50℃,当加水倍数0.09倍时,可使浓缩倍数达到20倍。苹果汁超滤液的透光率在97%以上、色值在50%以上、浊度指标小于0.3,pH值、总酸、糖度、氨基态氮等却未发生明显的变化。苹果汁超滤液质量指标和耐热细菌检查结果比较表明,平板式超滤可代替对苹果汁巴式杀菌及酶解。反渗透系统对苹果汁超滤液进行浓缩,浓缩倍数为2～2.3倍,糖截留率为100%。     

Improved Ultrafiltration for Color Reduction and Stabilization of Apple Juice

Polyphenols that are responsible for haze-formation and browning during storage of clear apple juice and concentrates could be selectively removed by an ultrafiltration process using membranes of polyether sulfone and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Results were compared with those from commercial UF membranes made out of regenerated cellulose acetate. The effects of laccase treatment on removal of polyphenols and color in apple juice were also investigated. Custom membranes were effective to reduce the amount of polyphenols. A remarkable desired color removal of apple juice could also be achieved using these membranes. Resulting products were stable in color and clarity at 50°C up to 6 wk. Laccase treatment increased the percentage removal of polyphenols from apple juices. However, laccase treated samples were more susceptible to coloration and haze-formation during storage.     

Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Comparison for Apple Juice Clarification

Unpasteurized raw apple juice processed by microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) was evaluated for quality and the methods compared for process efficiency. Juice permeate was analyzed for total solids, soluble solids, color, turbidity, pH and acidity. Apple juice processed by MF was significantly (p < 0.05) darker, more turbid, contained higher total and soluble solids than juice processed with UF, and was preferred by a taste panel. MF processed more permeate per unit time than UF under similar operating conditions with no noticeable difference in power consumption (watt-hr/L).     

陶瓷膜超滤净化石灰法制糖清汁

对孔径为0.04?μm的陶瓷超滤膜进一步净化石灰法制糖的清汁进行研究,在跨膜压差0.45～0.50?MPa、膜面流速4.0～4.5?m/s、过滤温度75～97?℃的条件下过滤甘蔗汁30?h,膜渗透通量从350.6?L/（m2·h）降低至160.2?L/（m2·h）,平均通量为177.8?L/（m2·h）,能满足工业化生产的需求。甘蔗汁经陶瓷膜过滤后品质被进一步提升,简纯度可提高2.01?个单位,色素去除率为20.20%,澄清度从79.18%提升至99.98%。研究膜污染形成发现,陶瓷膜过滤甘蔗汁会在膜表面形成一层污染层,膜污染物的主要成分为有机物（多糖、蛋白质、酯类及酚类等物质）,同时还含有少量的Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、Cl、K、Ca及Fe等无机成分。污染膜依次采用工业净水、1%?NaOH-0.5%?NaClO混合溶液、0.5%?HNO3溶液清洗,膜通量恢复率均高于95.5%,重复性较好,是一种有效的膜清洗方法。     

活性炭负载壳聚糖对苹果汁的澄清效果研究

以透光率为指标,以壳聚糖澄清和活性炭澄清为对照,探讨活性炭负载壳聚糖澄清剂在不同添加量、温度、时间和pH条件下对苹量汁的澄清效果影响,并采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计法进行澄清工艺条件的响应面优化。试验结果表明：经活性炭负载的壳聚糖澄清剂对苹果汁有较好的澄清效果,且明显优于对照组;建立的响应面模型能较好地预测透光率随澄清条件的变化规律,且在最优澄清条件负载澄清剂用量12 g,澄清时间9.6 min,澄清温度55℃,pH 2.56下的透光率为96.47%。     

几种澄清方法对梨汁理化和感官等指标的影响

本文研究了无机陶瓷微滤膜微滤、中空纤维超滤以及果胶酶对梨汁的澄清效果、理化及感官指标的影响。采用三种孔径的氧化铝膜和自制的加压微滤装置、外购中空纤维超滤装置以及果胶酶进行澄清实验。实验结果表明:(1)0.2μm孔径无机陶瓷膜微滤对梨汁的可溶性固形物含量、VC含量和还原糖含量影响不大,澄清梨汁得率较高,并且基本保持了梨汁的原有风味,适合梨汁澄清生产。(2)50nm无机陶瓷膜微滤和中空纤维超滤因孔径太小,不适合梨汁澄清生产。(3)0.8μm孔径无机陶瓷膜微滤和果胶酶澄清处理梨汁的浊度太大,短时间出现分层或沉淀,不适合梨汁澄清生产。     

不同预处理方式对柠檬果汁超滤澄清效果和膜污染情况的影响

利用超声辅助果胶酶法和超滤技术相结合对柠檬果汁进行澄清。以柠檬汁的透光率、果胶含量为指标,讨论不同预处理方式对柠檬果汁超滤澄清效果和膜污染情况的影响。结果表明,采用切割分子量为50 kDa的聚丙烯腈(PAN)超滤膜澄清果汁,不同预处理方式对超滤膜的稳定通量大小的影响规律是酶+超声处理>酶处理>未经酶+超声处理,其稳定通量分别为30、33.5和13 L·m^-2·h^-1左右。较优的操作压力可确定为0.1 MPa,此时柠檬汁的果胶含量为0.5%,透光率约99.6%,处理效果较好。超声辅助果胶酶法澄清果汁,有利于提高果汁的透光率,并且在后续膜处理过程中,对于提高超滤膜的通量和缓解膜污染都有显著的效果。     

6种国产膜在苹果汁加工中的应用比较

以小国光苹果为原料 ,采用聚砜 (PS)、磺化聚砜 (SPS)、聚砜 磺化聚砜共混膜 (PS SPS)、聚丙烯腈 (PAN)、羧基化改性的PAN板式膜、中空纤维PAN膜等 6种国产膜材料对苹果汁进行超滤澄清处理 ,比较了 6种国产膜在苹果汁澄清超滤中通量的变化、不同清洗方式对膜通量的恢复情况和不同膜材料对苹果汁理化指标和感官指标的影响。结果发现 ,6种国产膜均适合对苹果汁进行超滤澄清 ,其中PS SPS混膜在苹果汁的超滤工艺中具有更好的应用前景 ;PS SPS共混膜和改性PAN膜具有较高的抗污染能力。另外 ,采用 0 .1 %酶清洗(NOVOFERM5 8)与 0 .5 %碱液 (pH 1 2 )结合的方式 ,能显著性地提高膜清洗后的通量。     

果胶酶生产及其在苹果汁澄清中的应用

对黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)LLW-1菌株固态发酵生产酸性果胶酶的发酵培养基组成和发酵条件以及利用果胶酶澄清苹果汁的工艺条件进行了研究。固态发酵产酶条件为:250 mL三角瓶装10 g基料(豆饼∶麸皮=2.0 g∶8.0 g),(NH4)2SO420 g/kg,Tween-80 1.5 g/kg,玉米浆50 mL/kg,KH2PO43.0 g/kg,CaCl21.0 g/kg,MgSO4.7H2O 1.0 g/kg(均相对于基料),料水比1∶1.2,自然pH;31℃静置培养72 h,期间在为24 h翻曲1次,果胶酶活力达2 418 IU/g(干曲)。酸性果胶酶澄清苹果汁的工艺条件为:果汁自然pH值,果胶酶用量500IU/L(果汁),明胶添加量0.05 g/L(果汁),酶解温度和时间分别为45℃和1 h。     

粉煤灰基陶瓷膜过滤苹果汁及其污染机理研究

利用统计学方法比较了实验室自制的三种粉煤灰基微滤陶瓷膜对苹果汁的过滤效果,并初步考察了其污染机理。采用不同孔径的膜(2.13、1.25、0.30μm)对苹果汁进行过滤后,苹果汁色度明显改善,澄清度大大提高,同时去除了果汁中容易引起浑浊的蛋白质和多酚,而其它理化性质指标如p H、密度、可溶性固形物含量基本保持不变;三种微滤膜的污染机制各不相同。综合考虑,1.25μm的微滤膜过滤效果最佳。粉煤灰基微滤陶瓷膜对苹果汁过滤具有很好的应用前景。      

陶瓷膜和有机膜超滤处理荔枝汁和膜垢分析及荔枝汁品质研究

应用陶瓷膜和有机膜对荔枝汁进行澄清实验,并进行采用总循环模式(TRM)研究跨膜压力(TMP)和循环流量(Qf)对膜通量(Qp)的影响,确定其各自的最优水平;采用批处理模式(TBM)研究这两个参数最优水平的组合工艺。澄清工艺中：无机陶瓷膜效果优于有机聚醚砜膜,最佳工艺条件为陶瓷膜组件、TMP 0.3MPa、Qf 40L/min。研究在TBM下,膜垢的形成原因,对微分方程--＝k(J－Jlim)J2－n进行拟合,拟合R2为无机膜0.8812和0.8478;有机膜为0.9048,并分析膜垢的形成的模式：有机膜的膜垢主要是层垢(n＝0),无机膜的膜垢形成主要是层垢和部分并在膜垢的综合情况(n＝0,n＝1)。并研究TBM模式下,总糖、总果胶、总蛋白、抗氧化活性等影响果汁品质的物质的动态过程,结果表明：在P＜0.05,无机膜在品质的保持比如总糖、抗氧化活性、总酚的截留滤等方面强于有机膜,其余的品质无显著差异。     

超滤在荔枝汁澄清中的应用

首次采用聚砜中空纤维膜对荔枝汁进行超滤澄清处理 ,超滤后果汁澄清透明 ,透光率达 99.5% ,无混浊现象 ,较好地保持了原汁的营养成分与风味 ,试验还探讨了超滤工艺参数对膜透过速率的影响     

Changes in Apple Juice Flavor Compounds During Processing

Apple juice flavor fractions were collected at several stages during a commercial process. Replicated experiments were designed to collect samples from untreated pulp, from enzyme treated pulp, after pectinase treatment, after microfiltration (MF), and after pasteurization. Additional juice heating experiments were carried out. Six apple juice flavor compounds were identified based on to retention times and reported studies. The flavor profile changed at the different stages of the production line. Temperatures used (～57.2°C) for enzyme activation and MF tended to increase flavor compounds in apple juice except iso-butyl acetate. The higher temperatures used (～85°C) for pasteurization decreased all flavor compounds except propyl butyrate which increased. Results indicate apple juice may contain heat activated precursors of identified flavor compounds.     

复配酶在苹果汁澄清加工中的应用研究

以出汁率和澄清度为指标,研究复配酶澄清苹果汁的酶解工艺。采用单因素试验,考察果胶酶添加量、纤维素酶添加量、木聚糖酶添加量、酶解时间4个因素对苹果出汁率和苹果汁澄清度的影响,并通过正交试验优化确定复配酶酶解的最佳工艺参数:果胶酶添加量为0.10%,纤维素酶添加量为0.05%,木聚糖酶添加量为0.010%,酶解时间2 h。在此条件下,苹果出汁率为91.6%,苹果汁澄清度为96.3%。     

陶瓷膜在卤制品加工废弃液微滤中的应用

探讨了陶瓷膜用于卤制加工废弃液微滤的工艺条件。研究不同预处理方法、膜孔径、操作温度、操作压力等因素对膜通量的影响,并通过正交实验确定微滤的最佳工艺参数为:预处理网筛300目、陶瓷膜孔径0.22μm、操作温度50℃、操作压力0.075 MPa,通过质量分数0.75%NaOH和0.5%柠檬酸复合清洗后,陶瓷膜的通量恢复率可达到94.1%。     

陶瓷膜在苹果汁澄清中的应用研究

采用国内研制的陶瓷膜进行苹果汁的澄清实验研究.实验结果表明氧化锆陶瓷膜可有效地澄清苹果汁,澄清果汁的各项指标达到出口果汁指标;并与国外陶瓷膜设备作同期运行对比,其澄清效果、通量的稳定性等方面均达到或超过国外陶瓷膜的处理结果.同时实验还对湍流促进器强化无机膜微滤过程以及膜清洗方法进行了考察,确定了无机陶瓷膜膜过滤苹果汁合适的操作参数.     

复合果胶酶法加工番荔枝果汁的工艺及技术参数研究

研究了用复合果胶酶研制番荔枝果汁的加工工艺,确定了最佳技术参数,同时探讨了不同澄清剂对番荔枝果汁的澄清工艺。结果表明,复合酶法制取番荔枝果汁的最佳工艺参数为,复合酶剂量在100g果浆(果泥加水3.5倍)中加2.5ml复合酶溶液(1g/100ml),pH3.5,温度45℃,酶解6h。并采用复合酶澄清果汁,每100g果汁中加1.5～2.0ml的复合酶溶液(1g/100ml),果汁的透光率98%。     

响应面试验优化桑葚汁复合酶解制备工艺及微滤技术对其品质的影响

以新鲜成熟桑葚果实为原料,桑葚出汁率为指标,通过单因素试验及响应面试验,确定果胶酶和纤维素酶酶解制备桑葚汁的最佳工艺参数,并进一步考察非热力杀菌微滤技术对桑葚汁杀菌、澄清、褐变抑制效果以及理化指标的影响。研究结果表明,适于实际生产的最佳酶解工艺为：果胶酶添加量0.42%、纤维素酶添加量1.84%、酶解时间101.26 min、酶解温度50 ℃、酶解pH 3.5～4.0（桑葚汁自然pH值）。在此条件下,桑葚出汁率为86.37%,与理论值88.10%接近。实验表明微滤技术对桑葚汁不仅有很好的抑菌效果,且对桑葚汁的褐变具有一定的抑制作用。