基于素数的空间信息置乱技术

针对遥感影像的信息隐藏,置乱技术可作为遥感影像信息隐藏的预处理和后处理,以增强空间信息隐藏系统的安全性,系统研究了基于素数的遥感影像置乱技术,包括双密钥算法和单密钥算法,并对该技术的算法特性、优缺点、在遥感影像中应用的性能进行了分析和比较。结果表明,该技术算法能快速对遥感影像进行置乱、扩展密钥空间尺度、满足密码学中的Kerckhoffs假设。     

库岸边坡变形的统计——混沌混合预测模型

基于降雨作用下边坡非饱和土的滑移理论及岩土体蠕变效应的量化研究,构建了库岸边坡改进的多因素监控模型.在此基础上将边坡位移表示为由确定性分量、混沌分量和随机分量叠加而成,并以多因素监控模型对确定性成分建模,对残差序列进行相空间重构,建立了统计-混沌混合预测模型.实际应用表明,与传统的统计模型相比,该模型可明显提高回归和预测精度,具有一定的实用价值和推广价值.     

基于CPSO-LSSVM的汽轮机热耗率软测量模型

为了准确建立汽轮机热耗率预测模型,提出了一种基于变空间Logistic混沌粒子群算法(CPSO)优化最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的汽轮机热耗率软测量模型。采用变空间Logistic混沌搜索策略和粒子镜像越界处理策略来改善粒子群算法(PSO)的全局优化性能,提出了CPSO优化最小二乘支持向量机的超参数以改善模型预测精度,并以某600 MW汽轮机组为研究对象,利用该机组的运行数据建立CPSO-LSSVM的热耗率预测模型。结果表明:CPSO-LSSVM模型具有更高的预测精度和更强的泛化能力,能够准确有效地预测热电厂的汽轮机热耗率。     

基于改进智能水滴算法的梯级水库群调峰调度研究

针对智能水滴算法(IWD算法)存在种群多样性不足、易陷入局部最优、初期求解速度慢等缺陷，提出了改进的智能水滴算法(IIWD算法),该算法引入了Logistic混沌初始化方式及差分进化算法(DE算法)的差分变异算子，同时改进了自组织映射算法(SOM算法)的神经元更新方式并将其引入到IWD算法最优个体的次更新过程中，并将IIWD算法应用于梯级水库群调峰调度中，同时与IWD与DE算法进行对比，验证了该算法的高效性。     

受扰分数阶直驱风电机组混沌运动的H∞鲁棒控制

针对含有负载扰动的非线性分数阶直驱永磁同步风力发电机组(D-PMSG)存在混沌现象，提出一种抑制混沌运动的新型H∞鲁棒控制方法。在非线性D-PMSG混沌模型下，验证负载扰动会导致D-PMSG呈现混沌现象。采用Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)模型建立受扰分数阶D-PMSG模糊混沌模型。基于并行分布补偿(PDC)控制理论，提出一种新型模糊状态反馈H_∞鲁棒控制器设计方法。利用分数阶Lyapunov稳定性理论，依据Schur补引理和合同变换，以线性矩阵不等式(LMIs)形式推导出D-PMSG系统Mittag-Leffler稳定的充分条件。Matlab仿真结果表明，该控制器在分数阶阶次变化和外界负载扰动随机变化情况下具有良好的控制性能和较强的鲁棒性。     

风速时间序列非线性特征分析

针对时间序列风速确定性与随机性相结合的复杂非线性特征,基于相空间重构理论和最大Lyapunov指数对其进行混沌与分形特征分析。首先,以经典Lorenz混沌系统及非混沌完全随机白噪声时间序列为验证算例,通过相空间重构和最大Lyapunov指数法判断以上2种非线性时间序列的混沌特征,分别从定性和定量的角度验证了所提方法的可行性;其次,对美国风能研究中心实测风速数据进行相空间重构,计算其最大Lyapunov指数并估算其可预测时间,最后采用G-P算法分析了实测风速时间序列的饱和关联维数。结果表明:相空间重构理论及最大Lyapunov指数法均可作为判断混沌特征的重要方法,时间序列风速具有明显的混沌分形特征及短期可预测性。     

基于改进GA-CPSO融合算法的1 000 MW机组给水系统建模

为解决现有方法对1 000 MW机组给水系统建模复杂、算法收敛速度慢、精度低等问题,提出一种改进遗传算法融合混沌粒子群算法(Genetic Algorithm-Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization, GA-CPSO)。首先,粒子群算法(Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO)中引入了自适应权重和收缩因子,提升粒子寻优能力;在一维Logistic的基础上提出二维Logistic混沌映射,避免寻优过程中陷入局部最优解;采用轮盘赌选择方法,选取粒子进行下一步的遗传算法优化,提升了全局寻优能力。其次,通过实验仿真数据和现场实际数据验证了改进GA-CPSO算法的精度。将该算法用于1 000 MW机组给水系统,建模精度提高了88.65%,仅需要迭代7次左右即完成收敛。然后,利用数据中加干扰实验进一步挖掘改进GA-CPSO算法的抗干扰能力。实验表明：加入外部大扰动建模误差仅有0.385,算法抗干扰能力强。最后,用皮尔逊相关系数方法验证了机组直流阶段模型间的相关性,相关系数达到了0.9以上,可用一个模型代表。     

转子-定子系统松动-碰摩耦合故障的动态响应分析

建立了考虑定子与基础之间的连接刚度和阻尼(包括定子本身运动)的转子-定子系统发生松动-碰摩时的动力学模型和微分方程，对系统在运行过程中的非线性行为进行了数值仿真分析，发现随着转速的变化过程，此类系统响应主要以拟周期或阵发性分岔进入混沌，而由拟周期或倍周期倒分岔离开混沌。在超临界转速区，系统的响应以混沌和周期k的分频运动为主要运动形式。该结果为转子-定子系统的故障诊断提供了依据和参考。     

基于重型并联混合动力车辆混合度的性能分析

动力系统的匹配直接关系到车辆的性能,在对混合动力车辆的研究中有着非常重要的地位,而混合度的研究是动力系统匹配中的关键.本文基于已选定的额定功率为220kw的柴油发动机,对混合动力车辆的电机进行匹配,对不同混合度下的车辆模型进行性能分析.通过Avl-Cruise软件对各混合度下的车辆模型进行仿真对比,选用等效油耗以及比排放量为评价指标,对不同混合度下混合动力车辆的性能进行了比较,研究了随着混合度的变化,车辆的经济性以及排放性能变化的规律,提出了适用于本混合动力系统的最佳混合度.     

基于改进混合蛙跳算法的氧量对象模型辨识

针对混合蛙跳算法易早熟、寻优精度低的缺陷,将混沌初始化和局部变异高斯因子引入混合蛙跳算法,进行种群初始化和局部搜索的改进。将改进后的混合蛙跳算法用于火电厂过程模型辨识,以某1 000 MW火电机组双输入单输出的尾部烟气含氧量模型为辨识对象进行系统辨识。结果表明:与混合蛙跳算法相比,改进的混合蛙跳算法种群遍历性更广,局部搜索更快,能够避免陷入局部最优解,全局寻优能力更强,寻优精度更高,收敛速度更快,稳定性更好。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.