纤维增强金属基复合材料热机械循环加载力学模型

着重论述考虑涂层效应的纤维增强金属基复合材料的热机械加载细观力学模型.在假设基底金属为粘塑性材料,纤维与涂层为横观各向同性弹性材料的前提下,从复合材料内部组分的细观力学关系入手,利用平均应力应变的概念,分析材料在热机械载荷作用下的应力应变关系.针对金属基底的粘塑性特性,选择Bodner-Partom模型作为金属的基本本构关系,并进一步将主要问题归纳为可以数值求解的以时间为自变量的一阶常微分方程组的初值问题.     

热机械循环载荷下短纤维增强金属基复合材料性能分析

从复合材料内部组分的细观力学关系人手,选取代表体积元,基于Eshelby椭圆夹杂理论和瞬时体积平均的概念,通过集中张量描述纤维与基体以及纤维与纤维间的相互作用,并把在弹性范围内得到的各集中张量推广到弹塑性范围内,建立能够在弹塑性范围内分析热机械循环载荷作用下短纤维增强金属基复合材料的性质的模型。为了接近工程实际,假设纤维始终保持线弹性,对基体材料采用能反映bauschinger效应的混合硬化模型,依据基体的弹塑性状态决定复合材料整体的弹塑性状态。在塑性范围内,从各向异性的角度出发,采用增量法迭代得出每个加载步结束时复合材料整体以及各相的应力应变增量。编写控制应变和温度加载条件下,计算复合材料应力应变响应的程序,着重讨论纤维的外形、空间分布、体积百分比以及温度载荷对复合材料宏观性质的影响,并与相关的实验结果和数值结果进行比较。     

陶瓷基复合材料低循环拉—拉疲劳寿命预测

采用细观力学方法建立预测纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料低循环拉—拉疲劳寿命的模型。该模型考虑初始加载到疲劳峰值应力时,基体出现裂纹,纤维/基体界面发生脱粘,部分纤维将发生断裂,并采用统计方法得到初始加载到峰值应力时的纤维失效体积分数;在后续循环过程中,考虑纤维相对基体在界面脱粘区滑移造成界面切应力下降,纤维失效模型与Evans界面磨损模型相结合,得到循环过程中纤维失效体积分数与界面切应力、循环数之间的关系;当纤维失效导致剩余强度下降,并小于疲劳峰值应力时,判断材料失效。采用剩余强度方法对陶瓷基复合材料的S-N曲线进行预测,并将预测的S-N曲线与试验数据进行对比,结果吻合较好。     

纤维增强复合材料结构的宏细观一体化分析方法

基于复合材料细观结构周期性假设 ,建立了一种数值型细观力学模型 ,通过将该细观力学模型与有限元分析相结合 ,建立了纤维增强复合材料结构的宏、细观一体化分析方法。该方法在结构分析中能够在获得宏观应力、应变场的同时获得细观应力、应变场。该方法可用于复杂细观结构特征的复合材料结构分析 ,也能用于涉及材料非线性的复合材料结构分析。     

复合材料板弹簧渐进失效分析与极限载荷预报

基于复合材料细观力学Mori-Tanaka方法,使用Digimat软件预测纤维增强树脂基复合材料宏观弹性常数,建立复合材料细观和宏观力学响应间的耦合关系;考虑了复合材料的制造缺陷,采用逆向回归迭代法对基体材料的弹性常数进行修正;基于ABAQUS软件和Digimat软件耦合的计算平台,在复合材料板弹簧有限元模型中调用Mori-Tanaka细观本构模型,考虑复合材料的细观损伤,引入纤维和基体的失效准则进行宏细观耦合模型渐进失效的数值模拟,实现复合材料板弹簧的极限载荷预报,并通过复合材料板弹簧的极限载荷试验进行了验证。结果表明:复合材料板弹簧的试验断裂位置与模拟预测的断裂位置基本一致,极限载荷试验值与预测值的偏差为5.1%。     

复合材料宏观刚度系数的细观有限元数值计算方法

根据复合材料宏观有效模量的定义,本文通过在复合材料细观模型的边界施加六组特定形式的均匀边界条件,以三维有限元作为数值分析手段,对各种细观模型及增强相力学特性,可一次性全部解出复合材料的所有弹性系数.通过计算典型代表体元细观模型,验证了本文数值方法的准确性和优越性.     

涂层长纤维复合材料应力场的等温解

用四层同心圆柱体模型对以由Ni涂层碳素纤维和金属Al基所构成的复合材料为例的涂层长纤维复合材料在恒温或绝热条件下承受机械载荷后的应力进行了计算,获得了其应力分布情况.     

颗粒增强复合材料弹性结构的双尺度有限元分析

颗粒增强方法是实现材料高性能化的重要手段。预测颗粒增强复合材料的细观结构与力学性能的关系是实现材料增强增韧的基础。为更好地分析、设计和优化复合材料,需要引入多尺度计算模型来考察细观结构对宏观力学性能的影响。基于均匀化理论,采用Voronoi有限元法对颗粒增强复合材料进行细观数值模拟,从而预测材料的宏观等效弹性常数,并直接得到材料的细观应力场。在细观尺度,首先假设满足平衡条件的应力场,采用Voronoi应力单元建立余能泛函并得到细观控制方程,最终形成可直接求解的线性代数方程组,从而求得应力系数并得到细观应力场。在宏观尺度,利用商业有限元软件ANSYS来进行宏观结构分析。通过均匀化方法求得弹性模量的宏观平均值,将其输入ANSYS系统即可进行计算,由此把宏细观两个尺度耦合起来,可以对颗粒增强复合材料构成的结构体进行有效的力学分析。     

纤维增强金属基复合材料弹塑性行为分析

在分析复合材料宏、细观场量之间联系的基础上 ,基于复合材料细观结构周期性假设 ,选取适当的代表性体积元 ,采用弱化的边界连续性与周期性条件 ,通过对细观力学方程的建立与求解 ,建立了一种纤维增强金属基复合材料宏、细观统一力学模型。该模型建立起了宏、细观场量的联系 ,获得了宏观应力 -应变关系。试验及理论计算表明 ,该模型能够较好地预测复合材料宏观弹塑性性能。利用该模型分析了复合材料宏观弹塑性应力 -应变响应以及细观几何结构特征对宏观弹塑性性能的影响。此外 ,将该模型与常规的结构分析方法 (如有限元法 )相结合 ,能够开展对金属基复合材料结构的弹塑性行为分析。     

循环载荷下韧性金属Ⅰ型裂纹前缘晶体塑性与应力的初步分析

为探讨含裂纹金属材料在循环载荷下的细观力学行为,采用随机构成的多晶模型对循环载荷下Ⅰ型裂纹裂尖前缘的晶体塑性变形和应力循环进行初步分析.模型裂尖前缘的材料由不同大小和不同取向的多面体单晶晶粒随机集合构成,各晶粒的力学行为用单晶滑移的粘塑性关系描述;单晶滑移粘塑性本构关系的求解是采用先前建议的方法以应力为基本变量,用Newton-Raphson迭代求解晶体的滑移变形与应力的关系.文中给出循环载荷下裂尖前缘的塑性变形演化、残余应力和循环硬化现象等方面考虑材料多晶结构的初步分析结果.     

板材热轧热力耦合有限元模拟

建立了三维热力耦合问题弹塑性有限变形有限元方法,并对板材热轧过程进行了计算机模拟。材料流动应力模型中考虑了应变历史、应变速率和温度的影响,导出了与其相应的本构关系矩阵。应用该方法可以给出轧件变形过程中诸如温度场、应变场和应变速率场等各种热力结果。算例表明,该方法具有较好的精度。     

Fiber Traction Printing: A 3D Printing Method of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite

A novel metal matrix composite freeform fabrication approach, fiber traction printing(FTP), is demonstrated through controlling the wetting behavior between fibers and the matrix. This process utilizes the fiber bundle to control the cross-sectional shape of the liquid metal, shaping it from circular to rectangular which is more precise. The FTP process could resolve manufacturing diffculties in the complex structure of continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composites. The printing of the first layer monofilament is discussed in detail, and the effects of the fibrous coating thickness on the mechanical properties and microstructures of the composite are also investigated in this paper. The composite material prepared by the FTP process has a tensile strength of 235.2 MPa, which is close to that of composites fabricated by conventional processes. The complex structures are printed to demonstrate the advantages and innovations of this approach. Moreover, the FTP method is suited to other material systems with good wettability, such as modified carbon fiber, surfactants, and aluminum alloys.     

Ductile damage micromodeling by particles’ debonding in metal matrix composites

The elastic–plastic behaviour of particle-reinforced metal matrix composites undergoing ductile damage is modelled using a two-level micro-structural approach. The considered heterogeneous material is a polycrystal containing intra-crystalline elastic particles. Ductile damage is initiated by the matrix/particle interface debonding and the subsequent voids growth with plastic straining of the crystalline matrix. Homogenization techniques are used twice: first at mesoscale to derive the equivalent grain behaviour and then to obtain the macroscopic behaviour of the material. Plastic deformation of the crystalline matrix is due to crystallographic gliding on geometrically well-defined slip systems. The associative plastic flow rule and the hardening law are described on the slip system level. The evolution of micro-voids volume fraction is related to the plastic strain. The elastic–plastic stress–strain response of particle composite is investigated. Predictions of the proposed model are compared to experimental data to illustrate the capability of the suggested method to represent material behaviour. Furthermore, specific aspects such as the stress triaxiality and yield surfaces are discussed.     

颗粒性复合材料基体破坏极限应力

若颗粒增强金属基复合材料基体和增强体结合完好,在外载作用下材料会从基体断裂,应用三相模型法确定出外应力一定时二相胞元的外加应变,进而得到基体内的细观应力场,根据损伤过程的广义热力学力计算出损伤等效应力,当损伤等效应力等于基体单向拉伸断裂应力时,计算出复合材料的基体破坏极限应力.     

Novel mathematical approaches for analyzing time dependent creep deformations in reinforced metals

The objective of this paper is to present some novel insights for solving a second stage creep problem in metal matrix composites. First, a new analytical approach is developed for obtaining some unknowns in second stage creep of short fiber composites under an applied axial load. The unknowns are the radial, circumferential, axial, shear and equivalent stresses, which are determined by approximation of creep constitutive equations and using proper assumed displacement rates. A nonlinear differential equation is solved employing suitable and correct approximate assumptions. Then, the difference of the stress components utilizing creep constitutive equations and assumed displacement rates is determined. Finally, the axial stress behavior in matrix is predicted by linear and nonlinear boundary value approaches, as well as displacement rates in matrix. For the purpose of the analysis, the steady state creep behavior of matrix material is described by an exponential law. As an important application, factor of safety n will be determined for fibers in order to have a good composite design. Based on the results, the aforementioned methods such as general boundary value approaches can be used to simply determine the approximate behavior of unknowns. These analytical results are then verified by the results of FEM simulation and other available research works. Interestingly, good compatibilities are found among the original mathematical approaches, numerical modeling and also previous available results.     

一种基于梯度设计的T/R 封装壳体材料研制

根据机载、星载相控阵雷达T／R组件对壳体封装材料综合性能的要求,提出了一种具有梯度结构的硅铝封装材料设计思想,设计了具有不同梯度分布的材料研制方案,并对其进行仿真分析,以验证和优化这些研制方案。在此基础上,采用粉末冶金方法研制了一种具有三层结构的SiAl梯度材料。加工测试结果表明,由三层复合材料加工而成的壳体在满足与陶瓷基板热应力匹配的同时,具有良好的加工工艺性能。因此,采用梯度结构设计是解决复合材料在T／R组件封装壳体内应用难题的一种有效途径。     

Microstructural investigations in Cf–SiC composites in as-sintered state and after creep experiments

The high interest in ceramic matrix composites during the last decade has led to a considerable number of studies devoted to their thermomechanical properties and damage processes. Despite their sensitivity to oxygen partial pressure, carbon fibres appear to possess higher stability and better mechanical properties if they are treated under protective atmospheres than other ceramic fibres (especially classical silicon carbide fibres). The aim of this investigation is to characterize at the nanoscale the main microstructural parameters of C_f–SiC composites provided by the SEP (Division of SNECMA, Bordeaux, France). This material was fabricated from a 2.5D preform made of high strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibres densified according to the chemical vapour infiltration process. A pyrocarbon (PyC) interphase was deposited on the fibre prior to the β-SiC matrix infiltration. A careful high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) microstructural investigation focused on the fibre microstructure as well as on the different interfaces in the material: pyrocarbon/fibre and matrix/pyrocarbon interfaces. All these observations have been realized in longitudinal and transverse sections of the specimen. These observations are found in good agreement with Guigon's model for high strength ex-PAN carbon fibres. The PyC interphase texture was strongly anisotropic at the fibre/interphase and interphase/matrix interfaces over a mean thickness of 8–15 nm. Tensile creep tests were performed under partial pressure of argon between 1273 and 1673 K for stress levels ranging from 110 to 220 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy and high resolution electron microscopy were used to study the microstructural modifications inside the fibres and at the different interfaces. A discussion of the possible creep mechanisms based on the microstructural investigation and the creep results is presented.     

Plastic failure risk of a metal matrix composite structure under variable thermal loads

In the heat sink components reinforced with fibrous metal matrix composites under cyclic heat flux loads; their structural reliability is frequently limited by the low cycle fatigue of the composites. The stress evolution in the composites becomes complex. In order to investigate the plastic failure risk of the composites, the stress evolution has to be tracked on different length scales. In addition, a proper criterion of plastic failure is needed for the relevant composite geometry and loads. In this work, a computational methodology is presented to estimate the plastic failure risk of a composite heat sink structure. This method was based on a triple scale non-linear finite element analysis and a shakedown theorem. Average lamina stresses were assessed using a micro-mechanics based constitutive law and compared with a shakedown boundary predicted by a direct shakedown analysis. By this comparison both the critical locations and the relative failure risk at each lamina could be identified. A remarkable merit of the current approach was that the computational costs could be enormously reduced by the two employed numerical techniques.     

Analytical study on the elastic-plastic transition in short fiber reinforced composites

In discontinuous composites, the fiber end effects can be neglected when the length of fiber is much greater compared to the diameter. Thus, conventional shear lag theory is very useful for predicting composite properties deduced from each constituent. However, in the case of short fiber or whisker reinforced composites, the end effects cannot be neglected, and the composite properties are functions of material and geometrical parameters since the fiber end effects significantly influence the behavior of composites. For a good understanding of the behavior of short fiber or whisker reinforced composites, it is necessary to first understand the mechanism of stress transfer and it has well been modified before. However, the modification was limited to the basic elastic stress calculation of the fiber and matrix in a micromechanical model. Accordingly, the former modification of the shear lag model has been extended to predict the overall elastic composite behavior and elastic-plastic behavior of which result can predict the stress concentration in the matrix as well as the onset of matrix yielding. The extended modification results showed that it gives a good agreement with finite element analysis as well as with experimental data. It was also found that the local matrix yielding is initiated in the vincinity of the fiber ends which produces local plasticity and an elastic-elastic transition before the composite stress reaches matrix yield stress.