车载光测设备静态测角误差修正技术的研究

车载平台的变形对光测设备测角精度将产生一定的影响,使车载光测设备难以达到高精度测量的目的.为了提高车载光测设备静态测角精度,分析了车载光测设备由于平台变形而影响静态测角精度的基本原理,提出了利用倾角传感器对车载平台变形实时测量以进行修正的技术.首先,利用安放在光测设备垂直轴上的倾角传感器采集车载平台特定位置的变形值.然后,推导出车载光测设备的静态测角误差修正模型,建立倾角传感器输出值与静态测角误差的关系公式.最后,将修正后的测量值代入静态测角精度结算公式.实验数据分析结果表明:该方法能有效修正因车载平台变形而带来的静态测角误差,使方位测角精度提高46″,高低测角精度提高20″.为实现车载光测设备高精度测量提供了理论依据和技术支持.     

加权最小二乘状态估计量测权值计算的实用方法

分析了实际系统中直接影响加权最小二乘状态估计量测权值的因素,基于量测精度等级及满量程提出了设置量测权值的实用化方法,展示了实际系统中典型量测权值的标幺化数值,可以看出不同电压等级功率量测权值的差别以及电压幅值量测和功率量测权值之间的关系。使用文中方法计算得到的量测权值能更准确地反映量测精度,从而能够提高状态估计结果的准确性,模拟算例和实际工程应用验证了所述方法的有效性。文中还分析说明了计算两种派生量测权值的方法以及选取零注入量测权值的原则。     

深度学习辅助的区域交直流配电网区间状态估计

针对区域交直流混合配电网中实时量测覆盖率低、量测误差分布具有不确定性的问题,提出了基于深度神经网络(DNN)伪量测建模的交直流配电网区间状态估计方法。该方法首先对DNN进行离线训练,然后将实时量测数据和电压源换流器控制的变量值作为DNN的输入特征,建立伪量测模型;接着,在实时量测更新时,利用已训练好的DNN快速生成伪量测;最后,对伪量测和实时量测的不确定性采用区间形式建模并进行区间状态估计,进而准确监测交直流系统状态。算例仿真结果表明,所提方法能够避免对量测误差的概率分布进行假设,并且能够在低冗余量测配置或量测缺失时,准确获得交直流配电网状态变量的上下界信息。     

瞬时测频新技术研究

本文提出了两种瞬时测频技术的研究应用,数字计数瞬时测频和注入锁相测频技术。数字计数测频技术利用高速ECL电路,实现对高速脉冲进行直接测频。注入锁相测频技术利用注入锁相振荡器将注入信号的频率信息转换成相位信息,通过对相位量的测量实现对输入信号频率的瞬时测频。     

一种将PMU支路电流量测引入非线性状态估计的方法

针对同步相量测量单元(phasor measurement unit,PMU)的电流量测难以直接引入到传统加权最小二乘状态估计的问题,提出一种在极坐标下引入PMU支路电流量测的快速分解状态估计方法。采用旋转量测变换法,利用PMU的电压相角量测信息,将电流量测转化成为旋转量测,减小了副对角元素,实现了状态量在极坐标下的解耦,从而解决了电流量测与SCADA量测的融合计算问题。同时采用了动态更新相角的方法,在每次迭代过程中更新量测旋转所用的相角值,减小了因相角量测中的不良数据带来的误差。最后通过IEEE39节点算例对旋转量测方法与直接分解法、量测变换法这3种方法进行了仿真对比。结果表明,旋转量测方法改善了状态估计的精确性,计算速度较快,能够为调度中心的决策提供精确的数据支持。     

状态估计中选取量测权值的新原则

估计结果的准确性和数值稳定性是状态估计的两个重要方面,通常按量测精度选取量测权值,能使估计结果有较高的准确性,但可能对数值稳定性不利。文中在分析量测权值变化对状态估计数值稳定性影响的基础上,提出了状态估计中选取量测权值的新原则：非关键量测的权值反映量测精度,以量测方差的倒数为其权值;关键量测的权值根据数值稳定性的要求选取,以其他量测权值的平均值为关键量测的权值。这样能较好地协调数值稳定性与估计结果准确性之间的关系。在附录中论述了估计精度与关键量测的权值无关。     

车载光测设备测角误差影响因素的分析

为了实现车载光测设备的高精度测量,从车载平台变形、自主定位、定向三方面分析了影响车载光测设备测角误差的因素。车载平台向下平移对俯仰角测角误差造成的影响随着距离的增加而减小,旋转变形中偏向角对方位角测角误差的影响较小,两者可以忽略不计。自主定位由于垂线偏差的存在,理论上对方位角测角误差的影响最大为6.557″,俯仰角测角误差的影响最大为2.827″。自主定向对方位角测角误差的影响最大为2.06″,俯仰角则没有影响。分析数据结果表明:自主定位、定向对车载光测设备的测角误差影响较大,车载平台变形中绕X、Z轴旋转变形影响较大,其他变形的影响可忽略。上述分析仿真为进一步提高车载光测设备的测角精度提供了理论依据。     

基于等效电流量测变换的电力系统状态估计方法

针对输电系统和配电系统量测类型多的特点,采用了以等效电流量测变换技术来求解电力系统状态估计的方法,并推导了基于等效电流量测变换状态估计的具体求解过程。文中将各种类型的量测变换为等效电流量测进行状态估计,同时根据误差理论将原始量测的权重也对应变换成等效电流量测的权重。理论分析和算例结果表明,利用等效电流量测变换技术进行状态估计快速、有效、实施方便,符合当前电力系统在线应用的实际要求。     

电网量测信息在线智能检测评价及拓展应用

利用能量管理系统获取电网实时模型,依据电网量测信息、设备参数及电网运行方式检测量测不平衡信息和可疑拓扑状态,建立测点质量评估机制和厂站量测质量定量评估体系,动态生成量测权重,利用测点和厂站的量测信息评价得分,以科学的方法动态修正状态估计的量测计算权重,降低或屏蔽量测评分低的测点量测权重,避免"残差污染"或"残差淹没",提高状态估计的精度,为电网的安全稳定运行提供基础数据支持。     

杠杆量测内涵分析及其改进广义潜能指标辨识方法

杠杆量测的准确辨识多年来一直是状态估计精度提升的瓶颈.文中针对杠杆量测这一重要的量测类型进行了深入分析和研究.首先,分析了2个关于杠杆量测定义的内涵一致性;进而,分别从代数和几何角度对杠杆量测的特性进行了分析,并以命题形式证明了无限靠近雅可比矩阵列空间的量测只能是杠杆量测;在此基础上,提出了基于潮流解及改进广义潜能指标的杠杆量测辨识新方法.相对于其他方法而言,该方法能够明显提升多个杠杆量测的正确辨识率.算例结果验证了所提方法的可行性和正确性.     

开口同轴探头去嵌入技术的研究

开口同轴探头测量技术,由于可实现非破坏性测试,一直是众多科学家及工程技术人员关注的焦点。但对于同轴探头的误差分析,研究不够深入。相位补偿技术是最常用的同轴探头去嵌入技术,该技术假设同轴探头是理想器件,忽略了同轴探头加工精度带来的误差。为此,提出了一种更为精确的去嵌入技术,即基于传输线模型的开口同轴探头去嵌入技术,通过实测得到表征同轴探头误差的校准参量,从而量化同轴探头的误差模型,以去除在测量中同轴探头带来的误差。介绍了该技术的基本原理,并与相位补偿技术进行了对比,最终通过实测验证了该技术是有效可行的。     

A micromachined photoconductive near-field probe for picosecondpulse propagation measurement on coplanar transmission lines

For the first time, a micromachined near-field probe has been developed, based on picosecond photoconductive sampling using low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs). By changing the direction of the probe, it is capable of scanning/mapping independent orthogonal components of free-space electric fields. The micromachined 1-μm-thick LT-GaAs epilayer substrate of the probe provides a minimal loading effect for measuring picosecond electric fields. The use of optical fibers, for guiding laser pulses to the photoconductive switch on the probe and for electrical connections, enables the probe to be positioned freely with uniform sensitivity. We have demonstrated by finite-difference time-domain simulation that the measurement process of the developed probe is dominated by the switching action of the carriers generated in the photoconductive switch of the probe. Using the probe, propagating picosecond pulse waveforms and field distribution images on coplanar transmission lines were successfully obtained. The probe measurement provides a useful understanding, which cannot be obtained from conventional external-port access test instruments, of electromagnetic phenomena related to wave propagation     

Resolution and signal processing technique of surface charge density measurement with electrostatic probe

When an electrostatic probe is used to measure the surface charge on an insulating plate of constant thickness, the measuring system is regarded a shift-invariant system and the relation between the surface charge density and the probe output can be treated in the spatial frequency domain. The distribution of the surface charge density on an insulating plate just after occurrence of a surface discharge is measured by a Pockels probe, which is regarded as a kind of electrostatic probe without the guard electrode, and restored by Wiener inverse filter. The performance of a Pockels probe and a conventional electrostatic probe are compared quantitatively in terms of the spatial resolution. In the case that the measured object is 3 mm thickness PMMA plate and is charged up to 10 nC/cm/sup 2/ in atmospheric air, it is estimated that the spatial resolution of the Pockels probe with 0.2 mm gap is 1.5 mm and that of the conventional electrostatic probe with the grounded guard electrode with 3 mm gap is 2.2 mm.     

Using the λ function to evaluate probe measurements ofcharged dielectric surfaces

The use of Pedersen's λ function to evaluate electrostatic probe measurements of charged dielectric surfaces is demonstrated. With a knowledge of the probe λ function, the procedure by which this function is employed is developed, and thereafter applied to a set of experimental measurements available in the literature. The values of surface charge density derived are in good agreement with the published data. Through this field-theoretical approach, it is readily shown that areas of charge remote from the probe location can produce a major part of the probe signal. If a circuit-theory approach were adopted to analyze such probe measurements, then as the held features of the probe response cannot be taken into account, a serious misinterpretation of the measurements could arise     

Carrier diffusion and depletion effects on multiwave mixing insemiconductor lasers

A detailed theoretical treatment has been undertaken of multiwave mixing in semiconductor lasers, taking into account the effects of pump/probe depletion, carrier diffusion, usual gain saturation, nonlinear gain compression, total power dependence of the coupling coefficients as well as the longitudinal dependence of the nonlinear interaction. It is shown that the effect of carrier diffusion can considerably enhance the probe and conjugate reflectivity for detuning frequency near the relaxation oscillation frequency of the pump laser. It is demonstrated, in particular that, for relatively high input probe power, the probe and conjugate reflectivity can be enhanced significantly near the relaxation oscillation frequency of the pump laser, compared to that for low input probe power. Furthermore, both the probe reflectivity and the conjugate reflectivity show asymmetric characteristics with respect to the zero pump/probe frequency detunings. The pump/probe depletion effect plays an important role in determining the optical output power when the input probe power is larger than ~0.1 μW     

数字示波器宽带探头系统的校准研究

微波射频芯片进行时域测量时,数字示波器的宽带探头是测试芯片的一个关键子系统,为准确测量芯片,必须要清楚示波器探头系统的传输性能。为此,设计了一种包含接地共面波导的数字示波器宽带探头校准系统,依据校准系统的信号传输特性,用反卷积求出数字示波器宽带探头系统的频率响应,并计算其带宽,以实现对该探头系统的校准。之后用该方法对Keysight Infiniimax高频差分有源探头系统进行了校准,得到其带宽数值约为12 GHz与标称带宽12 GHz相符,表明设计的校准系统合理可行。     

双区加热型汽轮机排汽湿度探针测量方法探讨

介绍了双区加热法测量蒸汽湿度的热力学基本原理,并对探针汽液两相区流动压降进行了计算,得出了判定探针蒸发段管长大于水滴汽化长度的热力学检测标准,为保证探针在测量汽轮机排汽湿度时的准确性提供了理论依据。     

高温紧固螺栓裂纹超声波探伤方法的试验分析

分别使用普通单直探头和小角度纵波斜探头对火电厂高压导汽管和调速汽门两类柔性无中心孔高温紧固螺栓杆部、螺纹根部环向裂纹进行超声波检测试验,结果表明两种探伤方法均能在基准灵敏度下有效地对裂纹缺陷进行检出,但是使用普通单直探头方便快捷,检出的裂纹波幅明显高于小角度纵波斜探头方法。     

Static Probe for Electrostatic Field Measurement in the Presence of Space Charge

The conduction current to a probe incorporated into an electrode is proportional to the strength of the charge-carrier drift field; this current is modulated by a bias voltage applied betwen the probe and the electrode. The current/bias-voltage probe characteristics are described which have been derived from computation of the bias field distribution. From these design data the probe can be used to determine the strength of an unknown carrier drift field; an inherent self-verification capability is a feature of the technique. Examples of applications to direct-current point-plane corona are given.     

AETA 电磁扰动传感探头系统集成与测试

为了研究电磁信号是否能作为一种可靠的地震前兆信号,设计了一种基于感应式磁传感器用于地震监测的电磁传感探头。该探头电路由前端信号处理电路和后端采集电路组成,可支持频段为10 Hz～10 kHz,0.1～1 000 nT较宽动态范围的甚低频、超低频电磁波段的电磁信号采集,灵敏度大于20 mV/nT@0.1 Hz～10 kHz,18位分辨率,并通过了多项可靠性测试。此外,该探头已经应用到包括川滇国家试验场在内的221个台站中的电磁监测中。现场观测实验表明,该电磁传感探头能有效捕捉到高度相关的电磁信号。