Recipient reactions to aid.

Presents a comprehensive review of research and theory on reactions to help, organized in terms of 4 conceptual orientations (equity, attribution, reactance, and threat to self-esteem). For each orientation, the basic assumptions and predictions are discussed, supportive and nonsupportive data are reviewed, and an overall appraisal is offered. Threat to self-esteem is proposed as an organizing construct for research on reactions to help, and a model based on this construct is presented. It is argued that a formalized threat-to-self-esteem model is more comprehensive and parsimonious for predicting reactions to help than are equity, attribution, or reactance models. (111 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

钛酸钡粉体制备方法研究进展

钛酸钡因其具有优越的介电性能而被广泛应用于多层陶瓷电容器、热敏电阻、光电器件等电子元件。本文综述了钛酸钡粉体制备的各种方法 ,认为液相法制备的粉体因具有纯度高、成分均匀、粒径小等特点而成为制备粉体主要方法 ,其中溶胶 -凝胶自燃合成法工艺简单、粉体自净化、易于规模化生产 ,水热合成法所得粉体不团聚、粒度较均匀 ,是两种极具发展前景的制粉方法     

Empirical Partitioning Leach Model for Solidified∕Stabilized Wastes

A model has been developed to describe dynamic leaching of metal contaminants from solidified wastes using data for calibration that are taken only from batch tests. The model describes the three major factors affecting leaching: (1) acid∕base reactions that determine the pH within the waste; (2) pH-dependent reactions that determine whether the contaminants are in mobile or immobile forms; and (3) diffusion that transports mobile contaminants from the waste. Acid∕base reactions and mobilization∕immobilization reactions of contaminants are described by empirical equations calibrated from batch equilibrium tests. Precipitation or sorption reactions are used to describe partitioning of contaminants among mobile and immobile forms. Fickian diffusion is used to describe transport of soluble compounds. Model predictions for observed diffusivities of copper, chromium, lead, and zinc agreed well with the experimental data obtained from dynamic leaching tests. Little difference was observed in model predictions when contaminant immobilization was assumed to be caused by precipitation or by sorption. Model simulations indicate that the assumption of an infinite bath may not apply to dynamic leach tests when contaminants are strongly immobilized.     

Role of powder precursors in production of composite alloys using liquid-phase methods

Process capabilities of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) in the production of aluminum-based composite alloys for the fabrication of shaped wares are shown. Thermodynamic calculations of reactions between initial components are performed and the scheme of their interaction is proposed. The influence of various methods of preparation of powder precursors on the reaction interaction intensity is established. The comparative data on casting properties of composite alloys fabricated with the application of the SHS process are presented. The fabrication technology of castings of such materials is developed and the results of their pilot testing are presented.     

The perceptual and inferential effects of situational inducements on dispositional attribution.

On the basis of a two-stage attribution model (Trope, 1986), we predicted that behavioral ambiguity increases the situation's contextual effect on the perception of behavior but decreases the situation's subtractive effect on the attribution of behavior. Three experiments with undergraduate subjects were designed to test these predictions. In Experiment 1 we presented ambiguous and unambiguous emotional reactions to different emotion-eliciting situations and measured subjects' emotion identification and dispositional attribution. In Experiment 2 we extended the test of the model to attribution of causality to the situation and to the actor's personality. In Experiment 3 we tested the predictions with respect to voluntary action. Subjects heard an actor's ambiguous or unambiguous evaluative statements about a likable or a dislikable person. On the basis of this information, subjects indicated their perceptions and attributions of the actor's evaluative statements. Despite differences in stimulus materials, design, and measures, results of all three experiments confirmed the predictions of the two-stage model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Experimental double-differential cross sections and derived kerma factors for oxygen at incident neutron energies from reaction thresholds to 65 MeV

The double-differential cross sections (energy spectra) for the (n, px), (n, dx), (n, tx) and (n, rx) reactions on oxygen have been measured for nine incident neutron energies in the range 25 to 65 MeV at lab angles between 20 degrees and 160 degrees in steps of 10 degrees. From these measurements, the energy differential cross sections have been determined and consequently the partial and total kerma factors. Based on the obtained experimental partial kerma factors in the incident neutron energy range 25-65 MeV, a procedure is proposed for the extrapolation of these values to the reaction threshold energy of each measured reaction channel. Results of the experimental double-differential, energy differential and total cross sections are presented. The deduced partial and total kerma factors of the present work are compared with results of previous measurements and theoretical predictions.     

Shock-induced chemical reactions and synthesis of nickel aluminides

Chemical reactions in Ni and Al powder mixtures, initiated by the passage of shock waves, are used for the synthesis of nickel aluminides. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the extent of these shock-induced chemical reactions and the type (stoichiometry) of shock-synthesized compound formed depend on shock-loading conditions and the initial powder particle morphology. More intense shock conditions and irregular powder morphology assist in attaining an intimately (mechanically) mixed and activated closed-packed mass, thereby favoring bulk chemical reactions and resulting in the synthesis of compounds. While the Ni₃Al compound is the preferred reaction product at lower shock conditions, more intense shock conditions favor the formation of the equiatomic B2-phase NiAl compound (having highest melting temperature and highest heat of reaction in contrast to other nickel aluminides), in spite of the starting powders mixed in a volumetric ratio corresponding to the Ni₃Al compound. This paper is based on a presentation made in the symposium “Reaction Synthesis of Materials” presented during the TMS Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, February 17–21, 1991, under the auspices of the TMS Powder Metallurgy Committee.     

The interruption of tasks: Methodological, factual, and theoretical issues.

After describing the criterion scores which have been used to assess behavior in the interrupted task paradigm (ITP), a summary of the research literature is presented. ITP as a source of data for evaluating the psychoanalytic theory of repression is found not to allow for the separation of learning and retention effects, and so is not well suited to the study of repression. Similarly, the mediation-avoidance hypothesis makes predictions only concerning interrupted task recall and while it is partially consistent with indirect data, it has yet to receive direct experimental test. The need-achievement conception predicts interrupted task recall satisfactorily but is inapplicable to completed task recall or relative recall scores. ITP is considered as a source of data for a developmental conception of success-failure reactions. Repetition choice scores are found to be consistent with the developmental theory, but some recall results are not. (2-p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Extraction With Liquid Surfactant Membranes

Abstract

Liquid surfactant membranes, noted as a novel separation technique, have potential applications in many fields, especially in extractive metallurgy. High separation efficiency with the membranes can be achieved by using type I and type II facilitated transport mechanisms to maximize both the flux through the membranes and the capacity of the internal receiving phase for the diffusing species. Mass transfer models for both facilitated transport mechanisms are developed by taking into account the mass transfer and the reactions both inside and outside the emulsion globules, and perturbation solutions to the resulting nonlinear equations are presented. A Carrier Facilitated Transport Factor, defined as the ratio of the extraction rate constant for type II facilitation to that of type I facilitation, is proposed to account for the effect of carriers in the membrane on the extraction rate. Model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data on batch extraction of acetic acid and auric chloride from their respective aqueous solutions.     

Buckling of Skew Plates with Continuity or Rotational Edge Restraint

Buckling strength predictions are presented for a wide range of thin isotropic skew plates. The key studied parameters include the aspect ratio, skew angle, and rotational restraint stiffness on the different edges of the plate. The buckling strengths are evaluated both for isolated plates and for plates that are continuous with other parts of the structure. The assumed loading is uniform, uniaxial compression. The buckling predictions are presented in the form of dimensionless buckling curves, which permit a ready adoption into the “data sheets” commonly used in current design. The buckling predictions demonstrate the effect of introducing symmetrical combinations of elastic restraints against rotation on the edges of isolated skew plates. Further, they are presented in a manner that allows the benefits of continuity over skew bays to be evaluated. The curves also illustrate the complex character of the buckling mode changes that take place with a change in aspect ratio in skew plate structures. In addition, these mode changes lead to well defined local optima, which the designer can exploit if he has control over the aspect ratio of a skew plate.     

Initial results of intraluminal ultrasound in gynecologic diagnosis

The derivatization of poly(p-(chloromethyl)styrene-co-divinylbenzene) (Merrifield resin) with N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-aminoethanethiol is presented as a convenient route for the generation of thiol terminated peptides using a solid phase methodology. Maximum resin substitution reached 92% (773 mumol/g) after 24 h. However, at 30 min, yields exceeded 400 mumol/g, above which the resin is suitable for solid phase peptide synthesis. Thiol terminated peptides are well-suited for subsequent chemical conjugation reactions or for the formation of organic monolayers on metal substrates.     

Thermal analysis of self-propagating high-temperature reactions in titanium, boron, and aluminum powder compacts

This article focuses on the characterization of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reactions that occur in powder compacts containing titanium, boron, and aluminum. Interest in this powder system is based on the critical need to develop new joining techniques for bonding ceramics to metals. The exothermic reactions of particular interest in this study include those that generate TiB₂, TiB, Ti₃Al, and TiAl from their elemental powders. Data from differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffractometry are presented. These results demonstrate that the gas phase surrounding the SHS powders plays an important role in initiating the SHS reaction and in determining which reaction products will form in the final bond.     

A clinical-experimental approach to the study of subliminal stimulation: The effects of a drive-related stimulus upon Rorschach responses.

This was an investigation of the effects of a drive-related subliminal stimulus on subsequent Rorschach images. 60 male Ss were seen for an experimental and control session in a balanced design. Ss were divided into 5 groups on the basis of their recogniton thresholds for the drive-related stimulus and a neutral stimulus. For each group, different predictions were made as to how the subliminally presented drive stimulus would affect subsequent Rorschach performance. The results indicated: for the total group, there was a clearcut subliminal effect; the nature of this effect varied considerably among Ss with regard to the relative influence of drive-expressive and defensive reactions; the different ways Ss responded to the subliminal activation were systematically related to their threshold behavior. (23 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reactions to merit pay increases: A longitudinal test of a signal sensitivity perspective.

The relationships among merit pay raises, trait positive affectivity (PA), and reactions to merit pay increases (pay attitudes and behavioral intentions) were explored in a longitudinal study of hospital employees. Drawing on signal sensitivity theory, the authors expected that PA would moderate the relationship between merit pay raise size and reactions to the increase such that pay raise size would be more strongly related to pay attitudes and behavioral intentions among those low in PA. Results strongly supported the predictions in the case of reactions to the raise amount (happiness and effort intentions) but not for pay level satisfaction. Implications of the results and directions for future research are identified. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase b: synthesis, biochemical screening, and molecular modeling studies of novel analogues of hydantocidin

The synthesis and biochemical screening of four novel spironucleosides 1-4 against rabbit liver glycogen phosphorylase b (Gpb), along with molecular modeling studies on compound 2 and its 4-hydroxy analogue VII, have been presented. Gpb is a key enzyme of glycogen metabolism, and is known to be involved in the control of diabetes mellitus. The general strategy for synthesis involved base-catalyzed condensation of diethyl 2,4-dioxoimidazolidine-5-phosphonate (5) with either 2-deoxy-D-ribose or D-ribose, followed by sequential reactions involving ring-closure with phenylselenenyl chloride and reduction with tri-n-butyltin hydride catalyzed by azobisisobutyronitrile. Compounds 2 and 4 were found to be weak competitive inhibitors of Gpb, whereas 1 and 3 were inactive.     

Gaze and eye contact: A research review.

A review of research on gaze and eye contact, organized within the framework of M. L. Patterson's (see record 1982-23533-001) sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange, shows how gaze functions to provide information, regulate interaction, express intimacy, exercise social control, and facilitate service and task goals. Personal, experiential, relational, and situational antecedents of gaze and reactions to gaze are summarized, and a means of analyzing the relation between gaze and physiological responses is described. Attribution theories are integrated into the sequential model for making predictions about people's perceptions of their own gazing behavior and the gazing behavior of others. Data on people's accuracy in reporting their own and others' gaze are presented and integrated with related findings in attribution research. The sequential model is then used to analyze research studies measuring the interaction between gaze and personal and contextual variables. Methodological and measurement issues are discussed. (7 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Positive Reactions to Working in Groups in a Study of Group and Individual Goal Decision Making.

The authors explored group members' positive reactions to working in groups that performed a card-sorting task for which they set goals. They also tested predictions regarding observed differences between the goal decisions of groups and individuals for their own and others' performance. Consistent with predictions, group members had more goal commitment, more positive attitudes toward goal attainment, and greater satisfaction with their performance than individuals. Moreover, groups chose goals that were less difficult than the goals of individuals both for their own and for others' performance. The ways in which group decision processes and other factors may account for differences in group and individual goal decisions are considered. In addition, the social-emotional and task-related benefits members perceive of working in their groups are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)