带分段导流筒的气升式环流反应器的研究

带分段导流筒的气升式环流反应器是具有独特的两相流动和传质特性的一种多相反应器。本文用水－空气和亚硫酸钠（１０％－空气体系研究了分段导流筒环流反应器的气含率ε、氧消耗速率ｒｏ２、传质比表面ａ、以及体积传质系数ｋＬａ随表观气速变化规律，并与一段导流筒的环流反应器进行了比较。实验采用的表面气速下（０－６ｃｍ／ｓ），导流筒分段的环流反应的εｒｏ２，ａ和ｋＬａ有显著提高，平均比一段环流反应器高出１０％以上。     

多相机械搅拌气升式环流反应器中的气液传质

由空气水玻璃珠（ρ＝２６３０ｋｇ／ｍ３,ｄｐ＝２５μｍ）构成三相体系,在内置机械搅拌桨的内循环反应器中进行实验。实验条件：表观气速Ｕｇ０．５～１９．０ｃｍ／ｓ,固含量εｓ１％、２％、４％（质量分数）,搅拌桨速度为０～１２００ｒ／ｍｉｎ。结果表明总体积传质系数ＫＬａ随气体表观气速和搅拌速度增加而增加。总能量耗散速率同时受通气能量耗散速率与搅拌机械能量耗散速率的影响。搅拌转速一定时,搅拌机械能量耗散速率随表观气速的增加而下降。从能量角度考虑,表观气速和搅拌速度的选择应有一个良好的匹配。存在固体颗粒时,传质系数ＫＬａ与传质界面面积ａ均得到改进。对于２５μｍ玻璃珠体系,ＫＬａ值随固含率变化,其最大值的产生在２％固含率左右,固含率继续增加,则ＫＬａ降低。最后对ＫＬａ固含率及能量耗散速率作了关联。     

气升式三相内环流生物反应器内流体力学和传质性能的实验研究

本文通过实验研究了气升式三相内环流反应器在非牛顿流体中的流体动力学特性和传质性能.考察了表观气速、导流筒与反应器截面积之比、固体粒子加入量及CMC溶液浓度等操作条件对气升式三相内环流生物反应器中导流筒与环隙内液体循环速度、气含率、固含率及气-液体积传质系数等流动与传质特性参数的影响.     

下喷式环流反应器传质特性研究

本文以空气-水为实验体系,考察了下喷式环流反应器的传质特性与空塔气速、液速以及反应器结构尺寸等参数的关系。得出了最优的导流筒直径与反应器直径之比为0.4—0.5,给出了谊反应器容积传氧系数的计算关联式:与其它反应器相比,该反应器表现出良好的传质特性,具有较大的容积传氧系数。     

环隙气升式气固环流反应器内流体力学特性的理论分析

环流反应器的研究与应用一直局限于气液与气液固体系,将环流反应器移植到气固体系是一个具有独创性的探索。针对工业化中气固环流反应器的缺陷,提出了一种新型的环隙气升式气固环流反应器。并对床层空隙率、颗粒流动速度进行了实验研究与理论分析。建立了环隙区床层空隙率模型,发现环隙区床层空隙率随着环隙区表观气速的增加而增加;环隙区靠近导流筒外壁一侧颗粒流动速度明显大于靠近反应器内壁一侧,导流筒区颗粒流动速度沿径向的分布受气体分布器结构影响较大;环隙区颗粒流动速度基本不随轴向位置的变化而变化,导流筒区颗粒的流动属于密相输送,颗粒环流所受到的阻力主要集中在底部区域,其次为气固分离区,底部区域阻力大小由床层流化质量和导流筒下端距反应器底部的间隙所决定;建立了颗粒环流速度模型,发现环流速度随环隙区表观气速的增加而增加。     

固体装载率对局部相含率与液体速率的影响

在高径比(H/D=22.2)的气升式内环流反应器中,以空气-水-石英砂为物系,研究了固体装载率和表观气速对导流筒内局部固含率、下降区固含率、下降区液体速率的影响,以及导流筒内局部气含率、固含率随轴向高度的分布规律。结果表明,固体体积分数小于或等于1.0%时,导流筒内局部固含率和下降区固含率与表观气速无关;下降区液体速率随表观气速和固体装载率的增加而下降;固定表观气速,在固体体积分数小于或等于2.0%时,导流筒内气含率在轴向是均匀分布的。     

有分离器的环流反应器的气含率研究

炼油工艺原料的重质化,劣质化越来越严重,人们对环境的保护意识增强,对轻质油品质量的要求提高,而环流反应器因具有结构简单、操作方便、能耗低、传质及传热效果好等特点受到越来越多的关注.研究了有分离器带翅片倒流筒的环流反应器气含率.实验在室温、压力0.2 MPa、水-空气两相物系的实验条件下,以有分离器带翅片导流筒的环流反应器(高为1370 mm、直径为100 mm)为主要研究对象.实验研究了表观气速、轴向高度、底部间隙、顶部间隙、翅片导流筒以及气液分离器与上升区局部气含率和整体平均气含率的关系.     

三级环流反应器中气液流动与传质规律

针对级间安装导流筒的三级环流反应器的气液流动与传质过程开展实验研究。通过冷模实验获得不同表观气速下(0.015～0.1m/s)以及安装不同级间内构件时环流反应器内的气含率、混合时间、停留时间以及体积氧传质系数。结果表明,随着表观气速的增加,反应器各级内的气含率增加,混合时间减少,平均停留时间减小,同时氧传质系数增加。通过对反应器内气液流型的变化的观察,进一步分析了级间内构件对三级环流反应器性能的影响,发现内构件上截面较宽时(3^#内构件),反应器的混合效果更好,而内构件的上截面较小时(1^#内构件),反应器可以更好地抑制返混。     

气升式内循环反应器的数值模拟和结构参数

采用Euler-Euler双流体模型对内循环反应器(高1240 mm,直径165 mm,导流筒高590 mm)进行数值模拟,考察了表观气速、导流筒结构(导流筒内径比Dt/D,底隙高度)对反应器内上升区、下降区流体力学参数(气含率、液体速度)的影响. 结果显示,表观气速、导流筒内径、底隙高度对反应器气含率、液体速度有很大影响,随表观气速增加,反应器上升区、下降区气含率都增加,导流筒内径比为0.58时更易实现气液循环,底隙高度为30 mm时反应器内下降区气含率、气液速度都最小;气液分离器角度越大,进入下降区的气体越多,当气液分离器角度为45o时,能更好地实现气液循环.     

环隙气升式气固环流反应器内床层密度的实验研究

针对工业化中气-固环流反应器存在的缺陷,提出了一种新型的环隙气升式气固环流反应器. 在一套冷模装置内系统地考察了局部床层密度分布. 实验中实现了稳定、连续的环隙气升式环流,环流推动力随着环隙区表观气速的增加而增加,随着导流筒区表观气速的增加而减小,当导流筒区表观气速为0.2 m/s时,颗粒环流方向改变为中心气升式. 受结构特性的影响,催化剂密度在导流筒区和环隙区沿径向的分布具有一定的不均匀性,在底部r/R≤0.47区域颗粒未能充分流化,床层密度接近820 kg/m3,在底部0.47≤r/R≤1.0区域颗粒流化较好,床层密度小于450 kg/m3;随着环隙区表观气速由0.2 m/s增加至0.54 m/s,环隙区、导流筒区平均密度分别降低约70和33 kg/m3,随着导流筒区表观气速由0.06 m/s增加至0.2 m/s,环隙区平均密度增加约90 kg/m3,导流筒区平均密度降低约33 kg/m3.     

Gas holdup and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a modified reversed flow jet loop reactor

Experiments were conducted in a modified reversed flow jet loop reactor having the liquid outlet at the top of the reactor to determine the gas holdup and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient in the air-water system. The influence of gas and liquid flow rates, and the draft tube to reactor diameter ratio were studied. It was observed that both gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient increased with increased gas and liquid flow rates and were found to be significantly higher in the modified reactor compared to the conventional one. The optimum draft tube to reactor diameter ratio was found to be in the range of 0.4 to 0.5. Empirical correlations are presented to predict gas holdup and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient in terms of operational and geometrical variables.     

缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器流体力学与传质特性

从气相含率、液体循环速度和体积氧传质系数方面研究缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器内的流体力学与传质特性。实验结果表明,与传统圆柱形导流筒相比较,缩放型导流筒气相含率和体积氧传质系数分别提高８％和１０％以上。气相含率和体积氧传质系数随固含率的增加而提高,液体循环速度随固含率的增加而减小;同一内管反应器随介质粘度的增加,体积氧传质系数减小。此外还在Ｈｉｇｂｉｅ穿透理论和Ｋｏｌｏｍｏｇｏｒｏｆｆ各向同     

Bed density and circulation mass flowrate in a novel annulus-lifted gas–solid air loop reactor

Air loop reactors (ALR) have been widely used as promising and high-efficiency gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid reactors. Extensive research on ALR has been conducted, but mostly limited to gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid systems. Work associated with gas–solid systems has been rare and mainly focused on draft tube-lifted spouted bed treating coarse Geldart B, D particles. The present paper proposed a novel gas–solid air-loop reactor treating fine Geldart A particles and operating in a new annulus-lifted mode, with bubbling or turbulent bed upward flow in the annulus in parallel with bubbling bed downward flow in the draft tube. In view of these differences, distinct hydrodynamic behaviour can be anticipated for the gas–solid annulus-lifted air-loop reactor. The influence of operating conditions and geometric configuration on the distribution of bed density is discussed in a cold model annulus-lifted air loop reactor. A mechanistic model for the circulation mass flowrate is established based on an energy balance and resistance analysis. Nearly 50% and 30% of the energy dissipation rate occurs in the bottom and top regions, respectively. With increasing draft tube height, the energy dissipation rate increases in the annulus and draft tube regions, while it decreases in the top and bottom regions. The circulation mass flowrate decreases with increasing draft tube height. Analysis of the distribution of bed density and energy dissipation rate leads to suggestions regarding optimization of the design and axial location of the ring distributor and gap height.     

HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IN A DRAFT TUBE SLURRY REACTOR

Fundamental characteristics of hydrodynamics and mass transfer have been measured in an air lift slurry reactor with a draft tube. The solid suspension capacity, i.e., the critical solid holdup, the gas holdup and the volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient were measured in the two draft tube columns of 0.1485 and 0.10?m in diameter. Four activated carbon beads ranging in size from 0.25 to 2.19?mm in average diameter were utilized as suspended solids in the experiments.

The critical solid holdup in the draft tube slurry column is found to be much greater than that in the conventional bubble column. An empirical correlation is developed to account for the critical solid holdup behavior in the draft tube column. The gas holdup in the draft tube column agrees well with that in the bubble column. The overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient, k₁awas measured by the oxygen probe method. The effect of solid holdup on k₁a is found to be negligible in the present system. The empirical equation is developed to correlate k₁a in the draft tube slurry reactor.     

装配水平筛板的气升式反应器中气液传质特性的数值模拟

利用Turbulent–Lehr组合模型对装配水平筛板的气升式反应器进行了计算流体力学(CFD)模拟,研究水平筛板对气含率、气泡直径、体积传质系数(kLa)和气液流速的影响。结果表明,筛板对气相的囤积作用和对液相的阻碍作用增加了反应器的整体气含率。筛板对气相的二次均布作用减弱了筛板和液面之间区域的气泡聚并过程,筛板筛孔对气泡的破碎作用产生了大量小于初始直径的气泡,增加了气泡比表面积(a);筛板对液相的阻碍作用提高了筛板附近的气–液相流动速度差,从而提高了该区域的液膜传质系数(kL),强化了反应器内的气液传质效果。     

Mass transfer in cocurrent gas-liquid flow: Gas side mass transfer coefficients in upflow,interfacial areas and mass transfer coefficient in gas and liquid in downflow

A comparison of the values of interfacial area in cocurrent downward flow of gas and liquid with those obtained in upward flow revealed very little difference.Volumetric as well as true liquid side mass transfer coefficients in downflow were found to be several times lower than in upflow. Only in the smallest 10 mm tube a dependence of the mass transfer coefficient on the gas flow rate could be detected, no effect of the gas velocity was observed in the 15 and 20 mm tubes. A correlation for the liquid side mass transfer coefficient was obtained in terms of the Reynolds number of the film.The volumetric gas side mass transfer coefficient in upflow was generally independent on the liquid flow rate, except at high gas velocities in the two smaller tubes. Correlations were obtained for the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in terms of the specific rate of energy dissipation, and of the true mass transfer coefficient in terms of dimensionless groups. Much lower values were obtained for the gas side mass transfer coefficient in downflow. Only the data for the 10 mm tube could be correlated with some success by the formulas proposed for upflow.     

内循环流化床结构参数及其反应器性能的相关性

内循环三相流化床在化学工程、生物工程及废水处理等领域中均有广泛的应用前景,目前影响这类反应器成功应用于实际废水生物处理的主要原因是缺乏系统的反应器结构参数与反应器性能的相关性分析与量化关系模型,无法实现不同规模与不同应用目标的系统优化设计。基于此,设计了不同尺寸和内构件的反应器,系统研究主要结构参数包括升流管与反应器直径之比、反应器高径比、升流管上方液面高度、底隙高度以及操作参数如固相负荷及通气量等因素对内循环流化床反应器流体力学与传质特性的影响规律;实验分析主要过程参数如气含率、液体循环速度、氧传递系数及混合时间与结构参数、操作参数的相关性。通过总结归纳,分别给出了定量、半定量或定性方面的结论,为反应器的结构放大和性能变化预测提供理论基础.     

STUDY OF DOWNFLOW LIQUID JET LOOP REACTOR

1 INTRODUCTIONLiquid jet loop reactor(JLR)may be upflow(U-JLR)or downflow reactors(D-JLR)in design.The major differences between the two are the location of the nozzle andthe direction of the fluid flow.A large number of investigations on U-JLR havebeen published,but D-JLR with nozzles positioned on the top portion of the reac-tor was not much studied until recently.Up to now,only a few experimentalstudies on the hydrodynamics and mass transfer of D-JLR have been carried out[1-4].     

T型微通道内吸收H_2S实验研究

在水力学直径为1.00 mm的方形T型微通道内,采用质量分数为40%的N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)吸收含有体积分数为0.12%的H2S混合气体。实验发现,在微通道内可以获得很高的H2S脱除效率,在气液体积比为200∶1时,其脱除效率可以达到99.5%。在微通道内的H2S传质过程中,H2S传质的阻力主要集中在气侧,而且气侧体积传质系数随着气体和液体表观速率的增加而增加。提出了在过渡区的二相流型中,气侧体积传质系数的量纲一经验关联式,其计算值和实验值吻合得很好。通过比较发现,微通道比其他传统设备的气侧体积传质系数高出1—2个数量级。